names and sirenames of so many as that yeare haue died in the house. The names and sirenames also of as many as then shall remaine sycke and diseased in thys house together with the name of the shier where-in eche was borne & their faculties, exercise, or occupacions.

The Use of the .iiii. boke called a Iournall. This Booke must also haue a Calender; & it shal alwaies be brought furthe at suche tyme as the President and moste parte of the Gouernours shall sit within this Hospitall for the generall affaires of the same. And into this booke shall ye entre all suche orders & decrees, as from tyme to tyme shall by the sayde Gouernours or greatest part of them be decreed and ordeined. And in the margent thereof ye shall do as before is assigned. . . in few words set furth the somme of euery decree, order &c. conteyned therein. And chiefely ye shall vse the generall woordes before described in the booke of accomptes, that by the enteraunce of them into your calender euery matter may easilie and readylie be founde. And ye shall not fayle, but in fyue dayes next after the enteraunce of any thyng into this booke, to enter the same by a generall worde in to the Calendre, that as wel when you are absent, as present, the gouernours may without difficultie be satisfied of that they seke for therein.

These admirable orders were carried out by the successive Clerks to the Hospital, with the result that Sir Norman Moore has lately been able to write a very complete history of the Hospital.

I cannot conclude this paper without expressing my thanks for the kindly assistance which I have received from Mr. Owen T. Morshead, Pepysian Librarian, of Magdalene College, Cambridge; Mr. A. Henderson, F.S.A. (Scot.), of the University Library, Glasgow; Lieut.-Col. Fielding H. Garrison, of the Surgeon-General's Library, Washington; to Miss Anderson, who spent much time at the Bodleian for me when I was too busy to go there myself; to my old friend and former teacher Mr. W. Hatchett Jackson, the Radcliffe Librarian at Oxford; and to Mr. Bernard Kettle, of the Guildhall Library.

THE TWENTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY

Held 21 March 1921.

THE twenty-eighth Annual Meeting of the Society was held at 20 Hanover Square a little before 6 p.m., at the close of the ordinary meeting, the President, Mr. Falconer Madan, in the chair.

The minutes of the last annual meeting read and confirmed. The Balance Sheet and Annual Report, which had been printed in The Library for 1 March (Fourth Series, Vol. 1, pp. 271-5), were taken as read. Their adoption was moved from the chair, seconded by Mr. Redgrave, and carried unanimously.

On the motion of Dr. Greg, seconded by Mr. Redgrave, the President and other officers of the Society were re-elected for the ensuing session.

On the motion of Mr. Seymour de Ricci, seconded by the Rev. Precentor Nixon, the following were elected as Members of Council: Dr. E. Marion Cox, Messrs. Lionel Cust, E. H. Dring, Stephen Gaselee, J. P. Gilson, W. W. Greg, C. W. Dyson Perrins, Sir D'Arcy Power, Messrs. A. W. Reed, Frank Sidgwick, Henry Thomas, Charles Welch.

The Annual Meeting then closed.

THE USE OF THE GALLEY IN ELIZABETHAN PRINTING

T is well known that the usual practice of the modern printer when putting a book into type is to set up the whole of the copy in long or slip' galleys, each containing from two to four pages of type, and to take proofs from these before dividing the matter into pages. This method has two important advantages. In the first place corrections can be made much more easily while the type is standing in galley than after it is in pages, and if the corrections involve the addition of new matter or the cancelling of portions already set up, this gives no special trouble, whereas were the matter already divided into pages a great part of that work might have to be done again. Secondly, if the type is to be set up in long galleys it is possible to divide the copy among a number of compositors who can work simultaneously, for it is, of course, unnecessary that the amount given to each should fill an exact number of pages. Were the work cut up into pages as composed it would, on the other hand, be necessary that each man's portion should end exactly at the foot of a page, a thing which could hardly be ensured by the most laborious counting of the words of the copy.

Now one of the many things that we do not know about Elizabethan printers is whether they ever used galleys in this way or not. The question is perhaps not of the first importance, but it has a certain interest from its bearing on the further question of the circumstances in which a book might be set up by two or more compositors working simultaneously and of the extent to which we are entitled to

suppose such a distribution of the work in explaining the peculiarities of spelling and arrangement which are sometimes met with in scattered portions of a text.

The point is not, of course, whether the Elizabethans used galleys at all, for they must have used something of the kind, but how they used them. The ordinary composing stickand pictures of early printing-houses show that they used composing sticks cannot have held more than some ten lines of pica at most, for the weight of the type would have made a greater depth of stick inconvenient to handle.1 When the stick was full the matter must have been transferred to some receptacle or other, whether it was called a galley or not is of no importance. What matters is whether it was merely transferred thither to wait until sufficient material was composed to form a page, or whether it was customary to make setting in galley a definite stage in the work, so that the matter of several pages might be standing in galley at the same time before any of it was divided up.

There is, unfortunately, not much external evidence as to the technique of Elizabethan printing. In fact, so far as I know, there is no serious attempt whatever to describe the art earlier than that contained in the second volume of Moxon's Mechanick Exercises, 1683, but this, of course, is both

1 The usual height to paper of modern English type is 0-92 in. I am indebted to Dr. Greg for the measurement of the only flat impression of an Elizabethan type that is known to me. This occurs in a copy of W. Lambarde's 'Apɣaiovoja, printed by John Day in 1568. The impression measures o'97 in. The ink may have spread a trifle, but on the other hand as the paper was printed damp the impression would be slightly smaller than the type, so we can assume that 0·97 in. was about the actual height of the type and that therefore the weight of Elizabethan type differed only to a negligible extent from that of modern type of an equal body. Now the average weight of a square inch of modern type is taken as 5 oz. Ten lines of Elizabethan pica of the ordinary measure of a quarto book would therefore weigh some 25 or 30 oz., which with the weight of the stick itself would be as much as would be conIvenient to hold.