from several allusions in Miranda's two comedies, as well as from the works of Gil Vicente, which will soon claim particular notice. But no national taste for any particular species of drama was then formed in Portugal. The Castilian style could not give the tone to the Portuguese; for at the period in question, which was half a century previous to the birth of Lope de Vega, the Spanish drama was still in its infancy and wavering amidst heterogeneous forms. Thus the Portuguese writers who turned their attention to dramatic poetry, were not, in their choice of styles and forms, restrained by any capricious conditions demanded by the public. These circumstances afforded an opportunity for commencing, without any literary warfare, the improvement of the Portuguese drama by the works of two poets, who like Saa de Miranda and Gil Vicente trod in very different paths. Miranda wrote two comedies in prose. They are dramas of character in the style of Plautus and Terence:-one is entitled Os Estrangeiros (the Foreigners); the other is called Os Vilhalpandos, from two Spanish soldiers, who had both adopted the name Vilhalpando, which, at that period, was probably celebrated in the military world. It has already been mentioned that the Infante Cardinal Henry was particularly pleased with these two dramas, that he permitted them to be performed at his court, and that he gave orders for having them printed. How they happened to obtain these honours is explained partly by their own intrinsic merits and partly by contingent and temporary circumstances. At the papal court, in the beginning of the sixteenth century, a

favourable reception had been given to the early Italian comedies in prose, and in particular to Bibiena's Calandra.* Miranda's taste had been formed in Italy, and what pleased a pope might well afford entertainment to a cardinal. Miranda, as a dramatic poet, retraced the footsteps of Bibiena and Ariosto; and Cardinal Henry of Portugal followed the example of Leo X. It is, however, more than probable that the Portuguese public was not induced by such high patronage to manifest particular regard for this class of dramatic entertainments, any more than the Italian public had been, by the marks of distinction bestowed on the plays of Bibiena and Ariosto.

The two comedies of Miranda are, nevertheless, even at the present day, worthy the attention of the critic. They are the first compositions of their kind in Portuguese literature; and in none of the essentials of the dramatic art are they surpassed by the subsequent productions for which they have served as models. Both dramas exhibit highly natural, though not ingenious delineations of character, unaffected diction, and a pleasing and rapid flow of dialogue; and though in their composition they really possess but little dramatic merit, still it is evident that a dramatic spirit has governed their execution. These comedies are indeed

* See the History of Italian Literature, vol. ii. p. 171.

Only a short specimen can conveniently be quoted here. In the fifth act of the Estrangeiros a servant who has met with a misfortune in the street calls aloud for justice, and an old man, named Reynaldo, interposes his remarks.

imbued throughout with the delicate and refined spirit of a poet, whose aversion from pedantry was equal to his feeling of delicacy and love of nature. Miranda, as a dramatist, endeavoured to draw common characters from the life, after the manner of Plautus and Terence, of whom he avowed himself an imitator,* but he felt the necessity of elevating, by some degree of refinement, the vulgar phraseology which the characters he chose to pourtray actually employed in common life. For this purpose he availed himself of the interesting

Callidio. Regedores, Cidadães, homens de bem, os grandes, et os pequenos todos me acodi, todos me valei que a todos releva, se aqui ha alguma lembrança de liberdade, et justiça.

Reynaldo. Tamanhas duas cousas cuydavas tu d'achar assipollas ruas ?

Callidio. No meyo do dia, no meyo de Palermo nao me ouve ninguem, naõ me acode ninguem.

Reynaldo. Callate ora com teu mal.

Callidio. Que fazem aqui tantas varas de justiça?

Reynaldo. Que riso!

Callidio. Todo o mundo dorme ?

Reynaldo. Dormes? tu sonhas? tu tresvalias?

Callidio. Ah cidadães que todos somos escravos.

Reynaldo. Ja vay entrando em seu acordo.

Cullidio. Assi ha isto de passar? Esfoloume, açoutoume, matoume, se me a justiça, naõ acode acaberey de entender que faz cada hum nesta terra o que lhe vem à vontade, e farey tambem o que me a minha mais der que faça.

In his dedication of the Estrangeiros to Cardinal Henry, he says:

A comedia qual he, tal vay, aldeaã e mal ataviada. Esta sò lembranza lhe fiz à partida, que se naõ desculpasse de querer as vezes arremedar Plauto Terencio, &c.

popular style in which he acquired such extraordinary facility as an idyllic poet. Had the poetic spirit of this popular style shone as conspicuously in his comedies as in his pastoral poems, the former, like the latter, would have been novel and single in their kind. But Saa de Miranda was born a pastoral poet, and only made himself a dramatist by imitation. If he had been penetrated with the spirit of the comic dramatists of Rome, as he was with that of the father of the Greek bucolic, he would have endeavoured to become a Portuguese Plautus or Terence in the same manner as he became a Portuguese Theocritus. He would not then have transplanted foreign manners to the comic stage of his native land. Still less would he have imitated his models in the manner of Bibiena; a manner which even in Italy had been relinquished by Ariosto, who, as a dramatist, struck into the same bypath, and missed the goal. Miranda then did not, strictly speaking, follow Plautus and Terence; but Bibiena and Ariosto, in their character of imitators of those ancient poets, were his guides in the region of dramatic poetry, where the spirit of modern times demanded more than he was capable of supplying. Besides, why did this poet, who was a master in the art of versification, write his dramas in prose? Wishing to adhere throughout to the nature of prose, he makes the principal persons of his dramas explain, chiefly in soliloquies, their own characters, with a garrulity, which though certainly natural, is nevertheless low and tedious; and the popular morality which floats in this prolix stream of vulgar phraseology affords no pleasurable compensation to the VOL. II.

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auditor or reader.* Faithful to his models, Miranda has not, in either of his two comedies, laid the scene of action in his native country, where he might have dramatized national customs; the events which he describes are supposed to take place in Italy, and the manners, and in general the characters which he paints, are Italian. In the selection of those characters, he however follows Plautus and Terence, without paying any apparent regard to the distinction between different ages, by which the choice of the dramatic poet ought to be directed. Of the principal characters there is only one perfectly modern in the Estrangeiros, and in like manner only one of the same description appears in the Vilhalpandos. The first is a pedantic doctor named Juris; the second is a lady named Fausta, a hypocrite, surrounded by a group of pretended devotees. The other characters in

* Thus in the Vilhalpandos a young lover discourses with himself in the following way :

Este meu coraçaõ enlheeyro em que praticas começa entrar comigo, naõ me queria elle pouco ha saltar do peito fóra que a naõ podia eu soffrer? Deixoume elle mais dormir, nem assossegar? Agora que aconteceo de novo, mandouselhe por ventura desculpar alguem, ou chora, et sospira alguem de todos nós senaõ eu como? et tamanha injuria, et tam rezente, podelhe lembra outra nenhuma cousa? Ainda nao quer, ainda naõ cansa. Em quanto ouve que dar durou o amor, voou a fazenda, voou elle juntamente. Ah, isto he o que pintao ao amor com asas, voou, fugio, desappareceo, sem nenhuma lembrança de mim se som vivo se morto. Como? et tao pouco duro o amor? cuytado de mim, que fazia fundamentos delle pera toda minha vida, assí se põe tudo atras abrindo as maõs et çarrando? &c.

This is not a third part of the soliloquy.