his own country, makes no profit for his employer, no savings for himself. The same Irishman, when he goes into the harvest fields of England, earns perhaps 37 cents a day. His employer derives a profit from his labour, and he is enabled to save enough, with the aid of the friends who have preceded him to America, to make up a little kit and emigrate to our shores. Here he obtains from 75 to 100 cents a day, and soon accumulates a little capital, which enables him to employ his countrymen as they arrive, while those who pay him these wages make profits from his labour twice as great as those who paid him but half as much in England; and in a still higher proportion to those who paid him but one-fourth as much in Ireland.

The personal observation of every emigrant verifies these facts. They cannot help seeing that the road to equalization and Democracy is through the Whig policy of elevating the reward of domestic labour; and yet the party which believes in low wages, and in buying from England because her people are forced to work at low wages-which thus does all in its power to keep down wages here and there-expects to get Irish votes in the perverted name of Democracy; and therefore, unhappily, it has been proved among ourselves, that the most efficient supporters of the British system have been found among those whom that system has deprived of the power of supporting themselves, their parents, their wives and their children, at home.

Such being the case, we need not wonder when we find the Times rejoicing at the gradual disappearance of the native population, nor that it should

find that

"The abstraction of the Celtic race at the rate of a quarter of a million a year, a surer remedy for the inveterate Irish disease, than any human wit could have imagined."

The "inveterate Irish disease" here spoken of is a total absence of demand for labour, resulting from the determination of Manchester and Birmingham to maintain the monopoly of the power to manufacture for the world. The sure remedy for this is found in famines, pestilences, and expatriation, the necessary results of British free trade.

In a recent and eloquent speech from Mr. Meagher, that gentleman spoke of his country as one

"Whose name sounded like a funeral-hymn. It told of a land, the joy of whose heart had ceased-whose inheritance was turned to strangers, and whose house to alienswhose young men were gone into captivity-whose cities were solitary that were full of people, and whose gates were desolate. Of that land they had heard him speak when the light of a new destiny-beautiful as the light which shone over the face of the prophet-revealed her in a defiant attitude to the world. He did not then pause for words. He should not pause now, were he to behold the same transfiguration. It was painful for them to be there, and have to own that they belonged to a country which, along the great highway of nations, moved on unchartered and unrecognised. It was a galling thought. It flooded the heart with bitterness, and flushed the honest cheek with shame. The glory of a free country descended upon each one of her children-the poorest even-and they walked the world respected. They bore credentials which entitled them to the hospitality, and it might be, to the homage of the stranger. It was painful for them, as he said, to be there, and feel they had no such country."

He regarded her as one whose present condition afforded little reason for hope. Nevertheless "he would keep alive the feelings, keep alive the hopes which, down even to our own day, have borne her with unconquered endurance through the agony of ages." Hope in the future emancipation of his country had alone, as he told his hearers, consoled him in all his vicissitudes of fortune, and he concluded with the fervent prayer

"That it might be vouchsafed to them to see that hope fulfilled! That it might be vouchsafed to them to dwell upon the earth until the promised day had dawned upon the land of their fathers, and their eyes had beheld her salvation! That it might be vouchsafed to them to return to that land-to behold her in her gladness and her glory, as they had looked upon her in her sorrow and captivity-to lead their children to her altar, and dedicate them to her service-for their old age to claim an honourable seat within her gates, as they had been faithful to her youth-and in her holy soil, a resting place forever."

To this we cry, Amen! We desire to see Ireland restored, and made a place fitting for the residence of its sons. We desire to see Irishmen occupy that high place in the estimation of the world to which they have, on so many occasions, proved themselves so well entitled. We desire to see the day when it shall no longer be needed that the daughters of Ireland shall be compelled to separate themselves from parents, and brothers, and sisters, to seek service in foreign lands, and therefore do we desire to see Irishmen aiding, not in the maintenance of the British monopoly, but in resistance to that monopoly, by recognising the existence of the fact, that in protecting the farmers and planters of this country in their efforts to bring the spindle and the loom to the side of the plough and the harrow, they are protecting themselves. "It is time they should see," says one of our contemporaries, "that so long as they 'contribute to the customs' of England, as the Times very truly says they do so long as by buying English manufactures, they pay English wages, and in paying English wages, pay the taxes that are extracted by the government from those wages-it is they who pay the police-there are twelve thousand of them in Ireland, kept up at a cost of two and a half millions a year-and the soldiery and the crow-bar brigade to pull down the roof-trees of their brethren! Can they not see that when the Irishmen in America refuse to be customers to England, the temptation for driving them from their native soil will be greatly diminished, and that if England is forced to raise breadstuffs at home, or in Ireland, her fields will not be depopulated to make cattle pastures and sheep walks?

"The Irish voters can control the election of more than enough members of Congress, in the Middle and Western States, to establish the protective policy permanently in this country, and thereby to build up American manufactures, so that all the raw materials which our own soil and mines supply, shall be wrought up at home by the labour of our citizens, native and adopted to secure an ample domestic market among those labourers for all their agricultural products, instead of being forced to send them abroad for a market, while swelling the number of producers; because every new citizen who is deprived of mechanical employment is compelled to become a farmerto dry up the greatest tributary to the commerce and power of England, by depriving her of what are now her largest markets and her most profitable customers in the United States. To do this would be to secure Ireland for the future and avenge her for the past, as far as can be, until Ireland shall again have a Parliament, when she would re-establish an Irish protective tariff at the first session."

The Irishmen of Albany saw the evil and the remedy, when, at their last St. Patrick's festival, they received with rapturous applause the following toast offered by Mr. John Costigan, of that city:

"Protection to American Industry-The most legitimate and effectual punishment we can inflict on John Bull for his tyranny and oppression to Ireland. Let us have a tariff high enough to exclude the importation of all British manufactures.'"

FOR THE PLOUGH, THE LOOM, AND THE ANVIL.

PEACH TREES.

BY HON. R. B. HUBBARD.

FOR a few years past we have been encouraged in the belief that we could raise peaches in Massachusetts-that we should not be always dependent upon New-Jersey and Delaware for this most delicious of fruits. But the result of the last winter has terribly shaken our faith. I have never known such destruction among fruit-trees of any kind. I have been in each of the NewEngland States, and find that the remark is true of all.

A large portion of the trees, probably one third, were killed outright. Of the remaining portion, a moiety came out unscathed, while much the larger part show signs of sickly life, here a bud and there a limb; of fruit there will of course be but very little. Many gardeners are discouraged, and say 'tis of no use trying to raise peaches in New-England. Many years will elapse before we shall be permitted to witness such a crop of peaches as last

autumn.

But I took my pen to submit some queries which have arisen in my own mind touching the culture of the peach.

zero.

It has been asserted by writers of distinction, and generally believed, that the peach-bud would not endure a greater degree of cold than 12° below The correctness of this is disproved by last winter's experience. In this place, the mercury frequently sank below 12°, and, three times, as low as 20°. Yet, there are some peaches this season. I have seen three trees, standing together on the sunny side of a dwelling-house, which appear as healthy as ever, and are burdened with fruit; while nineteen twentieths of the trees in town had not a blossom, and at least three fifths were killed. In some places, trees standing on the north side of buildings were uninjured, while those on the south side were killed. In the hilly towns of Worcester county, also in York county, Maine, the trees have suffered comparatively little; while in the valleys of the Connecticut and Merrimac, most of the trees are dead. I notice, also, that in the same locality, the trees which have survived are those which have grown slowly, while those which have made rapid growth, have verified the adage, "Soonest matured, soonest decay." Another fact I notice: the trees which survived are mostly natural fruit. In my garden were twelve trees of budded fruit: every one died. In the garden of a neighbor near by, with similar soil, were about twenty trees of natural growth, all of which are alive and doing well.

From these facts I draw the following inferences: The surest way of raising the peach, is the natural way-from the stone. Like produces like in the peach almost as surely as in corn. The natural tree is hardy, even in cold New England, after bearing twenty years. The artificial is always delicate-seems an exotic-a hot-house plant, whose life is as a vapor. The growth of the tree should never be forced. If the soil is rich, growth should be retarded, by placing underneath the tree gravel and sterile earth.

The observance of these two simple rules, I believe, will insure us good peaches, and in abundance, even in Massachusetts.

What say you, Messrs. Editors, to this radicalism?

1

COTTAGE DESIGNS. No. IX.

b

WALDWIC Cottage, of which the foregoing engraving gives a very good representation, is beautifully situated in one of the loveliest and most fertile spots in New-Jersey. It is distant from the city of New-York about thirty miles, located near Paramus, on the bank of the Hohokus river, surrounded by scenery of surpassing beauty, formed by a combination of rivers, forests, and cultivated plains. On the east, it is flanked by a grove of noble oaks; on the north, by the primitive forest; on the west, by the river, on which are erected within view two or three mills and a cotton factory; and on the south, are the plains of Paramus, and the valley of the Saddle river. It was originally a substantial, first-class country house, very little of which now remains, having been recently remodelled and rebuilt by Elijah Rosencrantz, Esq., after the designs and drawings of W., Ranlett, Esq., who has contributed very much to the great improvement in rural architecture which has within the past five years sprung up in this portion of the country.

"Waldwic" forms probably as good an example of a complete and wellconstructed farm cottage villa as the surrounding country can afford. The design of the house is after the old English style, and it is finished inside and out in the most substantial manner. The walls are constructed of ham→ mer-dressed brown stone, from extensive quarries in the vicinity; the timber is of oak and chestnut, and the roof of cedar, all together combining the useful and durable with the convenient and ornamental.

Waldwic Cottage is, or rather was, one of the few remaining houses in the country which have been consecrated by historical events. Before the Revolution it was the residence of a wealthy English family, and during the war was at different times the temporary head-quarters of Washington, and the residence of the beautiful Theodosia Prevost, who afterwards became the wife of Aaron Burr. At this time it was called the Little Hermitage, and several of her letters to her future husband were dated there. It was while residing at what is now termed "Waldwic Cottage" that she first became acquainted with Burr, who was then stationed at Ramapo, not many miles distant.

PREPARATION OF SOILS FOR POTTING.

WE find the following remarks in the Gardener's Journal, and commend them to the attention of our readers:

I will take the opportunity to make a few remarks on soils, which is, perhaps, one of the most important considerations which can occupy our attention; for without a due supply of soils of all descriptions, properly aërated and prepared for immediate use, success in growing plants of all kinds, subjected to artificial treatment, can only be considered adventitious. It is generally allowed by all good cultivators, that soils for pot purposes should undergo a long process of préparation; and as the present is a good season for getting them together, I am inclined to believe that a few remarks deduced from practice may not be out of place. I propose to treat of them under their several heads; and first,

Loam.-The goodness of this important soil is mainly dependent on the