Scriptorum Græcorum, 8vo. 4. An edition of the Septuagint, 2 vols. 4to. 5. Antiquitatum Græcarum, brevis descriptio, 12mo. This has been translated into English. 6. Animadversiones ad Scriptores quosdam Græcos, 8vo. 7. An edition of Weller's Greek Grammar, enlarged. A variorum edition of his invaluable work on the Ellipses was published by Schaefer at Leipsic in 1809. - Dict. Hist.

Bos (Lewis Janssen), a celebrated Flemish painter of flowers, on the leaves of which he represented drops of dew with uncommon transparence. He died in 1507.

Bosc (Peter du), a French minister and celebrated preacher, was born at Bayeux in 1623. At the age of twenty-three he was ordained to the church of Caen, where his eloquence became so great, that the Romanists procured a lettre de cachet against him; but he recovered his liberty and returned to Caen, when his reception was publicly celebrated with rejoicings. In 1668 he was deputed to wait on the king in behalf of the persecuted protestants, and he succeeded in obtaining some relaxation of the edicts that had been issued against them. On the revocation of that of Nantz, he retired to Rotterdam, where he officiated till his death, in 1692. He published some volumes of sermons, and, after his death, M. le Gendre printed his "Life, with his Letters, Poems, &c." 8vo.

BOSCAN (John Almogaver), a Spanish poet, was born of a noble family at Barcelona, about the year 1490, and died about 1543. Though bred to arms, he was an excellent scholar, and became tutor to Ferdinand duke of Alba. Garcilasso was his coadjutor in poetry, and their works were published together, with the title of "Obras de Boscan y Garcilasso," 4to. 1544. Boscan also translated the Courtier of Castigli one into Spanish. - Antonio, Bibl. Hisp.

BOSCAWEN (Edward), a brave English admiral, was the second son of Hugh, viscount Falmouth, and born in Cornwall in 1711. Having entered into the navy, he was, in 1740, made captain of the Shoreham, of 20 guns.

He particularly distinguished himself at the taking of Porto Bello, and the siege of Carthagena. On his return to England, he married the daughter of William Glanville, esq. and was chosen member of parliament for Truro. In 1744 he was made captain of the Dreadnought, of 60 guns, and

in 1747 he signalized himself under admiral Anson, in an engagement with the French fleet off Cape Finisterre. The same year he was made rear-admiral of the blue, and commander of the land and sea forces employed in an expedition to the East Indies, where he laid siege to Pondicherry, but was obliged to quit it on account of the monsoon. After taking Madras, he returned to England, and was appointed one of the lords commissioners of the Admiralty. In 1755 he sailed with a strong fleet to intercept a French squadron bound to North America, of which he captured two ships, one being commanded by M. Hoquart, who had fallen into his hands twice before. In 1758 he reduced Cape Breton and Louisburg. The year following he commanded in the Mediterranean, and while he lay at Gibraltar to refit, M. De la Clue passed the Straits with the Toulon fleet, on which Boscawen got under weigh, and came up with the enemy off Lagos Bay, and after a sharp engagement took three ships and burnt two. In 1760 he was appointed general of the marines, and the same year commanded in the Bay of Biscay till relieved by admiral Hawke. He died of a bilious fever, Jan. 10. 1761.- Lives of the Admirals.

BOSCAWEN (William), a miscellaneous writer, was nephew of the preceding, being the younger son of general George Boscawen, third son of lord Falmouth. He was born in 1752, and sent to Eton school before he was seven years old, and from thence, at a proper age, to Exeter-college, Oxford, which he left without taking any degree, and then studied the law in the Middle Temple under his countryman Mr. Francis Buller. On being called to the bar he went the western circuit; was made a commissioner of bankrupts, and also of the victualling board. He married the daughter of Dr. Ibbetson, archdeacon of St. Alban's, by whom he had a numerous family. He died in 1811. Mr. Boscawen was the author of 1. A Treatise of Convictions on Penal Statutes, 8vo. 2. A new Translation of Horace, 2 vols. 8vo. 3. The Progress of Satire, an essay, containing remarks on the Pursuits of Literature, 8vo. He was also an occasional writer in the British Critic. Gent. Mag.

1811.

BOS

Rome, where he was appointed professor of mathematics. Pope Benedict XIV. employed him on various public works; and in 1750 he began the measurement of a degree of latitude in the neighbourhood of Rome, extending the meridian line northwards across the Appennines as far as Rimini. This laborious operation took up two years: soon after which he succeeded in defending the rights of the republic of Lucca against the goverament of Tuscany, in the draining of a lake. Having perforined this service, for which he was well rewarded, he visited Paris and London. This was in 1760, when he had an opportunity of pleading the cause of his countrymen, the Ragusans, at the English court, in answer to a complaint alleged against them, as having aided the French in While in Lonthe prosecution of the war. don, Boscovich was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, to which learned body he dedicated his poem on eclipses. The transit of Venus in 1761, being a general object of expectation, induced him to go to Constantinople for the purpose of observing it; but while there he was seized with a violent illness, and after spending six months in In 1764 he Turkey, he returned by land. was appointed to the mathematical professorship at Pavia, where, however, he encountered many difficulties through the jealousy of the other professors; so that in 1770 he quitted that place for Milan, where he erected an observatory at the college of Brera. On the suppression of his order he accepted an invitation to settle at Paris, where he obtained a pension, and the office of "Director of optics for the marine." In 1783 he returned to Italy, and died at Milan in 1787. His principal works are— 1. Theoria Philosophia Naturalis reducta ad unicam legem virium in naturâ existantium, 4to. 1758. 2. De Solis ac Lunæ defectibus, a Latin poem on eclipses, 4to. 3. An acCount of the Measurement of a degree of Latitude in Italy, 4to. 4. Memoirs on the Orbit of a Comet; on the Micrometer; and on Achromatic Telescopes; all collected and published, with other scientific papers, under the title of Opuscula, in 5 vols. 4to.

-Dict. Hist.

Bostus (James), an Italian monk of the He was a native of Milan,

17th century.

He re

2.

Moreri.

-1. De Instituendo Sapientiâ Animo, 1495. 2. De veris et salutaribus animi gaudiis, 1491. 3. Epistolarum, lib. iii. 4. Orationes. Moreri.

His

Bossu (Rene le), a French critic, was born at Paris in 1631. After studying at Nanterre he became canon regular of St. Genevieve, where he took the habit, and taught Ile died in 1680. polite literature. treatise on epic poetry was long regarded as a standard work even in this country, and was translated into English in 2 vols. 8vo. 1719. The first edition of the original was printed at Paris in 1675. It has long since lost -Ibid. much of its reputation.

BOSSUET (James), a celebrated French preHe comlate, was born at Dijon in 1627. pleted his studies at the college of Navarre, and having taken his degrees in divinity, became canon of Metz.

On account of his fame as a preacher he was invited to Paris, where in 1669 he was made bishop of Con

dom, and appointed preceptor to the dauphin,

to whom he addressed his Discourse on Universal History, which is the best of all Soon after his appointment of his works. tutor he resigned his bishopric, as incompatible with that employment; but in 1680

the king made him almoner to the dauphiness, and the next year bishop of Meaux.

1697 he was nominated counsellor of state, and soon after first almoner to the duchess of Burgundy. He was also admitted a member of the French academy, and constituted superior of the college of Navarre. Bossuet distinguished himself greatly by his sermons, particularly the funeral ones on illustrious personages: nor was he less celebrated as a controvertist. His "Exposition de la doctrine de l'Eglise catholique," was received with uncommon marks of approbation by the members of his communion, and is said to have wrought powerfully in converting many protestants. In 1686 he published the "His toire des Eglises protestantes," which was refuted by several able writers. He died at Paris in 1704, and was buried at Meaux. His works were published in 1743, in 20 vols. 4to. Moreri.

BOSTON (John), a monk of St. Edmund's Bury in the fourteenth century, was one of the first collectors of the lives of English writers, in which he preceded Leland, Bale and Pits. His diligence was uncommonly great, and besides this biographical work, he wrote "Speculum cœnobitarum," in which he gives a history of monachism, and particularly of his own monastery. This was printed by Hall at Oxford in 1722, 8vo. -Tanner. Fuller's Worthies.

BOSTON (Thomas), a pious Scotch divine, was born at Dunse in 1676. After going through his grammatical studies he went to Edinburgh, and in 1696 taught school at Glencairn, but soon quitted that line and became private tutor in a gentleman's family till 1699, when he was licensed to preach, and the same year was ordained as pastor of Simprin. In 1707 he removed to Etterick, where he remained till his death in 1732. He wrote "Human Nature in its Fourfold State," 8vo., a very popular book, and which has gone through many editions. Mr. Boston left a curious manuscript behind him, written in Latin, on the Hebrew accents, which was printed at Amsterdam in 1738, under the title of "Thomæ Boston ecclesiæ Atricensis apud Scotos pastoris, Tractatus Stigmologicus Hebræo-Biblicus." He also wrote the "Memoirs of his Life and Writings," printed in 8vo. in 1776. All his works were published in fol. in 1768.

BOSWELL (James), an ingenious writer, was the son of Alexander Boswell, lord Auchinleck, one of the justices in the court of session in Scotland. He was born at Edinburgh in 1740, and received his education at the school of his native city; after which he studied the civil law at Edinburgh and Glasgow. In 1760 he visited London, for which place he ever retained a strong partiality. At this period he was desirous of a commission in the guards, from which he was withheld by parental authority, in obedience to which he returned to Scotland to prosecute the study In 1763 he went to Utrecht, he proceeded through Switzer

land to Italy, and while there, contracted an intimacy with Paoli at Corsica. He returned to Scotland in 1766, and being admitted an advocate at the Scotch bar, was employed in the celebrated Douglas cause, the particulars of which he published in a pamphlet. In 1768 he printed" an Account of Corsica," of which his friend Dr. Johnson spoke in handsome terms, as being well calculated to excite and gratify euriosity. The year fol lowing he married Miss Mary Montgomery, who at her death in 1790, left him two sons and three daughters. In 1782 he lost his father, on which he removed to London, with a view to professional practice at the English bar, but never succeeded; and the only appointment he obtained was that of recorder of Carlisle. In 1785 he published " A Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides," which met with a very favourable reception; as likewise did his more important work, “The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D." which appeared in 1790, in 2 vols. 4to. In these two works the character of our great moral philosopher is delineated with exquisite fidelity. Boswell was also the author of "Two Letters to the People of Scotland," printed in 1783; the "Hypochondriac," a series of papers in the London Magazine, and several miscellaneous pieces in prose and verse, scattered about in various periodical publications. He died in London in 1795. — Gen. Biog. Dict.

Mr.

BOTALLUS (Leonard), a physician of Piedmont in the 16th century. He was a disciple of Fallopius, and became physician to two kings of France, and William Prince of Orange. He distinguished himself by introducing copious bleeding in almost all diseases; a practice admirably ridiculed by Le Sage in Gil Blas. Botallus wrote-1. De curandis vulneribus sclopetorum, 1560, 8vo. 2. Commentarioli duo, alter de medici, alter de ægroti, munere, 8vo. 3. De curatione per sanguinis missione, 1583, 8vo. His works were collected and published at Leyden in 1660. — Haller.

BOTH (John and Andrew), two Dutch painters and engravers. The first was born at Utrecht in 1610, and became the disciple of Abraham Bloemart, who also instructed Andrew. Afterwards the two brothers, who lived in great affection, went to Rome, and resided there several years. John applied to landscape on the model of Claude, and Andrew excelled in figures after the manner of Bamboccio. The former, who was called Both of Italy, was accidentally drowned at Venice in 1650, on which his brother returned to Utrecht, and died there in 1656. Their pictures fetch very high prices. — Pilkington.

He

BOTONER (William), or William Worcester, was born at Bristol about 1415. studied at Hart-hall, Oxford, and afterwards served under Sir John Fastolff in the wars above forty years, with such fidelity as to be left one of his executors. He translated

from the French, “Cicero on Old Age,” 1475, and wrote besides, Antiquities of England: Abbreviations of the Learned: Medicinal Collections: Treatises on Astronomy and Astrology, the Acts of Sir John Fastolff; and of John Duke of Bedford: also the Polyandrium Oxoniensium, or Memoirs of Oxford Students. He died about 1490. — Biog. Brit.

In

Borr (John de), an architect, was born in France in 1670, but being a protestant, he went into the service of William prince of Orange, whom he accompanied to England. After the death of that prince, he went to Prussia, where he became captain of the guards; and built several edifices, particularly the arsenal of Berlin. He was also made major-general, and displayed his military skill in the fortifications of Wesel. 1728 he entered into the service of the elector of Saxony, as general of the engineers, and died at Dresden in 1745. — Dict. Hist. Bort (Thomas), a divine, was born at Derby in 1688. He was educated among the dissenters, but afterwards conformed, and obtained the rectory of Winburg in Norfolk. His next preferment was the living of Reymerston, which was followed by that of Spixworth; and lastly the rectory of Edgefield, all in the same county. He died in 1754. He wrote a tract against Wollaston's Religion of Nature delineated, 1725; Remarks on Butler's Analogy, 1730; an answer to Warburton's Divine Legation; and some sermons.-Biog. Dict.

BOTTARI (John), a Roman dignitary, was born at Florence in 1689. He was appointed by the academy Della Crusca to superintend a new edition of their dictionary, his assistants being Andrea Alamaorni and Rosso Martini. After this the direction of the printing office was committed to him, till pope Clement XII. made him librarian of the Vatican. Benedict XIV. gave him the canonry of St. Maria Transteverini, and appointed him his private almoner. He died in 1775. His principal works are-1. Vita di F. Sacchetti, 8vo. 2. L'Ercolano, dialogo di Benedetto Varchi, 4to. 3. Lezione tre sopera il tremuoto, 4to. 4. Sculture, e Pitture sacre estratte dai cimeteri di Roma, 3 vols, folio. 5. Vocabularia Della Crusca, 6 vols. 6. Preface to the Vatican copy of Virgil, published by Marmoreus, fol. 1741. 7. De Museo Capitolino, 3 vols. fol. 8. Raccolta di lettere sulla Pittura, Scultura, ed Architettura, 3 vols. 4to. 9. Dialoghi sopra tre arti dell Disegno, 4to. - Dict. Hist. BOTTICELLI (Alessandro), an Italian painter and engraver, was born at Florence in 1437. He was a disciple of Filippo Lippi, whom he imitated in design and colouring. He gained applause by his performances in the chapel of Sixtus IV. at Rome, for which be was well rewarded; and his biographers speak highly of two pictures painted by him; one of a Venus rising from the sea, and the

other a Venus adorned by the Graces. Though he received large sums for his works he died poor, in 1515. It is said that Baldinni communicated to him the secret of engraving, then just discovered by Finiguerra; and there is an edition of Dante printed in 1488, illustrated with plates engraved by Botticelli. Pilkington. Strutt.

BOTTONI (Albertino), a physician, was born at Padua, where, in 1555, he became professor of medicine, and was much esteemed as a practitioner. He died very rich in 1596. His works are-1. De Vita conservanda, 4to. 2. De Morbis Muliebribus, 4to. 3. Consilia Medica, 4to. 4. De modo discurrendi circa morbos eosdem curandi tractatus, 12mo. Haller. Bibl. Anat.

BOTTONI (Dominic), a physician of Leontini in Sicily, was born in 1641, and died in 1731. He was physician to the royal hospital at Messina, and a member of the Royal Society of London. His works are 1. Idea historico-physica de magno trinacriæ terræ motu. 2. Pyrologia topographica, i. e. de igne dissertatio, juxta loca, cum eorum descriptione, 4to. 3. Febris rheumatica maligna historia medica, 8vo. 4. Preserve salutari contro il contagioso milore, 4to. — Ibid.

BOUCHARDON (Edmund), a French sculptor and architect, was born at Chaumont in 1698, and died in 1762. He adorned Paris with several works, a list of which is given in his life by de Caylus. Dict. Hist. BOUCHAUD (Matthew-Anthony), a French writer, was born at Paris in 1719. He was advocate in the parliament, but quitted that profession for the professorship of the law of nature in the college of France. He wrote numerous articles in the Encyclopedie, and translated the dramas of Apostolo Zeno; the English novel of Juliet Mandeville, and other works. He also wrote a Commentary on the Law of the Twelve Tables, with notes; Essai sur la poesie rhythmique; Theorie des traites de Commerce; Recherches historiques sur la Police des Romains ; &c. He died in 1804.

Ibid.

BOUCHER (Francis), a French painter, was born at Paris in 1706. He studied first under Le Moine, and next at Rome. On his return to Paris he devoted himself to historical subjects, though he also painted landscapes in a fine style. He designed some pieces for the tapestry manufacture, and obtained the name of the Anacreon of painters. He died in 1770.- Ibid.

BOUCHER (Jonathan), a clergyman of the Church of England, was born in 1738, at Blencogo, in Cumberland. He received his education at the school of Wigton, after which he went to America, where on taking orders he obtained first the living of Hanover in Virginia, and afterwards Queen Anne's parish, in Prince George's county. In 1775 he was obliged to relinquish his charge and seek refuge in England, where he obtained first

the curacy and next the vicarage of Epsom in Surrey. He died in 1804. Mr. Boucher published-1. A letter to bishop Watson, in answer to his letter to the archbishop of Canterbury, 4to. 1783. 2. A view of the causes and consequences of the American Revolution, in thirteen discourses, 8vo. 1797. S. Two assize sermons, preached in 1798. He was also the author of a tract, entitled "A Cumberland Man," and several biographical articles in Hutchinson's history of that county. Before his death he engaged in a glossary of provincial and archæological words, which he left incomplete; but a portion of it, containing the first letter of the alphabet, was printed. Gent. Mag.

BOUETTE DE BLEMUR (Jacqueline), a French lady, was born in 1618. She was brought up with an aunt in the abbey royal of the Holy Trinity, and at the age of eleven was admitted a member of the same community. Four years afterwards she was appointed mistress of the novices, and before she had attained her twentieth year, was chosen prioress. When the duchess of Mecklenberg formed a new establishment at Chatillon of female Benedictines, Madam Bouette condescended to lay aside her situation as prioress to become a member of it. She died there in 1696. This good lady wrote - 1. L'Année Benedictine, ou les vies des Saintes de 'ordre de St. Benoit, 7 vols. 4to. 2. Eloges de plusieurs personnes illustres en pieté de l'ordre de St. Benoit, 2 vols. 4to. 3. Vie de Fourrier de Malincourt. 4. Exercices de la mort. 5. Vies des Saintes, 2 vols. folio. 6. Monologue historique de la mere de Dieu, 4to. Ibid.

BOUFFLERS (Louis Francis, duc de) marshal and peer of France, was born in 1644. He entered so early into the military service as to be appointed colonel of dragoons at the age of twenty-five, under the command of de Crequi and Turenne. After distinguishing himself in many actions, he gained immortal renown by maintaining Lille near four months against Prince Eugene, who said on taking possession, "I am very vain of taking Lille; but I would rather have had the glory of defending it like you." For this service, he was created a peer of France, and on entering the parliament surrounded by his officers, he turned to them, and said, "It is to you that I am indebted for all these favours, and on you I reflect them; I bave nothing to glory in but the honour of having been at the head of so many brave men." At the battle of Malplaquet, in 1709, he effected his retreat without any

loss of men or cannon. He died in 1711. It should be observed, that when king William took Namur, in 1695, he kept Boufflers prisoner, contrary to the capitulation; and the marshal asking the reason of this perfidious conduct, was told that it was on account of the French having kept the garrison of Dixmude: "Then," said he, "mine ought to be detained rather than myself." Sir," it was replied, " you are of more value than 10,000 men.' Moreri.

BOUGAINVILLE (John Peter de), a French writer, was born at Paris in 1722, and died in 1763. He was member of the academy, and of several other learned societies. His works are - 1. A Translation of the AntiLucretius of Polignac, 2 vols. 8vo. 2. Parallel between the expedition of Kouli Khan and that of Alexander. 3. A tragedy on the death of Philip of Macedon. 4. A translation of the Hymn of Cleanthes, &c. -. - Dict. Hist.

BOUGEANT (William Hyacinth), a jesuit, was born at Quimper in 1690, and died at Paris in 1743. He had a concern in the Memoires de Trevoux, besides which, he wrote-1. Anacreon and Sappho; dialogues in Greek verse, 8vo. 2. Recueil d'observations physiques tirées des meilleurs ecrivains, 12mo. 3. Histoire des guerres et des negotiations qui precederent le traité de Westphalie, 2 vols. 12mo. 4. Exposition de la doctrine Chretienne, 4to. 5. Histoire du traité de Westphalie, 2 vols. 4to. Voyage merveilleux du prince Fan Feredin, 12mo. 7. Amusement philosophique sur le language des Betes, 12mo. For this last satirical work the author suffered some dis. grace, and was banished to La Fleche. — bid.

6.

BOUGEREL (Joseph), a French writer, was born at Aix in 1680. He became a priest of the oratory, and being at Marseilles in the time of the plague in 1720, he risked his life while attending the sick. He died at Paris in 1753. His works are - 1. The Life of Gassendi, 12mo. 2. The Life of John Peter Gibert, 12mo. S." Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des hommes illustres de Provence," 12mo. This last was part of a larger work which he intended on the biography of his native province. — Moren.

BOUGUER (Peter), a mathematician, was born at Croisic, in Lower Bretagne, Feb. 10. 1698. He was the son of John Bouc royal professor of hydrography, and the author of a treatise on navigation; who taught his son the elementary principles of mathematics, and then sent him to the Jesuits' college at Vannes, where, at the age of thirteen, he defeated the professor in the solution of a difficult problem. Two years afterwards he was considered as qualified to succeed his father in the place of hydrographer; and in 1727 he obtained the prize given by the academy of sciences for the best mode of masting of ships, which was followed by two