2537. MAXILLA`RIA. fringed 28524 22670a ciliàta Lindl. or 1 jl.s W St. Vincent 1829. D p.1 Bot. mag. 2956 (Gaster, a belly, odous, a tooth; top of column.) Orchideæ. 1. cu ap.my W N. Holl. 1826. D p.r.w cu my G S. Amer. 1826. D p.r.w Bot. reg. 1206 squalens Hook. Bot. mag. 2955. is Xyldbium squalens Bot. reg. 1897. No. 22664. 3112. 2547a. CERATOCHILUS Lod. CERATOCHILUS. (Keras, a horn, cheilos, a lip; labellum.) Orchideæ. 1. grandiflorus Lod. great-flowered cu 1 jl.o 285 0 28531 insignis Lindl.? noble Stanhopea insignis Hook. Trinidad 1824. Dp.r.w Bot. cab. 1414 P EA or 1 jl.o P 3414 2612a. CONOCEPHALUS Blume CONOCEPHALUS. (Konos, a cone, kephale, a head; form.) Urticeæ. 1.-12. 28540 naucleifiorus Lindl. Nauclea-flwd cu 10 year Y Chittagon. 1820. C p.l Bot. reg. 1203 Urtica naucleifidra Rox. 28554 23873a lanceolata Cav. (Not explained.) Ody 3 jl W.G S. Europe 1570 S pl Ac. pet. 1712. 17 lanceolate-lvd un 20 my.jn Br.R China 1822. C p.l Bot. reg. 1256 CLASS XXII. ORDER 7. DICE CIA OCTA'NDRIA. S+18. 2793a. RHODIOLA L. ROSE ROOT. (Rhodon, a rose; roots smelling like roses.) Crassulàceæ. 2. £8555 Rose-smelling or 1 my.jl Y rosea L. sibérica Hort. A or Britain moun. D co Eng. bot. 508 Siberian my.jl Y 3420. 2888a. GALACTODE'NDRON Hum. COW TREE. 28561 àtile Hum. useful 3421. 2890a. SORINDETA Thou. SORINDEIA. 28562 (Gala, milk, dendron, a tree.) P Madagasc Urticeæ. 1. Terebinthacea. 1 3422. 2897a. MELANORRHŒ'A Wal. BLACK VARNISH TREE. (Melas, black, rheo, to flow; juice.) Terebin. 1 common E. Indies 1829. C Ip Walplas.ra 11,12 50 (Unknown.) R 9940, WOO'DSIA. CLASS XXIV. ORDER 1. 28565 256334 Perriniana Torrey Perrin's A el jn.jl Br N. Amer. D Ip PART II. NATURAL ARRANGEMENT. EXPLANATORY INTRODUCTION. THE species under the different Classes, Orders, and Tribes, are enumerated with reference to their garden culture, and the totals given under each of the principal Subdivisions, Orders, and Tribes. The space of ground which the hardy plants of the different ordess would occupy is estimated with a view to the formation of arboretums and herbaceous grounds, arranged according to the Natural System, In the latter estimation the following rules have been adhered to:-The rootless Cryptogàmia, such as Músci, Hepáticæ, &c., have not been included. All climbers, whether ligneous or herbaceous, have been allowed a square of two feet on the side. All other hardy plants, whether ligneous, herbaceous, or aquatic, under one foot in height, have been allowed a square of one foot on the side; all of one foot and under two feet, a square of two feet on the side; all of two feet and under six feet, a square of three feet on the side; all of six feet and up to thirty feet, a square of ten feet on the side; all above thirty feet, a square of twenty feet on the side. Supposing it intended to estimate, according to these rules, the space which the hardy herbaceous plants of any tribe or order would occupy; then the first thing is to find the space allowed for each species or variety separately, by multiplying the side of the square allowed to each species or variety by itself; the next thing is to add the products of the multipliers of each separate species or variety together; and the last process is to take the square root of the total so obtained. This root gives the side of a square which would contain all the smaller squares, and consequently the size of a square bed or compartment which would contain all the hardy herbaceous plants of the tribe or order. Every gardener knows, or ought to know, how to modify this square to a parallelogram, a triangle, or a circle, of the same capacity. The same process has of course been followed in estimating the size of the compartments requisite for each of the orders and tribes of the hardy ligneous plants. The same also in ascertaining the sides of the squares that will contain all the orders in a subclass; all the subclasses in a subdivision; all the subdivisions in a class; and all the classes in the two grand divisions of the system: or, in other words, of a square which will contain all the plants which will endure the open air in Great Britain. In estimating the space requisite for every individual plant, the dimensions allowed may be taken indif ferently as the side of a square, or the diameter of a circle: since the extremities of the horizontal branches or of the leaves of every plant may be said to form the circumference of a circle, of which its stem is the centre; and since in practice to place together any number of circular beds, is to place together the same number of squares, the side of each of which is equal to the diameter of each of the circles. But it is evident that a large circular bed of any given diameter will not contain so many smaller circles or squares, as a large square whose side is equal to the diameter of the large circle; the latter being contained within the former; and hence it is necessary, in adopting the circular form for any compartment which is intended to contain more than one plant, always to add to the side of the square one eighth of its length, as the diameter of an equivalent circle. Thus the side of a square which would contain the order Magnoliacea is sixty-two feet; but a circle to contain the same number of plants, with the same room to each, will require a diameter of seventy feet, or eight feet more than the side of the square. One eighth part is not quite sufficient; but it is near enough for practice; one seventh would be too much. In indicating the results of these calculations, to save room, a tree () is substituted for the words, Hardy Ligneous Plants; an herb () for the words, Hardy Herbaceous Plants; and a water plant (), for Hardy Water Plants. The utility of these calculations to gardeners, in designing arboretums or herbaceous grounds, will be very considerable; since it will enable them to proportion the size of every bed, group, or clump, to the hardy plants which can be got to fill it. It will also enable those who wish to form small arboretums or herbaceous grounds, to diminish the size of their groups in due proportion; so as that their arrangement, however small, may exhibit not only a specimen of the plants of every group, but by its size, relatively to the other groups, convey an idea of the proportion of the plants fitted for temperate latitudes which that group contains. In general, it may be observed, that the best mode of laying out an herbaceous arrangement according to the Natural System is by circular groups, on a plane, or on a regularly convex or concave surface, with a circular boundary; the space between the groups being covered with grass, gravel, or pavement. We should prefer gravel, each group being edged by box; because grass is unfavourable to walking on in moist weather, and pavement, though cheapest in the end, is expensive at first. To arrange the groups systematically on this surface, and at the same time to throw the numerous circles into agreeable figures, the following mode may be adopted: - Take three or four sheets of common letter paper; three or four sheets colored black on both sides; three or four red; three or four green; three or four yellow; and three or four blue. Then fix on a certain scale, say one foot to one eighth of an inch, being the common division of pocket rules, and with a pair of compasses draw circles representing all the orders of Thalamifioræ on the white paper; of the next subclass on the black paper; and of the third on the red paper; Monochlamydea on the green paper; Monocotyledonea on the yellow paper; and the garden plants of Foliacea on the blue paper. Next write the name and number of the order or tribe on each circle. Cut out all the circles, keeping each color by itself, and stick on the circles representing tribes on the large circle representing the order to which they belong. Now paste several large sheets of paper together, so as to form a surface of the size and shape of the intended arboretum or herbaceous ground, adopting the same scale as for the circles. Then take all the orders belonging to one color, and arrange them in a figure, agreeable in point of effect, and correct with reference to the affinities of the orders. The same as to the other colors. You have thus before you all the beds of the flowergarden or herbaceous ground. After varying them in a great many ways, and having at last made a satisfactory disposition, fix each circle in its place on the large paper with gum or paste, and the result is the working plan. 'The same method of trial and correction will be found among the best for arranging a Systèma Naturæ as a flower-garden on a lawn, or on any piece of ground of irregular shape in the pleasure-ground; and it may also be employed when the whole of the trees and shrubs in the park and pleasure-grounds of a residence are to be planted in the order of nature. In the two latter cases, when the circles are all in their places, and it is thought desirable to form irregular shapes, for the proper size and connection of such shapes the separate circles are excellent indications. In laying out herbaceous arrangements, the circles of tribes belonging to the same order, and sometimes of orders, may be joined together by bends, which in the execution on the ground may be made six or eight inches wide. These bends, judiciously contrived, will aid in giving effect to the general ngure, as well as prove useful helps to the student in a scientific point of view. One of the most generally applicable methods of planting an arboretum is that of placing the trees and shrubs along one or both sides of a winding shrubbery walk; placing no tree or shrub nearer the walk, or nearer another tree or shrub, than half its own height. A complete arboretum on this plan would extend along at least two miles of walk; a complete herbaceous ground, as will be seen by the estimate, would occupy an acre and one third; but all the orders and tribes both of hardy ligneous and herbaceous plants may be exemplified in less than a tenth of these spaces. In a work which will shortly appear, will be found a variety of plans for herbaceous grounds and arboretums composed in the manner described, and for planting all the grounds of a residence according to the Natural System. The enumeration of the species under the different garden divisions of hardy, herbaceous, &c., and under the botanic divisions of orders, tribes, &c., is of important and varied use and interest, in respect to garden culture, vegetable geography, and the formation of herbariums and collections of figures of plants; but this we presume to be so obvious to every gardener and botanist as not to require explanation. INTRODUCTION TO THE JUSSIEUEAN, OR NATURAL, SYSTEM. THE difficulties connected with the adoption of the Natural System of plants are these, -that the characters of many of the orders are at present imperfectly known, and that they all depend upon a consideration of many points of structure which are not to be determined without much labour and a considerable degree of practical skill in the use of the microscope and the dissecting knife. But the facilities which the habit of viewing natural bodies with reference to the relations they bear to other bodies, and not as insulated individuals merely possessing certain peculiarities by which they may be referred to some station in an artificial system, ultimately gives to the investigations of the naturalist, are so great, that difficulties of the nature just alluded to should not be suffered to influence the botanist in determining which line of study he will follow, whether that pointed out by Linnæus, or that traced by the hand of nature. By the artificial system of Linnæus, indeed, no great difficulty exists in determining the number of stamens or styles possessed by a given plant, or the nature of their combination, and from the knowledge so obtained, in referring them to their class and order in the Linnean system. But when this step has been gained, what more has been acquired than the bare knowledge that the plant in question possesses a certain number of stamens and styles? No possible notion can be formed of the relation it bears to other plants of the same nature, of the qualities it probably possesses, or of the structure of those parts not under examination- the fruit for example; and, finally, if it were wished to convey an idea of the plant to a stranger, no means would be in the possession of the Linnean botanist of doing so, except by stating that the plant belonged to Pentándria Monogynia for example, which is stating nothing. But what would be the condition of the student of the natural affinities of plants in a similar case? It is true he would be obliged to consult more characters than the two uninfluential ones of Linnæus: it would be necessary to ascertain if his subject was Vascular or Cellular; if Vascular, whether it was Monocotyledonous or Dicotyledonous; if Dicotyledonous, whether the leaves were opposite or alternate, stipulate or exstipulate, whether the flowers were monopetalous, polypetalous, or apetalous, the nature and station of the stamens, the condition of the ovarium, and so on. But when he has ascertained thus much, only let it be remembered, for a moment, how much he has gained indirectly as well as directly. Illustrations of Landscape-Gardening and Garden Architecture, by various Artists in different Countries of Euro-e, and in North America. Edited by J. C. Loudon. In Imperial fo quarterly, 58. each. Perhaps he has discovered that his plant belongs to Rubiaceae; he will then have learned that all vegetables with opposite entire stipulate leaves, and a monopetalous superior corolla, are also Rubiaceous. If a fragment of the leaves and stem only of such a plant were afterwards submitted to him for examination, he would recognise its affinities, and remember that it was Rubiaceous, and, being aware of that fact, he would be able safely to infer that its calyx and corolla would be of a particular nature; that if the roots afforded any color for dying, it would be red; that the medicinal properties of the bark, if any, would be tonic, astringent, and febrifugal; and that its seeds would be of the same nature as those of coffee; and, finally, its geographical position would be tolerably certain to him. The principal difficulty which has to be encountered by the student of the Natural System of plants is caused by the want of an introduction to the subject, accompanied by the characters of the several orders; this is indeed removed as far as the British Flora is concerned by the publication of Mr. Lindley's Synopsis, in which the essential characters of all the wild flowering plants of this country are stated and analysed; but it still exists with respect to the vegetable kingdom in general. It is obviously impossible to overcome this difficulty here; all that we can do is to point out the characters of the great divisions under which the orders are arranged; even this necessarily very imperfect mode of treating the subject will probably remove some of the inconvenience that is at present experienced. Plants considered with reference to their general structure, are separated into two grand divisions called CELLULARES and VASCULARES. The Cellulares answer to the Linnean Cryptogàmia, and are also called Acotyledoneae; the Vasculares answer to the rest of the Linnean system, which is sometimes called Phanerogàmia and Cotyledoneæ. CELLULA RES, CRYPTOGAMOUS, or ACOTYLEDONOUS, plants are all, therefore, different terms denoting the same combination of vegetables. The first term is here adopted in preference to the others as expressing the most obvious character upon which the division depends, namely, the cellular, not vascular, structure of the plants composing it. Cellular plants are formed entirely of cellular tissue (fig. 1.), without spiral vessels; or in more familiar terms by having no veins in their leaves if foliaceous, and not forming wood; they also are destitute of perfect flowers. The lower tribes, such as Fúngi and Algae, are destitute of leaves, and in some points approach the animal kingdom so nearly as to be scarcely distinguishable. In the highest tribe, Ferns, apparent veins are formed in the leaves; but as they are not supplied with spiral vessels, they cannot be considered more than analogous to the veins of other plants. Ferns, however, hold the intermediate station between Cellulares and Vasculares, and are chiefly retained among the former on account of their perfect accordance in other respects. In the whole of Acotyledons, it is unnecessary to examine the seed for the purpose of determining whether it has one cotyledon, several cotyledons, or none, the structure of the perfect plant giving the most obvious and satisfactory evidence. VASCULARES, PHENOGAMOUS, or COTYLEDONOUS, plants, are also separated into two great classes called Endógenes or Monocotyledons, and Exógenes or Dicotyledons, both which are distinguished as accurately by their obvious physical structure as they are by the minute and obscure peculiarities of the seed. They are all formed with cellular tissue, woody fibre, and spiral vessels (fig. 2.), and their leaves are traversed by veins; the last character is sufficient for practical purposes, if it is remembered that they also bear perfect flowers, o, Leaf of a dicotyledonous plant. P, Leaf of a monocotyledonous plant. |