and the historian of that nation, was born in the city of Urgens, the capital of Kharasm, in the year 1605. He was the fourth of seven brothers, and descended on the side of each of his parents from Zingis Khan. He began his reign at the age of 40, and distinguished himself greatly by his exploits in arms, which rendered him formidable to all his neighbours. Some time before his death he resigned the throne to his son, and in his retirement wrote the Genealogical History of the Tartars, which being incomplete at his death, in 1663, was finished by his successor. The original manuscript of this work falling into the possession of some Swedish officers during their exile in Siberia, they caused it to be translated into the Russian language, which Count Strahlenberg rendered into German, of which a French version was printed at Leyden, in 1726. — Moreri.

Ast Nowas, an Arabian poet, was born at Bassora, in the year 762, and died in 810. He was patronised by the caliph Haroun Al Raschid, who gave him apartments in his palace with Abou Masaab and Rekashi, two other bards of great celebrity. - D'Herbelot.

ABUNDANCE (John), the assumed name of a French poet in the 16th century, who also called himself Maistre Tyburce. He died between the years 1540 and 1550. His works are-1. Moralité, Mystere, et Figure de la Passion de N. S. Jesus Christ. Printed at Lyons, without a date, in 8vo. 2. La Joyeux Mystere des trois Roys. This is a MS in the royal library at Paris. 3. Another MS. entitled Farce Nouvelle tres bonne et tres joyeuse de la Cornette. 4. Le Gouvert d'Humanité, Moralité, a personnages; printed at Lyons. 5. Le Monde qui tourne le dos a chascun et plusiers qui n'a point de conscience; printed at the same place.-- Biog. Universelle.

ABU TEMAM, an Arabian poet, was born in the year 805, and died in 845. His poems consist principally of panegyrics upon the caliphs, by whom he was rewarded with great liberality for his praises. He was considered as the prince of Arabian poets, till Al Motannabbi disputed the laurel with him. D' Herbelot.

ABYDENUS, a name given by some of the old ecclesiastical historians to a native of Abydos, who wrote two works, entitled "Assyriaca" and "Chaldaica," of which some fragments are to be found in the Preparatio Evangelica of Eusebius, the controversial pieces of St. Cyril, and the chronography of Syncellus. Scipio Tettius, a Neapolitan author, says that the entire work of Abydenus is extant in some library in Italy; but as no farther account of such a treasure has been given, the assertion appears void of probability. Moreri.

ACACIUS, surnamed Luscus, from his having but one eye, was the disciple and successor of Eusebius, bishop of Cæsarea. He

He

was deposed by the council of Sardica, for semiarian opinions, on which he and some who adhered to him assembled at Philippolis and anathematised their antagonists. wrote the life of Eusebius, which piece is lost, together with all his other works, except the fragment of one against Marcellus, to be found in Epiphanius. He died in 365.Cave. Moreri.

ACACIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, succeeded Gennadius, in 471. He is recorded for his strenuous contest with pope Felix III., who excommunicated him, and was anathematised in his turn by Acacius. He died in 488. Two of his epistles are extant. - Cave, Hist. Lit.

ACACIUS, bishop of Beroa, in Syria, was a member of the council of Constantinople, held in the year 381. At the age of one hundred and ten he wrote a letter to Theodosius the younger, advising him to confirm the sentence passed upon Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, who had been deposed by a synod of schismatics. He died in 432.- Du Pin. Moreri.

ACACIUS, bishop of Amida, or Constance on the Tigris, in Mesopotamia, is celebrated for an extraordinary act of charity. During the war between Theodosius the younger and Varannes king of Persia, the bishop, pitying the unfortunate state of the prisoners, sold the sacred vessels of his church, and with the money purchased their liberty, and sent them to their native country. This appeared so extraordinary to the king of Persia, that he desired to see the good prelate, who accordingly paid him a visit, and thereby effected a peace between the two monarchs.- Moreri.

ACCA, bishop of Hagustald or Hexham, in Northumberland, in the eighth century. He ornamented his cathedral, improved churchmusic, and encouraged learning. He was banished for some time from his see, for what cause is unknown; but he was afterwards restored, and died at Hexham in 740. He wrote a treatise on the sufferings of the saints, epistles, and other works.—Biog. Brit.

ACCARISI (Albert), a native of Ferrara, who flourished in the 16th century, and published, in 1545, "A Vocabulary, Grammar, and Orthography of the Vulgar, i. e. the Italian, Tongue:" he is also the author of "Observations on the Vulgar Tongue," printed by Sansovino, in 1562, 8vo. Nouv. Dict. Hist.

ACCARISI (Francis), an Italian civilian, was born at Ancona, and after studying at Sienna, obtained the chair of jurisprudence in that university, where he expounded Justinian's Institutes and the Pandects, with great reputation. He afterwards became professor of law at Pisa, where he died in 1622. Ibid.

ACCARISI (James), a native of Bologna, was for some time professor of rhetoric at Mantuá; after which he entered into orders, and was made bishop of Vesta, where he died

in 1654. He opposed the Copernican system with great fervour in his lectures, and published a book on the subject, in 1657. His other works are-1. De Natalibus Virgilii. 2. De conscribenda Tragedia. 3. Historia rerum gestarum a sacra congregatione de fide propaganda, &c. 4. Epistolæ Latinæ. He also translated into Latin Bentivoglio's History of the Wars of Flanders. — Moreri.

ACCIAIOLI (Donato), an Italian writer, was descended from an illustrious family; and several of his ancestors had enjoyed the highest honours in the kingdom of Naples. He was born at Florence in 1428, where he had for his first instructors James Ammanati, afterwards cardinal of Pavia, and Leonard d'Arezzo. He next studied under Argyropilus, and became one of the best Greek scholars of his time. After filling several employments in the state, he was appointed gonfalioner, or grand standard-bearer to the republic; but died at Milan in 1478, while on his way to France, as ambassador from the Florentines, who celebrated his funeral with great pomp, and portioned his daughters out of the public treasury. His works are 1. Expositio super libros Ethicorum Aristotelis, 1478, folio. 2. In Aris totelis libros octo Politicorum Commentarii, 1566, 8vo. 3. The Lives of Hannibal, Scipio, and Charlemagne. 4. A Latin Translation of the Lives of Alcibiades and Demetrius, from the Greek of Plutarch. 5. The History of Florence, by D'Arezzo, translated from the Latin into Italian, fol. 1473. Moreri, Gen. Dict.

ACCIAIOLI (John), a near relation of the preceding, was born at Florence, and bred to the bar, where he acquired great eminence. He also gave lectures at Padua, and his oratory drew crowds of hearers both there and in his native city. He died at the close of the 16th century; and his only literary work is entitled "Multa doctissimorum Problematum Monumenta, magno studio et ingenio elucubrata."—Ibid.

ACCIAIOLI (Zenobio), a learned man of the same family, was born at Florence, in 1461. He was patronised by Lorenzo the magnificent; but after the death of that great man he retired from public life, and took the Dominican habit under the celebrated Savonarola. On the elevation of Leo X. he went to Rome, where he obtained the office of librarian in the Vatican. He died in 1519. His works are An Oration in praise of the city of Naples; another in praise of Rome; transla tions of Eusebius, Olympiodorus, and Theodoret: besides which he published the Greek epigrams of Politian, at the desire of the author, who was his intimate friend.-Gen. Dict.

Accio-Zucco, or Da Summa Campagna, an Italian poet, was born at Verona, and flourished towards the close of the 15th century. His chief performance is entitled

"Acci Zucchi Summa Campaneæ, Veronensis, viri eruditissimi in Æsopi Fabulas Interpretatio per Rhythmos, &c." 4to. 1479. There have been several editions of this book.-Gen. Biog. Dict.

ACCIUS (Lucius), an ancient Latin poet, was born about the year of Rome 583. He wrote several tragedies in imitation of the Greek model, and upon subjects common to the Athenian stage; but he composed also one on the story of Brutus and the expulsion of the Tarquins. He is said likewise to have been the author of two comedies; one entitled "The Wedding," and the other "The Merchant." Besides these pieces, he wrote Annals in verses, and miscellaneous poems, none of which have escaped the ravages of time, except a few fragments collected by Robert Stephens. — Moreri.

ACCOLTI (Benedetto), an Italian lawyer, was born at Arezzo in 1415. His father, who was a civilian, bred him to the same profession, in which he attained great distinction, and was chosen to the chair of that faculty at Florence, where he became very popular, and was appointed secretary to the republic. His memory is said to have been so tenacious, that when a Hungarian ambassador had pronounced a long Latin address to the senate, he repeated the whole afterwards, word for word. He died in 1466. His works are- 1. De Bello à Christianis contra Barbaros gesto, pro Christi Sepulchro et Judæa, recuperandis, libri quatuor; 1532, It has often been reprinted, particularly by Dempster, with notes, in 1623; and translated into Italian, French, and even modern Greek. Tasso derived from it the materials for his great poem on Jerusalem Delivered. 2. De Præstantia virorum sui Ævi, 1689, 8vo. — Moreri.

4to.

ACCOLTI (Bernard), son of the preceding, acquired such celebrity by his poetry, as to obtain the name of Unico Aretino. Pope Leo X. gave him the post of apostolic secretary, and the duchy of Nepi. It is not known when he died, but he was living in the time of Ariosto, who speaks of him as a person of distinction at the court of Urbino. His works, the principal of which is a comedy entitled Virginie, were collected and published at Florence in 1513, and at Venice in 1519, 8vo. - Ibid.

ACCOLTI (Francis), the brother of Benedetto, the historian, was born in 1418. He studied law, and taught that faculty with reputation at Bologna, Sienna, and Ferrara, till his death, in 1483. His works are - 1. S. Chrysostomi Homilie in Evangelium S. Joannis, interprete, 1470, fol. 2. Phalaridis Epistolæ, 1469, 8vo. 3. Diogenis Cynici Philosophi Epistolæ. 4. Authoris incerti Libellis de Thermis Puteolorum, et vicinis in Italia, 4to. 1475. 5. Consilia seu Responsa. 6. Commentaria super Decreta lium, 1481. Commentaria, 1495, fol. He was also a poet, and some of his sonnets have

been printed by Crescembini, in his history of italian poetry. - Biog. Universelle.

ACCOLTI (Peter), son of Benedetto Accolt, was born at Florence, in 1455. He studied law, and became a professor; but afterwards entered into the church, and was raised first to the bishopric of Ancona, and next to the dignity of cardinal. He also enjoved seven bishoprics at the same time, and attained the honour of cardinal-vicar, and legate. He died at Rome in 1532. The cardinal of Ancona, as he was called, wrote the papal bull against Luther. Benedict Accolti, his natural son, was executed, in 1564, for a conspiracy against Pope Pius IV. -[bar]

ACCORSO OF ACCURSIUS (Francis), an Itafian lawyer, was born at Florence in 1151, according to some accounts, but by others his birth is placed in the year 1182. He resigned the professorship at Bologna, that he might, without interruption, complete a work in explanation of the laws, which took up seven years, and is known by the title of "The Great Gloss." The best edition of this laborious collection, in which all the opinions and decisions of the old jurists are digested into one body, with the compiler's annotations or glosses, is that of Godefroi, at Lyons, in 1589, 6 vols. fol. Accursius died wealthy, at or near Bologna, in 1229. He had a daughter, who read public lectures in law in the same university of which her father had been professor. — Gen. Dict.

Acconso (Francis), eldest son of the above, was also an eminent professor of law at Bologna. At the invitation of Edward I. be came to England, and read lectures in the university of Oxford. This was in 1276; but four years afterwards he returned to his native city, where he died in 1321.Ibad.

Accorso, or AcCURSIUS (Mariangelus), a learned critic, who flourished at the beginning of the 16th century. He was a native of Aquila, in the kingdom of Naples, and lived thirty-three years in the court of Charles V., who held him in great esteem. His favourite pursuit was that of seeking for antient manuscripts, his care in publishing which appeared in the first work that he sent to the press, entitled "Diatribæ in Ausonium, Solinum & Ovidium," Rome, 1524, folio. At the end of this book is a fable, called Testudo;" in which he made a solemn protestation against the charge of plagiarism. In 1533, he printed at Augsburg an edition of Ammianus Marcellinus," folio; and the same year The Letters of Cassiodorus," and his "Treatise on the Soul." A poem of his, with the title of "Protrepticon ad Corycium," is printed in that very scarce book the "Coryciana," Rome, 1524, 4to. Accorso also wrote a piece to ridicule the barbarous and antiquated Latin style of his time. The book is in the form of a dialogue, entitled "Osco, Volsco, Romanaque elo

quentia interlocutoribus," 1551, 8vo. He had a son named Casimir, who was also a man of letters. — Ibid.

ACERNUS (Sebastian Fabian), a native of Poland, whose real name was Klonowicz, which he thus altered according to the humour of the times. He was a burgomaster of Lublin, and wrote a poem in Latin, entitled "Victoria Deorum,” which was printed at Racow, but suppressed soon after, on account of its Socinian tendency. He was also the author of a poem in praise of Dantzic; a Memorial of the Sovereigns of Poland; and other works. He died in 1608, aged 57. — Biog. Universelle.

ACESIUS, bishop of Constantinople. His rigid principles carried him so far as to deny communion to repentant heretics, on which Constantine said to him, "Make a ladder for yourself, and go up to heaven alone." Du Pin.

ACH, or ACHEN (John Van), a painter, was born at Cologne, in 1556. He adopted the manner of Spranger, which he never quitted, though he travelled to Venice and Rome for improvement. At the last city he painted a Nativity for the church of the Jesuits, and a portrait of Madonna Venusta, a celebrated musical lady, which are the best of his works. On his return to Germany, he was much employed and liberally rewarded by the elector of Bavaria, and also by the emperor. He died in 1621. Pilkington.

ACHEUS, a Greek poet, who flourished at the same period with Eschylus; but though he is said to have written forty tragedies, they are all lost except some fragments, which have been printed by Grotius. He also wrote satirical poems; but of these there are no remains. Fabricius, Bibl. Græc.

ACHARD, or St. Victor, was bishop of Avranches, in Normandy, and flourished in the 12th century. He is supposed to have been an Englishman, and after filling the office of second abbot at St. Victor, in Paris, was consecrated bishop in 1162. He died in 1172. His works are-1. "De Tentatione Christi." 2. "De Divisione Animæ et Spiritus;" copies of which manuscripts are in Bene't-college library, Cambridge. 3. "Sermons. 4. The Life of St. Geselin. This last was printed at Douay in 1626. - - Moreri.

ACHARD (Anthony), a learned divine, was born at Geneva, in 1696. In 1724, he was promoted to the church of Werder, in Berlin, where he obtained the favour of the king of Prussia, who appointed him a privy counsellor.

He was also a member of the Berlin academy, inspector of the French college, and director of the charity-house. He died in 1772. Though his constitution was so weak, that he was obliged to subsist on a milk diet, his powers as an orator, were of the first description. In the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy is the sketch of a work which he projected on the liberty of the human will. Two volumes of his sermons

were printed after his death. His son Francis Achard is the author of several dissertations in the transactions of learned societies, and a collection of them has been printed in 2 vols. 8vo. Biog. Universelle.

2.

ACHARD (Claude Francis), a physician of Marseilles, was born in 1753, and died in 1809. He was secretary to the academy, and librarian of the city of Marseilles. His works are 1. Dictionnaire de la Province et du Comtat Venaissin, 4 vols. 4to. Description Historique, Geographique et Topographique de la Provence et du Comtat Venaissin, 1 vol. 4to. 3. Tableau de Marseilles, 1 vol. 8vo. 4. Bulletin des Sociétés Savantes de Marseilles et de Departemens du Midi, 8vo. 1802. 5. Cours Elementaire de Bibliographie, ou la Science du Bibliothecaire, 3 vols. 8vo. He was also the compiler of some catalogues, particularly that of the museum of Marseilles. - Biog. Universelle.

ACHARDS (Eleazar Francis de la Baume de), a French ecclesiastic, was born of a noble family at Avignon, in 1679. On entering into orders, he distinguished himself by the zeal with which he attended to the wants of the poor, particularly during the plague at Marseilles in 1721. This induced Pope Clement XII. to employ him as apostolic vicar, with the title of bishop of Halicarnassus, in the arduous office of settling the disputes which prevailed among the missionaries in China. But after residing there two years, his lectures were unsuccessful, and he died at Cochin, in 1741. An account of this mission, containing also a funeral oration on his death by a Chinese priest, was published by his secretary, M. Fabre, in 1746, 4to. — Nouv. Dict. Hist.

ACHENWALL (Godfrey), a celebrated publicist, was born at Elbing, in Prussia, in 1719. He had his education at Jena, Halle, and Leipsic; and in 1746 settled at Marbourg, where he taught history, the law of nature and nations, and statistics. Two years afterwards he removed to Gottingen, and obtained a professorship, in which he acquired great celebrity by his lectures. He died in 1772. His best works are 1. Constitution des royaumes et etats d'Europe. 2. Elementa Juris Natura; of which there have been six editions. - Dict. Hist. ACHERI (Luc de), a Benedictine of St. Maur, was born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, in 1609. He published a number of valuable manuscripts, with notes, as-1. The Epistle of St. Barnabas, 1645, 4to. 2. The Life and Works of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, folio. The appendix contains the chronicle of the abbey of Bec, from 1304 to 1437; the Lives of St. Herluinus and St. Austin, &c. 3. Asceticorum, vulgo spiritualium opusculorum quae inter Patrum opera reperiuntur, Indiculus, 4to. 1648; reprinted in 1671. 4. The Life and Works of Guibert, abbot of Nogent-sous-Couci, &c

ACHILLINI (Alexander), a celebrated anatomist, was born at Bologna, in 1463, and died in 1512. He discovered some of the small bones in the organ of hearing, and his reputation as a teacher was so great, that scholars resorted to him from every part of Europe. His philosophical works were printed in a folio volume at Venice, in 1508, and reprinted with additions several times afterwards. Besides these, he wrote-1. Annotationes Anatomicæ, 1520, 4to. 2. De Humani Corporis Anatomia, 1521, 4to. 3. In Mundini Anatomiam Annotationes, folio, 1522. 4. De Subjecto Medicinæ, 1568, folio. 5. De Chiromantiæ et Physiognomiæ, folio. 6. De Universalibus, 1501, folio. Moreri. Sprengel's Anatomical Discourses.

ACHILLINI (John Philotheus), brother of the preceding, was born at Bologna in 1466, and died there in 1558. He was a

good scholar, and a man of general science; but is best known as a poet. He published- — 1. A poem written in octave rhime, entitled "I Viridario," Bologna, 4to. 2. "Il Fedele," 4to. 3. Annotazioni della Lingua Volgare, 1536, 8vo. 4. A Collection of Poems on the death of Seraphin dall' Aquila, 1504, 4to. — Moreri.

ACHILLINI (Claude), grandson of the last mentioned, was born at Bologna in 1574, and died in 1640. He obtained his doctor's degree in civil law at the age of twenty, and became a professor in that faculty at Bologna, Ferrara, and Parma, where he was so much admired, that inscriptions were put up to his honour. But he is now chiefly known by his poems, which were printed first at Bologna in 1632, 4to. Cardinal Richelieu sent him a gold chain, for some verses on the birth of the dauphin. Achillini also published a work entitled "Decas Epistolarum ad Jacobum Gaufridum," 1635, 4to.- Ibid.

ACHMET, an Arabian, who wrote, in the 4th century, an extravagant book" on the Interpretation of Dreams," which has been translated into Greek and Latin, and published with Artemidorus on the same subject, by Rigault at Paris, in 1603, 4to. — Ibid.

ACIDALIUS (Valens), a young man of considerable learning, was born at Wistock, in Brandenburgh, in 1567. At seventeen,

he published Latin poems, and another collection at Helmstadt in 1589. From this last university, he went to Italy, and at Padua published his edition of Paterculus. On his return to Germany, he embraced the Roman Catholic religion, and continued his philological researches with great diligence. In 1594, he published Animadversions on Quintus Curtius, which have been adopted in some editions of that author. He died the year following, at which time lis Observations on Plautus were in the press, and appeared in 1596. His remarks on the ancient Panegyrics and Tacitus were printed in 1607; besides which, there have been published his notes on Ausonius; on Quintilian's Dialogue de Oratoribus; and letters to his brother, under the title of "Epistolarum centuria una, &c." A satirical tract against women, entitled "Mulieres non esse Homines," has been wrongfully atributed to him. - Biog. Universelle.

ACKERMANN (John Christian Gottlieb), professor of medicine at Altdorf, in Franconia, was born at Zeulenrode, in Upper Saxony in 1756. He studied first under his father, who was an eminent physician, and next under Baldinger at Gottingen, where he gained the esteem of Heyne, whose lectures he attended. He died at Altdorf in 1801. His works are 1. Institutiones Historia Medicinæ, 1792, 8vo. 2 A Manual of Military Medicine, in German, 2 vols. 8vo. 1794. 3. The Life of J. C. Dippel, 1781, 8vo. He also wrote for the new edition of Fabricius' Bibliotheca Graca, by Harles, the Lives of Hippocrates, Galen, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Aretaus. Biog. Universelle.

ACTWORTH (George), an English divine and civilian, was public orator of Cambridge in 1560, and the following year created doctor of laws. In 1562, he was admitted an advocate in the court of arches, and being patronised by archbishop Parker, with whom he lived at Lambeth, he obtained considerable church-preferment; but lost the whole, in consequence of his irregular conduct. When he died is not known. His works are-1. "Orationem encomiasticam in restitutione Buceri et Fagii, 1562," 8vo. 2. Preface to the Second Part of Bucer's Works, folio, 1577. 3. De Visibili Romanarcha, contra Nich. Sanderi Monarchiam, 1622, 4to. He also assisted archbishop Parker in his Antiquitates Britannica. Masters' Hist. of Corpus Christi Call Cambridge.

ACOLUTHUS (Andrew), professor of divinity at Breslaw, was born at Bernstadt in 1654. He is said to have been master of the Hebrew language at six years of age. He died in 1704. His principal work is the Specimen of a Polyglot Koran, entitled "Tetrapta Alcoranica, sive Specimen Alcorani quadrilinguis Arabici, Persici, Turcici, et Latini," Berlin, fol. 1701, The

design, however, was never completed, and the prospectus is very scarce. He published also "Obadias in Armenian and Latin," Leipsic, 1680, 4to. Moreri. ACONTIUS, or ACONZIO (James), a native of Trent, who, after receiving ordination in the church of Rome, relinquished that faith, and went to Switzerland in 1557. From thence he went to Strasburgh, and lastly visited England, where he was well received by Queen Elizabeth, who employed him as an engineer. In gratitude he dedicated to her majesty his book on the Stratagems of Satan, printed at Basle in 1565. His best work, however, is one entitled " De Methodo, sive recta investigandarum," printed at the same place in 1558. Another treatise by him, with the title of "Ars muniendorum oppidorum," in Italian and Latin, was printed at Geneva in 1585. Acontius was a member of the Dutch congregation in Austin- Friars, but falling under the suspicion of Arianism, some proceedings were taken against him before Bishop Grindall, of the result of which no account is given. He died in 1566. - Gen. Dict.

ACOSTA (Joseph de), a Spanish Jesuit, was born at Medina del Campo, about 1539. He went to the East Indies in 1571, and afterwards became second provincial of his order in Peru, but in 1583 returned to Spain, where he obtained the favour of Philip II., and was appointed superior of the order at Valladolid, and rector of the college of Salamanca. He died in 1600. He wrote-1. Historia natural y moral de las Indias, 1599, 4to. This work has been often printed, and is quoted by Dr. Robertson as standard authority, 2. De Natura Novi Orbis, 8vo. 3. De Promulga tione Evangelii, 8vo. 1588. revelato, 1590, 8vo. 5. Conciones, 1596,

4to. Moreri.

4. De Christo

ACOSTA (Gabriel), professor of divinity, and canon of the cathedral church of Coimbra, died there in 1616. He is known by a commentary in Spanish on the Old Testament, printed in folio in 1641,Moreri.

ACOSTA (Uriel), a singular character, was born at Oporto, where his father, though descended from Jewish parents, professed the Catholic religion, and died in that faith. The son also, whose name in baptism was Gabriel, conformed very regularly to the national faith, till he was about the age of twenty-two, at which time he was treasurer of a collegiate church. Being, however, of an inquisitive turn, he began to study the Old Testament, and this led him to further inquiries, the result of which was a secret renunciation of Christianity, and the conversion of himself, his mother, To avoid the and brothers to Judaism. dreadful consequences that would have fol lowed the discovery of their apostasy, the family sold their property and sailed for