1768. She translated into her native language Thomson's Seasons, with great fidelity and elegance.-Dict. Hist.

BONTIUS (Gerard), professor of medicine at Leyden, was born at Ryswick in 1536, and died in 1599. He was a man of considerable learning, particularly in Greek, but became chiefly known as the inventor of pills, which bear his name. and Reyner were also physicians. The former went to the East Indies, and practised some years at Batavia. He returned to Europe, and wrote-1." De conservanda Valetudine, ac dieta sanis in India observandis." 2. "Methodus medendi, quá oportet in India Orientalis uti." 3. Observationes selectæ ex dissectione cadaverum ac antopsia descripta. 4. De Medicina Indorum. 5. Historia nat, et med. Orientalis, folio, 1658. When he died is unknown. His brother Reyner was for many years professor at Leyden, and also rector of the university. He died in 1623. —. - Freheri The

His two sons James

atrum.

BOOKER (John), an astrologer, was born at Manchester in 1601, and bred a haberdasher in London, but quitted that business to follow that of a writing-master, after which he became celebrated for his judgment in resolving questons by the stars, and was actually appointed licenser of mathematical books. Lilly gives him a high character; but another adept, George Wharton, published a book against him, entitled, "Mercuriocalico Mastix; or an Anticaveat to all such as have had the Misfortune to be cheated and deluded by that Impostor, John Booker." He wrote some pieces in astrology, and died in 1667.— Granger.

BOONEN (Arnold), an eminent Dutch painter, was born at Dordt in 1669, and became one of the best portrait painters of his age. He was the disciple of Schalken, and died in 1729. - Houbraken.

the

BOOTH (Abraham), a dissenting minister of the Baptist persuasion, was born at Black. well, in Derbyshire, in 1734. His parents being poor could give him no education, and he was placed with a stocking-weaver at an early age. Being of a serious turn he studhed diligently, and became so well versed in scriptures as to be considered qualified to preach, which he did among the Baptists, and at the same time opened a school at SuttonAshfield. In 1769 he was ordained pastor of the congregation meeting in Prescotreet, Goodman's-fields, where he exercised the ministerial charge till his death in 1806. He wrote-1. an Elegy on Mr. James Herey. 2. The Reign of Grace, 8vo. 3. The Death of Legal Hope, the Life of Evangelical Obedience, 12mo. 4. "The Deity of Jesus Christ essential to the Christian Religion," translated from the French of Abbadie, vo. 5. Pædobaptism examined, 2 vols.; and sotne other works. Life, by Jones.

BOOTH (Barton), a celebrated actor, was

247

born of a good family in Lancashire in 1681. He received his education at Westminsterschool, where his talent for the stage was developed by his performance in the Latin plays. At the age of seventeen he joined a strolling company and went to Ireland, but in 1701 returned to London and was admitted into Betterton's company, when he met with a most flattering reception. In 1712 he performed the character of Cato when that tragedy first came out, on which occasion, while the play was acting, a purse of fifty guineas was collected in the boxes and presented to Booth, "for his honest opposition to a perpetual dictator, and his dying so bravely in the cause of liberty.". The year following his name was added to those of Cibber, Wilkes, and Dogget, in the new license for the theatre. His greatest performance was Othello; and he enjoyed his deserved reputation as a tragic actor till his death, which happened May 10. 1733. His widow erected a monument in 1772 to his memory in Westminster Abbey. Biog.

Brit.

BOOTH (George), lord Delamer, the son of William Booth, esq., and grandson of sir George Booth, bart., to whose title he succeeded during the usurpation of Cromwell. In 1659 he raised forces for the king's service, but was defeated by Lambert, and being taken prisoner in disguise was sent to the Tower, where he remained till the Restoration, when he was one of the twelve members sent by the House of Commons to recall the king. He was also rewarded with ten thousand pounds by the parliament, and created baron Delamer. He died in 1684. Ibid.

BOOTH (Henry), earl of Warrington, second son of the preceding, was born at the He sat in family seat in Cheshire, in 1651. several parliaments as knight of the shire for his native county, and was very zealous against the court, particularly in promoting the bill for the exclusion of the duke of York. In 1684 he succeeded to the family title and estate, but soon after the accession of James II. he was sent to the Tower, on a charge of treason. He was tried before a select number of peers and acquitted, though Jefferies, who presided, strove hard to get him convicted. He concurred heartily in the Revolution, was sworn a privy counsellor, appointed chancellor of the exchequer, and lord lieutenant of Cheshire. The year fol lowing, however, he was deprived of his situation as chancellor, but was created earl of Warrington, and had a pension settled on him of two thousand a-year. He died at London, Jan. 2. 1693-4. His works, consisting of speeches, prayers, and political tracts, were published in one volume, 8vo. 1694. He was also the author of a piece entitled "The late Lord Russell's case, with observations," 1689, folio. His son George, earl of Warrington, who died in 1758, pub

R 4

lished, without his name, a book entitled, "Considerations upon Marriage, with some thoughts concerning the force and obligation of the Marriage Contract," 8vo. 1739. His object in this work is to advocate the liberty of divorce, where there is a disagreement of temper. He also wrote a vindication of his father against bishop Burnet. - Ibid.

BOQUINE, or BOQUINUS (Peter), a protestant divine, was born in Aquitaine, and educated in a monastery at Bourges, of which he became prior; but by perusing the works of some of the reformers, he imbibed their sentiments, and withdrew to Wittemberg, where he became acquainted with Luther and Melancthon. He afterwards returned to Bourges, and there publicly preached the reformed doctrines, under the patronage of the queen of Navarre. At length, finding his life in danger, he removed to Strasburg, and from thence to Heidelberg, where he taught divinity twenty years. In 1576 the popish party compelled him to seek another retreat, and he went to Lausanne, where he died in 1582. He wrote several controversial works, one of which was translated into English, under the title of "A defence of the old and true profession of Christianity," 8vo. 1581.- Melch. Adam de Vit. Theol.

BORCHT (Henry Vander), a painter and engraver, was born at Brussels in 1583. He painted fruit and flowers in an admirable style: besides which he etched some prints after Parmegiano. He was employed by the earl of Arundel to collect antiquities for him in Italy. He died at Antwerp in 1660. - Descamps. Strutt.

BORDA (John Charles), a French mathematician, was born at Dax, in the department of the Landes, 1733. He studied under the Jesuits, and was intended for a civil employment, but in consequence of his passion for geometry he was suffered to devote himself to the sciences. In 1756 he laid before the academy a memoir on the motion of projectiles, which procured him admission into that earned body. The year following he was aide-de-camp to M. de Maillebois at the battle of Hastembeck, and on his return to Paris was employed as inspector of the dockyards. In this situation he made numerous experiments on the resistance of fluids and the velocity of motion. In 1767 he published a valuable dissertation on hydraulic wheels, which was followed by another, on the construction of water-works. For these labours he was appointed sub-lieutenant in the marine, and sent with Pingrè on a voyage of discovery to the South Sea, of which an account was published in 2 vols. 4to. 1778. He afterwards served under count d'Estaing in America, when he discovered many defects in the construction of vessels, which led to some important improvements in naval architecture. He also removed some imperfections from Hadley's quadrant, by an invention called the "Circle of Borda."

Besides this he was the contriver of the mensuration-rod, for ascertaining new station lines. He also projected a reform in weights and measures; for which purpose he published "Tables of Lines," at his own expense. One of his last labours was the determination of the length of the pendulum vibrating seconds at Paris. He died, greatly lamented, in 1799. Edinburgh Encyclopædia.

BORDE, OF BOORDE (Andrew), a physician, was born at Pevensey, in Sussex, about 1500. He was educated at Oxford, after which he entered among the Carthusians, and then travelled over most parts of Europe and Africa. On his return he acquired a great name as a physician, though, in fact, he was no better than a quack-doctor, strolling about from place to place, whence, on account of his jokes, he obtained the name of Merry Andrew, which has become proverbial. He died in the Fleet in 1549. Borde wrote 1. "A book of the introduction of Knowledge;" black letter, without date. In this singular work is the portrait of the author. 2. The "Breviary of Health," 4to. 3. “Compendyouse Regimente or Dictary of Healthe made in Mounte Pyllor," 4to. 4. " Merrye Tales of the Madmen of Gotham." 5. “The Historye of the Miller of Abingdon and the Cambridge Scholars," &c. -Wood Athen. Oxon.

Warton's English Poetry.

BORDE (John Benjamin de la), a French writer, was born at Paris in 1734. He became first valet to Lewis XV., on whose death he was appointed farmer-general. His collection of airs in 4 vols. 8vo., and essays on music, ancient and modern, in 4 vols. 4to. are proofs of his skill in that science; and in polite literature he distinguished himself by the Memoirs of Coucy, 2 vols. 8vo.; Interesting Pieces towards a History of the Reigns of Lewis XIII. and of Lewis XIV.; Let ters upon Swisserland; History of the South Sea, 3 vols. 8vo.; an edition of the Historical Romances of the 15th and 16th centuries, 11 vols. 12mo.; and other works He fell by the guillotine in 1794. His wife published some poems, imitated from the English. - Dict. Hist.

He

BORDENAVE (Toussaint), professor and director of the Academy of Surgery at Paris, was born in 1728, and died in 1782. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences, and sheriff of Paris, which office he dis charged greatly to the public benefit. translated into French Haller's Elements of Physiology; and published "Dissertations sur les Antiseptiques," 8vo.; and "Memoires sur le danger des caustiques pour le cure radicale des Hernies," vo.- Ibri.

BORDEU (Anthony, a French physician, was born at Iseste in Bearn, in 1693. He studied under his father, who was physician to the king, and next at Montpellier. On taking his degree he settled at Pau, and was appointed physician to the military hospital

at Bareges, of the waters of which place he published an analysis. - Dict. Hist. BODEU (Theophilus de), son of the above, was born in 1722. He received his education at Montpellier, and when young settled at Paris, where he acquired great reputation. He died in 1776. His works are-1. ChyFificationis Historia, 12mo. 2. Recherches sur les Glandes. 3. Dissertatio physiologica de sensu genericè consideratio, Svo. 4. Lettres contenant des essais sur l'histoire des Eaux minerales du Bearn, 12mo. 5. Recherches anatomiques sur la position des Glandes, 8vo. 6. Recherches sur le pouls par rapport aux crises, 12mo. 7. Recherches sur le tissu muqueux, et l'organe cellulaire, 12mo. He had a brother called Francis, who was born at Pau in 1737, and became inspector of the waters there. He wrote1. De sensibilitate et contractibilitate partium in corpore humano sano, 12mo. 2. Precis d'observations sur les Eaux de Bareges, 12mo. 3. Recherches sur les maladies chroniques, 8vo. — - Ibid.

BORDONE (Paris), an Italian painter, was born at Trevisa in 1513. He was a disciple of Titian, and became a great favourite with Francis I. of France. He died in 1588. Depiles. Pilkington.

BOREL (Peter), a French physician, was born at Castres, in Languedoc, about 1620. He took his doctor's degree and settled at his native place, where he collected a fine museum of natural curiosities, of which he published a catalogue in 1645, in 4to. In 1653 he visited Paris, and acted for some time as physician to the king. He was also admitted as a chemist into the Academy of Sciences, and died in 1689. His works are -1. Les Antiquités, Raretès, &c. de la ville et comté de Castres, 8vo. 2. Historiarum et observationum Medico-Physicarum, centura prima et secunda, 8vo. 3. Bibliotheca Chemica, 12mo. 4. De vero Telescopii inventore, 4to. 5. Tresor des Recherches et Antiquités Gauloises, 4to. 6. Poeme à la louange de l'Imprimerie. 7. Carmina in laudem Regis, Reginæ, et cardinalis Mazarini, 4to. 8. Auctarium ad vitam Peirescii, 4to. 9. Commentum in antiquum philosophum Syrum. 10. Hortus seu armamentarum simplicium Plantarum et Animalium ad artem medicam spectantium, 8vo. 11. De curationibus Sympatheticis, 4to. 12. DisCours prouvant la Pluralité des Mondes. This is translated into English. 13. Vitæ Renati Cartesii, 8vo. — Moreri. BORELLI (John Alphonso), a philosopher and mathematician, was born at Naples in 1608. He was successively professor of philosophy and mathematics at Florence and Pisa. Having been concerned in the revolt Messina, he was obliged to retire to Rome, where he lived under the protection of Cristina, queer of Sweden. He died there in 1679. His works are-1. Delle cagioni delle febre maligni, 12mo. 2. Euclides

249

restitutus, 4to. corum, folio. netarum ex causis physicis deductæ, 4to. 5. De Vi Percussionis, 4to. 6. Osservazione intorno alla virtu ineguali degli occhi. 7. De motionibus naturalibus e gravitate pendentibus, 4to. 8. Meteorologia Etnea, 4to. 9. Osservazione dell' ecclisi lunare, fatta in Roma. 10. Elementa Conica Apollonii Pergæi et Archimedis opera nova et breviori methodo demonstrata, 12mo. 11. De Motu Animalium, 4to. This was reprinted at Leyden in 1686, and is the most important of all Borelli's writings. 12. De renum usu judicium, 8vo. Borelli was a great admirer of Mr. Boyle, and corresponded with several of our English mathematicians. Martin's Biog. Philos.

3. Apollonii Pergæi coni4. Theoria Medicorum Pla

He

BOREMAN (Robert), a learned divine, was brother to sir William Boreman, clerk of the green cloth to Charles II. He became fellow of Trinity-college, Cambridge, and rector of St. Giles-in-the-Fields. died in 1675. His works are-1. The Churchman's Catechism, or the Church's -Plea for Tythes, 4to. 2. The Triumphs of Learning over Ignorance, 4to. 3. A Funeral Sermon for Dr. Comber, master of Trinity-college, and dean of Carlisle, 4to. 4. Life and Death of Freeman Sonds, esq., who was hanged for the murder of his brother, 4to. 5. Life and Death of Alice, Duchess of Dudley, 4to.-Wood Athen. Oxon.

BORGHINI (Vincent), a Benedictine mork, was born at Florence in 1515, and died at Pisa in 1580. He was employed by order of the Council of Trent to correct the Decameron of Boccaccio, and his edition was printed in 1573, 8vo.; but he is best known as the author of a Discourse on the History of Florence, 2 vols. 4to.; reprinted in 1755, with annotations. One Rafaello Borghini wrote several comedies, and a piece entitled "Riposo della Pittura, e della Scultura," 1584, 8vo. - Dict. Hist.

The

BORGIA (Cæsar), a monster of wickedness, was the natural son of pope Alexander VI. by a woman named Vanozza, who brought his holiness four other children. On the accession of his father to the papal throne in 1492, Cæsar was at the university of Pisa, when he instantly hastened to Rome, where at first he met with a cool reception. pope, however, gave him the archbishopric of Valenza, and soon afterwards conferred on him the cardinalship. In 1497 Cæsar, being jealous of his brother Francis duke of Gaudia, contrived to have him dispatched, and the body thrown into the Tiber; which troubled the pope exceedingly, though without alienating his affections from the murderer, who now threw aside his ecclesiastical honours, and was made duke of Valentinois by the king of France. Numbers of persons fell by his means; and he actually kept a body of assassins employed for that purpose.

In 1503 he very narrowly escaped dying of poison which he and the pope had infused in wine, to take off nine newly-created cardinals at once, in order to get possession of their riches. By mistake, however, the pope and his son took the poisoned wine themselves, and the former died of it; but Cæsar, through the vigour of his constitution, got over it. He was now stripped of his dignities and sent prisoner to Spain, from whence he escaped to Navarre, the king of which country was his brother-in-law, and at that time at war with his subjects. Cæsar served as a volunteer in that contest, and fell, fighting bravely, under the walls of Viana, in 1507. — Gordon's Life of Pope Alexander VI. fol. 1728.

BORGIA (Stephen), an eminent cardinal, was born of a noble family at Velletri in 1731.

On entering into orders he obtained considerable preferment, and in 1770 was appointed secretary to the congregation of the Propaganda, which is an institution for the spreading of Christianity among the heathen. About this time he began to lay the foundation of the family museum at Velletri, of part of which, relating to Arabic monuments, he published a description in 1782. In this year also he employed a Capuchin monk to learn the Armenian language, that he might qualify himself as a missionary in the East, and to compile a dictionary of that language. In 1789 he was promoted to the rank of cardinal, and about the same time appointed prefect of the congregation of the Indies, holding also the same office in the Propaganda, and in the congregation for correcting the books of the Eastern churches. French revolution involved the cardinal in great difficulties, from which he was partly relieved by the liberality of some foreign courts; and through him it was that the royal bounty of England was extended to the cardinal York. He assisted at the election of pope Pius VI., at Venice, and was chosen to attend him to Paris, but died on the road, at Lyons, Nov. 23. 1804. He published -1. Monumento di Giovanni XVI. summo Pontifice illustrato, 8vo. 2. Breve Istoria dell'antica citta di Tadino nell' Umbria, 8vo. 3. Dissertatione sopra un' antica iscrizione rinuenta nell' Isola di Malta nell' anno 1749, 8vo. 4. Dissertatione Filologica sopra un' antica Gemma intagliata. What is called the Borgian MS. is a fragment of a Coptic-Greek manuscript, brought by a monk from Egypt, and sent to this cardinal. It was printed at Rome in 1789, 4to.Athenæum, vol. v.

plates called "Raphael's Bible," dated 1615.- ·Pilkington and Strutt.

BORLACE (Edmund), a physician, was the son of sir John Borlace, one of the lords justices of Ireland. He received his education at Trinity-college, Dublin, and then went to Leyden, where he took his doctor's degree in physic in 1650, and was admitted to the same at Oxford. He settled at Chester, and died there in 1682. His works are-1. Latham Spaw in Lancashire, 8vo. 2. The Reduction of Ireland to the Crown of England, &c. 8vo. 3. The History of the Irish Rebellion, folio. 4. Brief Reflections on the Earl of Castlehaven's Memoirs, 8vo. - Wood's Athen. Oxon.

BORLASE (William), an English divine and antiquary, was born at Pendeen, in the parish of St. Just, in Cornwall, in 1695. He was educated partly at Penzance, and partly at Plymouth-school, after which he was entered of Exeter-college, Oxford, where he took his degree of master of arts in 1719, and the same year received holy orders. In 1722 he was instituted to the rectory of Ludgvan, in Cornwall, and in 1732, to the vicarage of St. Just. He was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society in 1750, having some time before communicated to learned body, an Essay on Cornish Crystals. In 1754 appeared his " Antiquities of Cornwall," of which a second edition was published in 1769. His next publication was "Observations on the Islands of Scilly," 4to.

that

BORGIANNI (Horatio), a painter and engraver, was born at Rome in 1630, and died in 1681, of grief, occasioned by the villainous conduct of a brother artist, who secretly undermined his reputation. He painted some pictures larger than life; and as an engraver he is best known by his small

BORN (Ignatius), baron, was born at Carlsburg, in Transylvania, in 1742. He studied under the Jesuits, after which he settled at Prague, where he had an appointment in the department of the mines; but, by descending into one, contracted a disorder which injured his health for the whole of his life. Notwithstanding this, his ardour in the cause of science, particularly mineralogy, increased, and he made many important improvements in the process of separating the metals from their ores, for which he received an imperial grant. He was a great favourite with the empress Maria Theresa, under whose patronage he published a magnificent work on Conchology. The baron was a member of several

BOR

learned societies, and he also founded one in Bohemia, the memoirs of which were published in several volumes. He was no less active as a free-mason, and an associate of the order of Illuminati, both of which he defended, when the elector of Bavaria and the emperor Joseph issued decrees against them. He died in 1791.

His other works are

1. "Catalogue methodique raisonnée" of fossils collected by Miss Raab, 2 vols. 2. A catalogue of his own collection. 3. A Treatise on Amalgamation, translated into Engfish by Raspe. 4. Travels through the Bannat of Temeswar, 1787. 5. Fasti Leopoldini, or the history of the reign of Leopold II.-Townson's Travels in Hungary. BORRI (Joseph Francis), a Jesuit, was horn at Milan and educated at Rome, where he applied chiefly to chemistry, and made some discoveries; but being guilty of debauchery, in 1654, he was obliged to take refuge in a church. He then set up as an enthusiast, pretended to divine revelations, and gained several disciples; but the inquisition soon put an end to the sect, and condenned the founder as a heretic. Borri, however, escaped to Strasburgh, and his effigy was burnt at Rome in 1661. His next removal was to Amsterdam, where he set up an equipage, and by pretending to cure every disease, soon gained popularity. After amassing considerable property, and cheating 4 number of credulous people, he went to Hamburgh and obtained the patronage of queen Christina of Sweden, under the pretext of discovering the philosopher's stone. He next worked himself into the confidence of the king of Denmark in the same way; but after the death of that monarch, being afraid of a prison, he resolved to go into Turkey. In carrying this design into effect, he was arrested on the frontiers of Hungary, and being claimed by the papal nuncio, was sent to Rome, where he was thrown into the durgeon of the inquisition, after abjuring his errors, in 1672. Having lain here some years, he was called to attend the duke d'Estrée, whom all the physicians had given

over;

tine atatibus. 4to. &c. &c.—Adoreri.

Moreri.

He

BORZONI (Lucian), an Italian painter, was born at Genoa in 1590, and died in 1645. He excelled in history and portrait. He had three sons, John Baptist, Charles, and Francis, - D'Argenville. who were all artists. Bos (Jerome), a Flemish painter, was a He delighted in renative of Bois-le-Duc. presenting spectres, devils, and incantations ; so that his pictures, though well executed, He was are calculated to excite horror.

also an engraver; but his prints are not esteemed.

He died in 1500.- Ibid.

Bos (Lambert), a learned philologer, was born at Worcum, in Friesland, in 1670. He studied partly under his father, who was rector of the schools in his native place; and next under his cousin Vitringa at Franeker. In 1697 he became prelector of the Greek language, and in 1704 professor of the same, when he read a dissertation on the propagation of learning by the Greeks He died of a consumpin their colonies. tion in 1717. His works are-1. Exercitationes Philologica, in quibus Novi Fœdethe ris nonnulla loca è profanis maximè auctoribus Græcis illustrantur, 8vo. 1700; 2. Mysterii best edition is that of 1713. Ellipsios Græcæ expositi Specimen, 12mo. 3. Observationes Miscellaneæ ad loca quædam cum Novi Fœderis, tum externorum