see. Afterwards he led a more becoming life, by founding churches, and particularly the cathedral of Utrecht. He wrote the his tory of his patron, the emperor Henry the Second, and died in 1027. — Moreri.

ADELBURNER (Michael), a physician, was born at Nuremberg in 1702, and studied at Altdorf, where he afterwards became professor of mathematics and logic. He died in 1779. He published Letters on Astronomy, and a monthly work, entitled Celestial Phanomena. Biog. Universelle.

ADELER (Curtius), also named Servisen, was born in Norway, in 1622. After serving in the Dutch navy, he went to Venice, where he was raised to the rank of admiral, and performed many exploits against the Turks, for which he was made knight of St. Mark, and obtained a pension. On leaving the Venetian service, he went to Amsterdam, and married a lady of rank. He ended his days at Copenhagen, in honour and tranquillity, being made admiral-in-chief, and created a noble. He died in 1675. — Moreri.

ADELMAN, bishop of Brescia, in the 11th century. He wrote a letter on the eucharist, which is in a collection printed at Louvain, in 1561, in 8vo. He died about 1062. Ibid. ADELUNG (John Christopher), a German writer, was born in 1734, at Spantekow, in Pomerania. He completed his studies at Halle, and in 1759 was appointed professor of the academy at Erfurt, which place he quitted for Leipsie, where, in 1787, he was made librarian to the elector of Dresden, He died in 1806. His great work is a Grammatical and Critical Dictionary of the German Language, 5 vols. 4to. 1774—1786. In 1793 a new edition appeared, in 4 vols. 4to. with many additions. His other performances are - Glossarium Manuale ad Scriptores medii et infimæ Latinitatis, 6 vols. 8vo.; three German Grammars, 8vo. ; a Treatise on the German Style, 2 vols. 8vo.; Supplements to Jacher's Dictionary of Literary Characters, 2 vols. 4to.; History of Human Folly, 8vo.; a species of Cyclopædia, 4 parts; Ou Civilization, 8vo.; The History of Philosophy, 3 vols.; Treatise on German Orthography, 8vo.; History of the Teutones, 8vo.; Mithridate, or Universal Table of Languages, 8vo. Adelung, though a hard student, was fond of good living; and his cellar is said to have contained forty kinds of wine. Biog. Universelle.

ADEMAR, OF AYMAR, a monk of the 10th century, who wrote the chronicle of France, which has been published by Labbe, and may be found in other historical collections. -Hist. Dict.

ADENEZ (Le Roi), a romance writer of the 13th century, who is supposed to have had his name from being laureated. He was minstrel to the duke of Brabant, and wrote the following romances-1. William of Orange. 2. The Infancy of Ogier the Die. 3. Cleonades. 4. Aymer of Nar.

6. Buenort

bonne. 5. Pepin and Bertha. of Commerchis. Some of these have been frequently printed. — Moreri.

ADER (William), a physician of Thoulouse, who published a book in 1621, entitled "De Egrotis et Morbis Evangelicis ;" in which he proves, that the diseases healed by our Saviour were incurable by medicine. Moreri. ADHAD-EDDOULAT, emperor of Persia, succeeded his uncle Amad Eddoulat, and by his conquests greatly enlarged his territories. In 977, he became master of Bagdad, which he adorned with hospitals, mosques, and other public works. He was also a great encourager of poets and men of learning. He died in 982, aged 47. — D' Herbelot.

ADHELME, OF ALDHELME, the son of Kenred, and nephew to Ina, king of the West Saxons, became abbot of Malmesbury. He was the first Englishman who wrote in Latin, the first who brought poetry into this country, and the first bishop of Sherborne. He died in 709, and was canonised. — Bale. Pits.

ADHEMAR (William), a native of Provence, and celebrated for his poetry. died about 1190. — Moreri.

He

ADIMANTUS, of the sect of the Manichees, flourished about the end of the third century. He denied the authority of the Old Testament, and was answered by St. Augustine. Lardner.

ADIMARI (Alexander), an Italian poet, was born at Florence in 1579, and died poor in 1649. He was an accomplished scholar, and published, besides numerous sonnets which are much admired, an Italian version of Pindar, printed at Pisa, in 1631.

ADIMARI (Lewis), a satirical poet of the game family, was born at Naples, in 1644, and educated at Pisa, where Luca Terenzi was his tutor. The duke of Mantua conferred on him the title of marquis, and made him gentleman of his bedchamber. He also became a member of the academy of Florence, professor of the Tuscan language, and of chivalry, at the same place, where he died in 1708. His works are — 1. A Collection of Religious Pieces in prose, 1 vol. 4to. 2. Sonnets and Lyric Poems, with odes addressed to Louis XIV. 3. Dra mas, 12mo. 4. Five Satires, written with point and elegance. Dict. Hist.

ADIMARI (Raphael), an Italian historian, was born at Rimini. He wrote the history of his native country, printed at Brescia, in 1616, 2 vols. 4to. under the title of "Sito Riminense." — Ibid.

ADLER (Philip), a German engraver of the 16th century. His style of etching is excellent, and he appears to have founded a school which gave rise to the Hopfers and Hollar. He died about the year 1530.— Strutt's Dict. of Engravers.

ADLERFELDT (Gustavus), was born near Stockholm, in 1671. He became gentleman of the bedchamber to Charles XII. whose history he has written with great fide

ty; of which a French translation was published by his son, in 4 vols. 12mo. 1740. The author was killed at the battle of Pultowa, in 1709. — Gen. Biog. Dict.

ADLZREITER (John), a German historian who died about 1662. He was chancellor of Bavaria, and wrote the annals of that state in Latin, printed at Leipsic, in 1710, folio. -Mereri

Apo, archbishop of Vienne, in Dauphiny, died in 875, aged seventy-five. He wrote -1. An universal Chronicle, printed at Paris, 1522, folio, and at Rome in 1745, folio. 2 A Martyrology, published in 1613. Dupin

ADORNE (Francis), a Genoese jesuit, who wrote a treatise on ecclesiastical discipline. He died in 1586, aged 56. - Moreri.

ADRETS (Francis de Beaumont, baron des), one of the chiefs of the Huguenots in France, and who in 1562 signalised himself by many daring exploits, but more by his cruelties. At some places he obliged his prisoners to throw themselves from the battlements, upon the pikes of his soldiers. Reproaching one of them for shrinking back twice from the fatal leap, "Sir, (replied the man,) I defy you, with all your bravery, to take it in three leaps." This witticism saved the soldier's lite. After the peace the baron turned Cathaic, and died universally hated in 1587. A son of his was concerned in the massacre of Paris. Nouv. Dict. Hist.

ADRIA (John James), a Sicilian writer and physician, who took his doctor's degree at Salernum, in 1510, after which he practised with great reputation at Palermo, and was appointed physician-general to Charles V. He died in 1560. Besides some medical Peres he wrote "Topographiæ inclytæ civitatis Mazaria," 1515, 4to. Mangeti

Babl

ADRIAN (Publius Elius), the Roman emperor, was born A. D. 76. He entered early into the army, and became tribune of a legion. He married Sabina, the heiress of Trajan, whom he accompanied in his expeditions, and became successively prætor, governor of Pannonia, and consul. On the death of Trajan, in 117, he assumed the government, made peace with the Persians, and remitted the debts of the Roman people. No monarch travelled more than Adrian. Ia 120, he visited Gaul, and from thence passed over to Britain, where he built a wall, from the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith, eighty miles in length, to secure the Roman provinces from the incursions of the Caledonians. On leaving Britain, he went into Africa and Asia, and on his return was initiated into the Eleusinian mysteries at Athens. In his reign the Christians suffered a dreadful persecution. He built a temple to Jupiter on mount Calvary, and had the images of swine engraved on the gates of Jerusalem. He died at Baiæ in 139, in the C'd year of his age, having reigned twenty

one years. On his death-bed he composed some Latin verses, addressed to his soul, which betray his uncertainty with regard to a future state. He had great virtues, which were, however, blended with as great vices. He adopted Titus Antoninus, on condition that he should adopt Marcus Annius Verus, and the son of Lucius Verus. — Dio Cassius.

ADRIAN, a writer of the 5th century, who wrote an introduction to the Scriptures, in Greek, printed at Augsburg in 1602, 4to. and in Latin, in 1650, folio. Moreri.

ADRIAN, a Carthusian monk, who is known by a treatise, entitled De Remediis Utriusque Fortunæ, printed at Cologne, in 1471, folio. - Ibid.

ADRIAN IV. (pope), the only Englishman who ever attained the papal dignity, was born at Langley, near St. Alban's. His name was Nicholas Brekespere; and he was some time in the monastery of St. Alban's; but being refused the habit in that house, he went to France, and became a clerk in the monastery of St. Rufus, in Provence, of which he was afterwards chosen abbot. Eugenius III. made him a cardinal in 1146, and two years afterwards sent him legate to Denmark and Norway, which nations he converted to the Christian faith. In 1154, he was chosen pope, on which, Henry II. king of England, sent the abbot of St. Alban's, with three bishops, to congratulate him. The pope, disregarding the, slight formerly put upon him, granted considerable privileges to his old monastery, and a bull to Henry for the conquest of Ireland. In 1155, he excommunicated the king of Sicily; and about the same time, the emperor Frederic, meeting the pope near Sutrium, held his stirrup while he mounted on horseback; after which his holiness conducted him to Rome, and consecrated him king of the Romans in St. Peter's church. The next year, the king of Sicily submitted, At his death in 1159, and was absolved. Adrian left the papal states in a very improved condition, notwithstanding which he was much disliked for his ambition. There are some letters and homilies of his extant.Biog. Br.

ADRIAN VI. (pope), was born of mean He received parents, at Utrecht, in 1459. his education at Louvain, and successively became canon of St. Peter, professor of divinity, dean of the cathedral, and vicechancellor of the university, where he founded a college.

Ferdinand, king of Spain gave him the bishopric of Tortosa, and in 1517, he was made cardinal. He was also appointed regent during the minority of Charles V., who procured his election to the papal chair on the death of Leo X., in He died in 1523. Some of his 1521. works contain arguments against the papal infallibility. Moreri.

ADRIAN (de Castello), was born at Cornetto, in Tuscany, of a mean family; but, by his talents, he rose to several employments under pope Innocent VIII. He came to England in the reign of Henry VII. who made him his agent at Rome; and gave him first the bishopric of Hereford, and afterwards that of Bath and Wells. Adrian farmed out his last bishopric to Wolsey; living himself at Rome, where he built a superb palace, which he left to the king of England and his successors. Alexander VI. created him cardinal in 1503; soon after which he narrowly escaped being poisoned with others of his order, at a feast given by the pope and his son Cæsar Borgia. This cardinal, engaging in a plot against Leo X., to which he was led by the prediction of a fortune-teller, that Leo should die a violent death, and be succeeded by one Adrian, he was fined 12,500 ducats, and restricted from leaving Rome. However, in 1518, he fled from that city, and was excommunicated. At this time he was at Venice; and what became of him afterwards is unknown. Polydore Virgil says he ended his days at Riva, in the diocese of Trent. Biog Br.

ADRIANI (John Baptist), son of the last mentioned, was born at Florence in 1513, and died in 1579. In his youth he carried arms, but afterwards devoted himself to letters, and taught rhetoric with reputation at his native place. His principal work is a continuation of Guicciardini, and is entitled "Dell' Istoria de suoi Tempi," from 1536 to 1574. It was printed at Florence in 1583, folio, and again at Venice in 1587, 3 vols. 4to. He also wrote funeral orations on illustrious persons, and published "Lettera a Giorgio Vasari sopra gli Antichi Pittori nominati da Plinio." 4to. - • Moreri.

ADRIANI, (Marcel), son of the preceding, was born in 1533. He succeeded his father in the professorship, and was a member of the academy of Florence. His works are 1. An Italian translation of Demetrius Phalereus on Eloquence. 2. Two Lectures on the Education of the Nobility. 3. A Trans lation of Plutarch's Morals. He died in 1604. - Ibid.

ADRIANO, a Spanish painter, born at Cordova. He was a friar of the order of discalceated Carmelites, and is said to have destroyed his paintings as fast as he executed them, which is the reason why those which remain are so few. The best is a crucifixion. He died in 1650.—Cumberland's Spanish Painters.

ADRICHOMIA (Cornelia), a nun of the order of St. Augustine, and of a noble family in Holland, who wrote a poetical version of the Psalms in the sixteenth century. Bayle.

ADRICHOMILS (Christian), born at Delft, in Holland, in 1533. He wrote a description of the Holy Land, and a chronicle of the Old and New Testaments, 1593, fol. He died at Cologne, in 1585.- . Bayle.

He

Ansox, abbot of Luxeuil in 984. was the author of a book on the miracles of St. Vandalbert, and of another concerning Antichrist. He died in 992. — Moreri.

DESIUS, a Platonist of the fourth century, succeeded Jamblichus, as teacher of philosophy in Cappadocia. He pretended to hold communion with the deities. — Brucker.

EGEATES (John), a Nestorian monk, of the fifth century, who wrote an ecclesiastical history, and a treatise against the council of Chalcedon. Moreri.

EGIDIUS (Atheniensis), a Greek ecclesiastic and physician in the eighth century, who wrote several books, the chief of which are, De Pulsibus et de Venenis. — Friend.

EGIDIES (de Columna), general of the Augustines in the 13th century. He taught divinity at Paris with great reputation, and was called, according to the humour of the times, doctor fundatissimus, but his works have long since sunk into contempt. One of his books, however, as an early specimen of typography, is still sought for. It is entitled, "Tractatus De Originali Peccato," and was printed at Oxford, in 1479, 4to. He died in 1316. — Dupin

EGIDIUS (John), a learned Englishman, was born at St. Alban's and educated at Paris, where he became eminent as a dialectician; after which he studied physic, and became a celebrated practitioner, as well as professor in that art. He next applied to theology, and took his doctor's degree, after which he entered into the Dominican order, and removed to Oxford, where he taught both in the arts and divinity. Bishop Grosseteste of Lincoln, had a great regard for him, and chose him as his assistant in the government of his diocese. None of his writings are extant. Gen. Biog. Dict.

EGIDIUS (Peter), a lawyer, was born at Antwerp in 1486. He was educated under Erasmus, at whose recommendation he obtained the friendship of Sir Thomas More, who speaks of him higuly in the prologue to his Utopia. In 1510, he was appointed first notary of Antwerp, where he died in

1533. His works are-1. Threnodia in Funus Maximiliani Cæsaris, 1519, 4to. 2. Hypotheses, sive Spectacula Carolo V., 4to. $. Enchiridion Principis ac Magistratus Christiani, 1541.-Jortin's Erasmus. EGINETA (Paulus), a native of the island Egina, flourished about the year 620. He first noticed the cathartic quality of rhubarb. His works were published at Paris, in 1532, folio. - Friend.

EGINHARD, Secretary to Charlemagne, whose daughter Imma is said to have carried him through the snow from her chamber, to prevent his being traced by his footsteps; but being seen by her father, he consented to their union. · Æginhard was a German and wrote the life of Charlemagne; also hie annals from 741 to 889. The first edition is that at Paris, in 1576, 2 vols. fol. -Moreri

ELFRIC, archbishop of Canterbury, was the son of a nobleman, and after receiving such an education as a dark age afforded, became a monk of the Benedictine order Abingdon, under the abbot Athelwold, who, on his promotion to the see of Winchester, took Elfric with him to instruct youth in his cathedral. Here he laboured with great diligence, and drew up a Latin Saxon vocabulary, which Somner has pub Eshed at Oxford. Elfric also composed Latin Colloquies, and translated into Saxon most of the historical books of the Old Testament, which have also been printed at Oxford. At the request of Wulfsine, bishop of Sherborn, he drew up canons for the regulation of the clergy, which are inserted in Spelman's Councils. From Winchester, be removed to Cerne abbey, and thence to St. Alban's, where he was chosen abbot, and composed a Liturgy for the church. In 989, he was created bishop of Wilton, and, while in that situation, translated Homilies from the Fathers into Saxon; besides which, he wrote a grammar, and some other useful works. In 994, he was translated to Canterbury, where he had great trouble in repelling the Danes, and died in 1005. — Gen. Bog. Dict.

ELIAN (Claudius', an historical writer, was born at Præneste about the year 160. Though he never left his native country, he became so perfect a master of the Greek language, as to write it with the greatest punity. He taught rhetoric at Rome, under the emperor Antoninus. His Various History is a curious collection of anecdotes, the best editions of which are, that of Perizonius, in 1701, and that by Gronovius, in 1731. His History of Animals is also valuable. His works were collected and published by Gesner at Zurich, in 1556. Fabricius.

ELIUS SEXTUS POETUS CATUS, a cele brated lawyer, who flourished in the sixth century after the building of Rome. While ædile, he gained access to the depositories of the law, then called Novella, which he published with his name. He also wrote a work called "Tripartite," which is the oldest treatise known on jurisprudence. He served the office of consul in the year of Rome 556, and was praised for his abstemious habits and inflexible integrity. -Gen. Dict.

AELST (Everhard Van), a Dutch painter, was born at Delft in 1602, and died in 1658. He excelled in fruit pieces, still life, dead game, and the representations of gold and silver ornaments, and helmets with plumes of feathers. — Pilkington.

AELST (William Van), the nephew and disciple of the preceding, was born at Delft in 1620, and died in 1679. He had the advantage of studying in France and Italy, where he received flattering marks of favour. On his return to Holland, he happened to have some dispute with a wealthy burgomaster at Amsterdam, who, treating him haughtily, Van Aelst opened his bosom, and showing him a gold chain and medal, which had been presented to him by the grand duke of Tuscany, said, "You came into the world with a sack of money, and that is all your merit as to nine, it is my genius." He painted similar subjects with his uncle; but his pictures are more esteemed. -Ibid.

EMILIANI (St. Jerome), a Venetian nobleman, who, in his youth carried arms, and being taken prisoner, made a vow, that on his release, he would devote his life to the care of orphans. In pursuance of this pledge, he laid the foundation of a hospital and religious order, the object of which was to instruct young persons, particularly orphans, in religion. To this and other works, he sacrificed his whole income, and at his death in 1537, was enrolled by a papal decree among the saints. Nouv. Dict. Hist.

EMILIUS (Anthony), a native of Aix la Chapelle, was born in 1589. He studied in different universities, and, in 1615, succeeded Vossius as rector of the college of Dort; after which he became professor of history at Utrecht, where he read lectures on Tacitus above twenty-six years. He died in 1660. His Latin orations and poems were printed in 1651, 12mo. — - Ibid.

EMILIUS (Paulus), a Roman general. He was born of a noble family about 228 B. C. Having passed through several civil offices with reputation, he obtained a military command, in which he acquired great glory. At the age of 46, he served the office of consul; and when he was 60 accepted the command of the armies against Perses, king of Macedon, whom he took prisoner, leading him to Rome in triumph.