engravings; and this circumstance, together with the important one of all the specific names being literally translated, will, by giving the meaning of almost all the terms used in botanical description, in a great measure supersede the necessity of a grammar of botany to the young gardener. The literal translation of the specific names may be considered as, to a certain extent, teaching him the Latin language, and the etymologies of the generic names will give him the meaning of a number of Greek words. The species of every genus, where numerous, are subdivided into sections and subsections, which are shortly defined by specific characters; and so copious are the descriptive particulars after each species, that we will venture to assert that the genus to which any plant belongs being known, the specific name, in a majority of cases, may be discovered by this Catalogue without the aid of a Spècies Plantarum.

In the popular descriptions of the Natural Orders, the medicinal properties and economical uses are slightly noticed; and the soil, propagation, and general treatment of the different groups indicated; so that this part of the work, in our opinion the most valuable collection of botanical facts that has ever been brought into so small a space, may be considered an epitome of the history, uses, and culture of the whole vegetable kingdom. Whoever has a sufficient theoretical and practical knowledge of plants and of vegetable culture to generalise on these subjects, will find in this Natural Arrangement the rudiments of every thing that can be said or written on botany, gardening, and agriculture.

Enumerations of those species which are adapted for culture in the open air in Britain, or in corresponding climates, with an estimate of the quantity of ground which each order or tribe would occupy, are given in the Natural Arrangement, with a view to the formation of arboretums or botanic flower-gardens; but, for an explanation of this improvement, and of its value to the practical gardener, we must refer to the body of the work. (p. 491.) The same proportionate enumerations will prove useful in contriving the size of the different drawers, divisions, boxes, volumes, or pages, required for preserving a hortus siccus, or collections of drawings, of engravings, of seeds, or of specimens of woods.

The Supplement to the Linnean Arrangement (p. 467.) includes all the plants introduced to Britain and figured in English botanical works up to February, 1830, and Supplements in continuation are intended to be printed annually, and sold separately, at a price probably not exceeding 3d. per Supplement. The first Supplement will appear in January next. Every future impression of the body of the work will contain references to all the Supplements published, up to the time of taking the impression: this improvement, and a great one it is, can only be effected in a work which is stereotyped; and it will save much trouble that would otherwise be unavoidable in referring to the Supplements at random. After certain intervals, according to the number of plants yearly introduced, and, probably, never exceeding seven years, the Supplements will be incorporated in the body of the work, the stereotype plates broken up, and entirely new editions produced. What the proprietors may, by this arrangement, have sacrificed in the sale of new editions, they confidently expect to gain by the decided superiority which even this part of its plan will give their Catalogue over every other.

No further explanation appearing necessary in this Preface, it remains for the Editor to state that the Linnean Arrangement and its Supplement are entirely the work of Mr. GEORGE Dox; the Natural Arrangement is founded on that of Professor LINDLEY, with some additions and alterations rendered necessary by the plan of this Catalogue; and Dr. GREVILLE, the profound cryptogamist, assisted in arranging the Cryptogàmia. Those who are acquainted with the present state of botany, and with the botanists of this country, will allow that three gentlemen better adapted for cooperating in producing a Catalogue like that now submitted to the public are not to be found. It is presumed that this Catalogue, numerous, original, and complex as are its details, beyond those of any other book of the kind ever published in this or any country, exceeds likewise all others in typographical accuracy. For this essential merit the Editor is entirely indebted to the classical and scientific attainments of Mr. ALEXANDER ROWAN, under whose care this work passed through the press. All that the Editor claims for himself is the plan of the work, which he certainly considers much superior to anything that has preceded it. The literal translation of the specific names, the derivations of the generic names, the indications of derivations, and, above all, the general descriptions of the Natural Orders, will, he confidently expects, be found not only of great value in determining the names of plants, and in recognising them at sight, both individually and in masses; but in assisting the botanical student and practical gardener to acquire some knowledge of their structure, physiology, analogies, affinities, properties, uses, and culture.

J. C. L.

Bayswater, May, 1830.

Fer
Fi

COLUMN 4. Duration and Habitation. Fla

al. bogs al. b. p. al. hea, al, lak.

poisonous. its native pr pretty. country. rk for rockwork. ro robust. spl splendid. tm timber tree. al ma. un uninteresting al. me. w weed, abund- al. riv. ant in cul al, roc. tivated soils a. r. tr. in its native ba. country. bar. gr.

VOWELS.

Sk

aq.

CO.

c.p.

h.

h.l.
L

1.p.

It.

It. L

m.s.

p.

p.l.

r. r.m.

rubbish.

sand.

ru.
8.
s.1.
s. p.

sandy loam.
sandy peat.

s.p.l sand, peat, and loam.

loam and peat, most loam.

light vegetable soil.

light loam.

moist soil.

peat.

peat and loam, most peat.

rich garden soil.

rich mould.

Accents. In the first sixty-two pages the acute () is used to denote accented syllables merely; after p. 62. it is restrained to such vowels as are sounded short, while the grave () is placed over those sounded long, as Martha, Mary. The systematic names are distinguished as classical, i. e. names applied to plants by the ancients, by the first letter being in Italic, as Abies; as commemorative, by the terminating letter or letters being in Italie, as Banksia; and as aboriginal, or of uncertain derivation, by the whole word being in Italic, as 'rua. All the other names are formed, in almost every case, from the Greek, but sometimes from the Greek and Latin.

RULES FOR PRONOUNCING BOTANICAL NAMES.

SYLLABLES.

IN classical words there are as many syllables as there are vowels; except when u with any other vowel follows g, q, or s, and when two vowels unite to form a diphthong. The diphthongs are æ, æ, ai, ei, oi, ui, au, eu, and ou. These seldom coalesce in final syllables. oo, ee, ea, and other combinations which never occur as diphthongs, in classical words, follow, in commemorative names, the pronunciation of their primitives, as Teedia, Woodsia.

In this work, with the exception of the first sixty-two pages of the Linnean Arrangement, the sounds of the accented vowels are indicated by the mark placed over each, the long sound by a grave accent (), the short by an acute(); but, as in the abovementioned sixty-two pages the acute accent alone is employed, the following observations will be found useful in showing when the vowel is to be sounded long, and when short:

Every accented penultimate vowel is pronounced long, when followed by a vowel or a single consonant, as Achillea tomentosa, but it la shortened when followed by two consonants or a double one, as Sórbus, Taxus; except when the first consonant le a mute and the second a liquid, as A`brus.

Every accented antepenultimate voel, art, is pronounced short, as Helléborus, Hamulus; but when succeeded by a single consonant, followed by off and another vowel, it is lengthened, as Stellària; except i, which is short, as Zilia.

4 unaccented, ending a word, is pronounced like the interjection ah, as Sticta (ah),

E final, with or without a consonant pacing, always forms a distinct syllable, as Silènë, A'loë; also when the vowel is followed by a final consonant as hom nes, not Tricho-manes.

I unaccented, if final, sounds as it written e, se Spira venti tege); but, when it ends a syllable not final, it has the sound of e, as Mespilus Mespelus, Smithur (smithë eye).

Y is subject to the same rules as 1.

The diphthongs & and a conform to the rules for e; er is generally pronounced like eye; the other diph. thongs have the common English sounds

In addition to the primary accent, every word of more than three syllables contains a secondary accent, which is regulated by the same rules. The secondary accent must always be at least two syllables before the primary accent, as in Chelidonium, for its place the car is a sufficient guide, and even were it entirely omitted, still, however inharmonious, the pronunciation would not be incorrect.

CONSONANTS

Cand g are hard before a, o, and u, as Cornus, Galium, soft before e, i, and y, as Cetrària, Citrus.

7, s, and c, before ia, ie, ti, to, iu, and eu, when preceded by the accent, change their sounds, f and c into sh, as Blètia, Ficia; and s into zh, as Blasia but, when the accent is on the first diphthongal vowel, the preceding consonant preserves its sound, as aurantiacum.

Ch, before a vowel, is pronounced like k, as Chelidbulum ke, Colchicum (kolkekum); but in commemora. tive names it follows their primitives, as Richardson, in which the ch is soft,

Cm, cn, ct, gm, gn, mn, tm, ps, pt, and other uncombinable consonants, when they begin a word, are pronounced with the first letter mute, as Ptèris teris, Chicus nius, Gmelina melina), Gnidia (nidia); in the middle of a word they separate as in English, as Lap sana, Lem na.

Ph, followed by a mute, is not sounded; but, followed by a vowel or a liquid, sounds like ƒ, as Phleum (fleum).

Sch sounds like sk, as Scho`nus (skenus); in tl and zm both letters are heard.

S, at the end of a word, has its pure hissing sound, as Dactylis; except when preceded by e, r, or n, when it sounds like 2, as Ribes (ex).

X, at the beginning of a word, sounds like x, as Xanthium; in any other situation it retains its own sound, as Taxus, Tamanix. (Gardener's Magazine, vol. v. p. 232)