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APPENDIX.

Early inhabitants of Gaul-Celts; Iberians; Aquitanians; Gauls; Bel-

gians-The Gauls outnumber all the other tribes-The Greek colonies in

Gaul-The Roman conquest-Gaul becomes a Roman province-Spread

of Latin throughout all Gaul-Roman schools and Gallic Latin authors

-The establishment of Christianity assists in spreading the Latin lan-

guage-The native Celtic idiom gradually dies out-It survives in Brittany,

where it is still vernacular-The universality of Latin detrimental to its

purity-Difference between popular and literary Latin-Spread of the for-

mer among the country people-The Teutonic invasions-Franks; Bur-

gundians; Visigoths-Conversion of Clovis to Christianity-Extent of the

Frankish dominion-The Salian and Ripuarian Franks speak the ancient

Dutch and Flemish; the Austrasian Franks speak the old High-German—

The former mingle more freely with their Gallo-Roman subjects, and more

readily fall in with their manners and their language-Franks and Romans

compared-The leading men among the Franks learn to speak and write

Latin-The Lingua Romana Rustica-Is a mixture of Celtic, Latin, and

Teutonic, varying in every locality-It originated in Neustria, and spread

from there throughout all Gaul-The Church sees its importance, and adopts

it in its teachings-Various councils prescribe the use of Rustic Latin in the

pulpit-The term Romance-Fragments of early Romance in litanies, scat-

tered sentences, and glossaries-The Oath of Louis the German-Recorded

by Nithard, a grandson of Charlemagne, and preserved in the Library of the

Vatican-It represents the language of Neustria in A. D. 842-The name

of Gallo-Romans superseded everywhere by the name of Franks—Latin

Franks and German Franks-First Norman invasion-Dismemberment of

the empire of Charlemagne-New states formed-Limits and populations

of the kingdom of France-Second Norman invasion under the leadership

of Rollo The French nation in the tenth century-Hugh Capet speaks

only French, and allows no other language at his court-Langue d'oïl and

Langue d'oc-Leading differences between the two-Principal dialects of

the Langue d'oil-The dialect of the Ile-de-France becomes the court dia-

lect-The terms "dialect" and "patois "-The study of the latter impor-

tant to philologists-Mediæval French-The University of Paris-The re-

vival of learning in France-The " Pléiade "-Ronsard and his followers

at home and abroad-The Renaissance-The Reformation-Italian influ-

ence-Spanish influence-French proclaimed the only official language in

the country-Religious polemics-Pulpit eloquence-Philosophy-The Aca-

démie Française......

Etymology; Philology; Linguistics - Strong family resemblance be-

tween French and Latin-The French vocabulary-Its foreign element—

Words of Celtic origin-Some of them introduced through the Latin-The

order of ideas to which they generally refer-The Celtic still a living lan-

guage in Brittany as it is in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales-Celtic local

names-Celtic literature-Nature and amount of Celtic influence on the

formation of the French language-Words of Teutonic origin-They de-

note habits, manners, and occupations quite different from those of Celtic

origin-They bear the stamp of the conqueror, and belong to a higher

order of ideas-Their nature and classification-Teutonic and Scandi-

navian local names-Teutonic influence on the formation of the French

language-Words of Greek origin-First introduced through the literary

Latin; next through the Christian Church and the Crusades-Sayings and

proverbs common to both Greek and French-Modern technology mainly

derived from the Greek-Words of Semitic origin-Hebrew; Turkish;

Arabic-Words of Italian origin―Their nature and classification-Words

of Spanish origin―Their nature and classification-Words of English

origin-Their nature and classification - The main bulk of the French

vocabulary, and the leading features of the language, are of Latín deri-

vation-Origin of the Latin language-The written and the spoken Latin-

The latter becomes the Lingua Romana Rustica, and is the foundation of

the French language-Ecclesiastical and medieval Latin-Low Latin-

The parts of speech-How changed from Latin into French-Permutation

of vowels and consonants-Quantity and accent-List of words illustrating

the transformation of Latin terms into French-Principal characteristics of

the French language..
... 517

LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED AND QUOTED

WITHOUT CONTINUED REFERENCE.

J. Bosworth, Anglo-Saxon and English | Dictionary.

K. Bartsch, Chrestomatie de l'Ancien Français.

A. de Belloquet, Ethnogénie gaulois. A. Brachet, Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Française.

G. R. Burguy, Grammaire de la Langue d'Oil.

A. de Chevallet, Origine et Formation de la Langue Française.

R. Cotgrave, A French and English Dictionnarie (1611).

A. de Courson, Histoire des Peuples Bretons.

G. L. Craik, Manual of English Lit

erature.

L'Abbé de la Rue, Essais Historiques sur les Bardes, les Jongleurs, et les Trouvères.

M. Depping, Histoire des Expéditions Maritimes des Normands.

F. Diez, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Romanischen Sprachen. Ch. Du Cange, Glossarium media et infima Latinitatis.

J. Earle, The Philology of the English Language.

C. Elton, Origins of English History. E. A. Freeman, History of the Norman Conquest of England.

J. R. Green, The Making of England. E. Guest, On the Early English Settlements in South Britain.

H. Hallam, Europe during the Middle Ages.

A. Houzé, Atlas universel historique et géographique.

J. M. Kemble, The Saxons in Eng

land.

J. F. A Kinderling, Geschichte der Neidersachsischen oder sogenammten Plattdeutschen Sprache.

C. Knight, Pictorial History of England.

J. Ten Doorkaat Koolman, Wörterbuch der Ostfriesischen Sprache. S. Laing, The Heimskringla; translated from the Icelandic of Snorro Sturleson.

J. M. Lappenberg, Geschichte von England

P. Larousse, Grand Dictionnaire universel du XIXe siècle.

E. Le Héricher, Glossaire Etymolo gique Anglo-Norman.

R. G. Latham, The Ethnology of the
British Islands.

S. S. Laurie, The Rise and Early
Constitution of Universities.
H. Leo, Local Nomenclature of the
Anglo-Saxons.

E. Littré. Dictionnaire de la Langue
Française.

P. H. Mallet, Histoire du Danemarc. G. P. Marsh, Lectures on the English Language.

E. Mätzner, Altenglishe Sprachproben. G. Métivier, Dictionnaire Franco-Normand.

P. Meyer et G. Paris, Romania.
R. Morris, Specimens of Early Eng-

lish.

E. Müller, Etymologishes Wörterbuch der Englischen Sprache. F. Max Müller, Lectures on the Science of Language.

F. L. K. Oliphant, Old and Middle English.

F. Palgrave, History of Normandy and
England.

J. Palsgrave, Lesclaircissement de la
Langue Francoyse (1530).
R. Pauli, Pictures of Old England.
M. Raynouard, Lexique Roman.
J. Rhys, Celtic Britain.

xxiv LIST OF WORKS CONSULTED AND QUOTED.

J. B. B. Roquefort, Glossaire de la Langue Romane.

G. Saintsbury, History of French Lit

erature.

A. H. Sayce, Introduction to the Science of Language.

M. Schele de Vere, Studies or Glimpses of the Inner Life of our Language. A. Scheler, La Transformation Française des Mots Latins.

A. Schleicher, Sprachvergleichende Untersuchungen.

W. W. Skeat, An Etymological Dic-
tionary of the English Language.
W. F. Skene, The Highlanders of
Scotland.

W. Spalding, History of English Literature.

Spruner-Menke, Hand-Atlas für die geschichte des Mittelalters und der neueren Zeit.

F. H. Stratmann, A Dictionary of the Old English language.

W. Stubbs, The Constitutional History of England.

H. A. Taine, Histoire de la Littérature Anglaise.

I. Taylor, Greeks and Goths; a Study of the Runes.

Am. Thierry, Histoire des Gaulois. Aug. Thierry, Histoire de la Conquête

de l'Angleterre par les Normands. B. Thorpe, Northern Mythology. Sharon Turner, History of the AngloSaxons.

T. Tyrwhitt, An Essay on the Language and Versification of Chaucer. F. Warton, History of English Poetry. H. Wedgwood, A Dictionary of English Etymology.

W. D. Whitney, Language and the Theory of Language.

J. J. A. Worsaæ, The Danes and Norwegians in England.

T. Wright, The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon.

Wright and Halliwell, Reliquiæ Antiquæ.

K. Zeuss, Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstämme.

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