:

at the council of Trent, where he acquired great distinction by his talents, and when called upon to preach before that assembly, he asked in what language they would wish to hear him such was the universality of his knowledge. At Rome he was employed in reforming the Breviary and Roman missal. He was also directed to draw up the Roman catechism. On his return to Portugal he was chosen prior of the Dominican convent at Lisbon, and confessor to the royal family, He founded a monastery at Almada, and died there in 1581. His principal work is entitled "Isaiæ prophetæ vetus et nova ex Hebraico versio, cum commentario," Venice, folio, 1563. . Moreri.

FORESTI, OF FORESTA (James Philip of), usually called Philip of Bergamo, was born at Soldio, near Bergamo, in 1434, and died in 1520. He was an Augustine monk; and wrote a chronicle from the creation to 1503; also a Confessional and a Treatise on illustrious Women. . Ibid.

FORESTUS (Petrus), or Peter Van Forest, a physician, was born at Alkmaer, in Holland, in 1522, and died there in 1597. He was the first who read lectures on medicine, at Leyden; and his works, which are valuable, were published at Frankfort, in 1623, in 6 vols. folio. . Rees's Cyclopedia.

FORMEY (John Henry Samuel), was born at Berlin in 1711. He became pastor of the French church, professor of eloquence, and afterwards of philosophy in the French college, and lastly secretary to the academy of sciences in his native city, where he died in 1797. His principal works are — . 1. Bibliothèque Germanique. 2. La vie de Jean Philippe Baratier. 3. Eloges des Academiciens de Berlin, 2 vols. 12mo. 4. Conseils pour former une Bibliothèque, 8vo. 5. Melanges Philosophiques. 6. L'Abeille de Parnasse, 10 vols. 7. Principes elementaires des Belles Lettres. 8. Abrégé de toutes les Sciences à l'usage des adolescens, 8 vols. 12mo. 9. Introduction generale aux Sciences, avec des conseils pour former un Bibliothèque choisie. 10. Histoire Ecclesiastique, 2 vols. Some of these have been translated into English. - Dict. Hist.

FORSKAL (Peter), a Swedish naturalist, was born in 1736. He studied at Gottingen, and afterwards at Upsal, where he became a pupil of Linnæus. In 1761 he accompanied Niebuhr, to the east, and died at Jerim, in Arabia, in 1763. His notes and observations on natural history were published by his fellow-traveller, in 3 vols. 4to. - Ibid.

Hebrew at Wittemberg, where he died in 1556. His Hebrew lexicon was published at Basle in 1564, folio. He is not to be confounded with John Forster, who published Commentaries on the Scripture. He died in 1613 . - Melch. Adam.

FORSTER (John Reinhold), a naturalist, was born at Dirschaw, in Polish Prussia, in 1729. He studied theology at Halle ; and in 1753 was settled as a minister at Nassenhuben; from whence he removed to Russia, and next to England, where he became a teacher of languages in the dissenting academy at Warrington. In 1772 he went out as naturalist with captain Cook; and on his return, in 1775, received the degree of doctor of laws from the university of Oxford. Having given offence to the government by his conduct, he went to Germany; and in 1780 became professor of natural history at Halle, where he died in 1798. He published-1. Observations made in a Voyage round the World, 4to. 2. History of Voyages and Discoveries in the North, 4to. 3. On the Byssus of the Ancients, &c. . Rees's Cyclop.

FORSTER (George), son of the preceding, was born at Dantzic in 1754. He accompanied his father in the voyage round the world; after which he went to Paris, and next to Cassel, from whence he removed to Wilna, and lastly to Mentz as president of the university. On the breaking out of the French Revolution, he was deputed to the convention by the citizens of Mentz. He died at Paris in 1792. His works are1. A Voyage round the World, 3 vols. 4to. 2. Reply to Mr. Wales's Remarks on the Voyage, 4to. 3. A Letter to Lord Sandwich, 4to. 4. A Journey along the Banks of the Rhine, 2 vols. 5. A Journey through England.

Ibid.

FORSTER (Nathaniel), a divine, was the son of a clergyman at Plymstock in Devonshire, and born there in 1717. He was educated first at Plymouth, next at Eton, and lastly at Corpus Christi-college, Oxford, where in 1729 he obtained a fellowship. In 1750 he took his degree of doctor in divinity, and the same year became chaplain to bishop Butler, who died in his arms. In 1754 he obtained a prebendal stall in the cathedral of Bristol, and the valuable living of Rochdale in Lancashire. He was also appointed chaplain to the king, and preacher at the Rolls-chapel. He died in 1757. Dr. Forster published—1. Reflections on the Antiquity of Egypt, 8vo. 2. Platonis Dialogi quinque, recensuit notisque illustravit, N. Forster, M. A. 8vo. 3. Appendix Liviana. 4. A Dissertation on the Account of Jesus Christ given by Josephus, 8vo. Biblia Hebraica, sine Punctis, 2 vols. 4to. 6. A Tract on the Marriages of Minors, 8vo. - Biog. Brit.

5.

FORSTNER (Christopher), a German lawyer, was born in 1598, and died in 1667.

2.

He wrote-1. De Principatu Tiberii. Note politicæ ad Tacitum. 3. Hypomnemata Politica. 4. Epistola. Moreri. FORSYTH (William), an horticulturist, was born at Old-Meldrum in the county of Aberdeen, in 1737. In 1763 he became a pupil of Philip Miller, and succeeded him in the garden at Chelsea; where he remained till 1784, when he was appointed superintendant of the royal gardens at Kensington and St. James's. He died in 1804. His works are 1. "Observations on the Diseases, Defects, and Injuries of Fruit and Forest Trees." 2. A Treatise on the Cul ture and Management of Fruit Trees, 4to. For his discovery of a composition to remedy the diseases in trees, he received a grant from parliament. - Gent. Mag.

FORTESCUE (Sir John), a celebrated judge, was born in Devonshire, and educated at Oxford, after which he settled in Lincoln's Inn. In 1441 he was made king's serjeant, and the year after chief-justice of the king's bench. In the first parliament of Edward IV. he was attainted of high treason for his loyalty to Henry VI., who gave him the great seal, whence he is commonly styled chancellor of England. In 1463 he went to Flanders, where he drew up his famous work "De Laudibus Legum Angliæ." After this he came back to England, when an attempt was made for the restoration of the Lancaster family, and on its failure in the battle of Tewkesbury, he was made prisoner, but allowed to retire to his seat at Ebrington in Gloucestershire, where he died at the age of ninety. His work already mentioned was illustrated with notes, by Selden; and an English translation of it was printed at Oxford in 1775. Besides this he wrote a treatise on "The Difference between an absolute and limited Monarchy," which was published by his descendant, judge Fortescue Aland, in 1714, 8vo. Several of his manuscripts are still preserved in public libraries. - Biog. Brit.

FORTIGUERRA (Nicholas), an Italian prelate, was born in 1674. Pope Clement XII. promised to make him a cardinal, but disappointed him so often that Fortiguerra fell sick, and died in 1735. He wrote a burlesque poem, called "Ricciardetto;" and translated Terence into Italian, printed at Urbino in 1736. - Fabroni.

FOSCARINI (Michael), a Venetian senator, was born in 1628, and died in 1692. He continued Nani's History of Venice; and wrote two novels in the Italian language. Dict. Hist.

FOSSE (Charles de la), a painter, was born at Paris in 1640. He was a pupil of Le Brun, and became rector and professor in the academy of painting. At the desire of the earl of Montague, he came to England, where he decorated the house, now the British Museum; after which he returned home, and died there in 1716. He excelled in

landscape as well as history. - D'Argenville.

FOSSE (Anthony de la), nephew of the preceding, was born at Paris in 1658. He became lord of Aubigny, and was successively secretary to the marquis de Crequi and the duke d'Aumont. When the former nobleman was killed at the battle of Luzara, La Fosse was employed to carry his heart to Paris; on which affecting occasion he wrote some verses. His tragedies have been published in 2 vols. He died in 1708.Dict. Hist.

FOSTER (Janes), a dissenting minister, was born at Exeter in 1697. After officiating to different congregations of the independent denomination, he turned baptist; and in 1724 succeeded Dr. Gale at the meeting in Barbican in London. In 1744 he was chosen minister at Pinners' hall; and in 1749 received the degree of doctor in divinity from Aberdeen. He died in 1752. Dr. Foster was an excellent preacher, and celebrated as such by Pope in his satires. He wrote-1. A Defence of the Christian Revelation against Tindal, 8vo. 2. Tracts on Heresy. 3. Four volumes of Sermons. 4. An Account of Lord Kilmarnock, whom he attended on the scaffold. 5. Discourses on Natural Religion and Social Virtue, 2 vols. 4to. 6. Funeral discourses. Biog. Brit. FOSTER (John), a learned divine, was born at Windsor in 1731, and educated at Eton; from whence he was elected to King's college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship. After this he became an assistant in Eton-school, under Dr. Barnard, whom he succeeded, but soon resigned that situation. In 1772 he was made canon of Windsor, and died at Spa, in Germany, the year following. His remains were brought to England, and buried at Windsor. Dr. Foster published an "Essay on the nature of Accent and Quantity," 8vo. 1762. Harwood's Alumni Etonenses.

FOSTER (Sir Michael), a judge, was born in 1689, at Marlborough, in Wiltshire, and educated at the free-school of that town, after which he went to Exeter-college, Oxford; but left the university without a degree, and became a member of the Middle Temple. In 1735 he was chosen recorder of Bristol; and in 1745 was made one of the justices of the king's bench. He died in 1763. He published-1. A pamphlet against Gibson's Codex. 2. A Letter of Advice to the Protestant Dissenters. 3. Report of Proceedings on the Commission for the Trial of the Rebels, in 1746, folio, 1763, and in octavo in 1776.-Life by Dodson.

FOSTER (Samuel), a mathematician, was born in Northamptonshire, and educated at Emanuel-college, Cambridge, where he took his master's degree in 1623. He was chosen professor of astronomy in Gresham-college in 1636. He was also one of the first members

of that association, which afterwards obtained the name of the Royal Society. He died in 1652. His works are-1. The Description and Use of a portable Quadrant, 4to. 2. The Art of Dialling, 4to. 3. Posthuma Fosteri, 4to. 4. Four Treatises on Dialling, 4to. 5. The Sector altered, 4to. 6. Miscellanies, or Mathematical Lucubrations. There were two other mathematicians of this name-1. William Foster, a disciple of Oughtred. He wrote a book called "The Circles of Proportion." 2. Mark Foster, the author of a book on Trigonometry. Ward's Gresham Professors.

FOTHERGILL (George), doctor in divinity, was born at Lockholme, in Ravenstondale, in Westmoreland, in 1705. He was educated at Kendal, and next at Queen's-college, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship; and in 1751 was elected principal of St. Edmund-hall. He died in 1760. Dr. Fothergill was the author of two volumes of sermons; the first published by himself, and the other by his brother. Gen. Biog. Dict. FOTHERGILL (John), a physician, was born at Carr End, in Yorkshire, in 1712. His parents were Quakers; and in 1728 he was put apprentice to an apothecary of that denomination at Bradford, after which he removed to London, and studied two years under sir Edward Wilmot, at St. Thomas's hospital. He next went to Edinburgh, and there took his doctor's degree. After visiting Leyden, France, and Germany, he settled in the Metropolis, where he became a licentiate of the college, a member of the Royal and Antiquarian societies, and acquired a large fortune, of which he made a most liberal use. He died December 26. 1780. Dr. Fothergill published-1. An inaugural thesis "De Emeticorum Usu." 2. An Account of the Putrid Sore Throat. 3. Several Papers in the Philosophical Transactions, and in the Medical Observations and Inquiries, which were collected and printed in 8vo. 1781, and by Dr. Lettsom, in 1784, 4to. — Life by Lettsom.

FOUCAULT (Nicholas Joseph), a French antiquary, was born at Paris in 1643. He discovered the ancient town of the Vinducassians, near Caen; and also the MS. of Lactantius de Mortibus Persecutorum. He died in 1721. Moreri.

FOUCHER (Simon), a French priest, was born at Dijon in 1644; and died at Paris in 1696. He wrote a Treatise on the Wisdom of the Ancients; the History and Principles of the Academic Philosophy, 6 vols. ; a Treatise on Hygrometers, &c.. Ibid. FOUCQUET (Charles Louis Augustus), count of Bellisle, was born in 1684. distinguished himself at the siege of Lisle; but afterwards fell into disgrace, and was sent to the Bastile. On his release in 1733, he obtained the principal command in Flanders. In 1741 he was made marshal of nce, and sent the year following to the

He

diet of Frankfort, where he secured the elec tion of Charles VII., who presented him with the order of the golden fleece, and made him a prince of the empire. In 1743 he was taken prisoner, and sent to England, where he remained till the next year, when he was exchanged, and created a peer of France. In 1757 he was appointed prime minister; and died in 1761. — Dict. Hist.

FOUGEROUX DE BONDAROY (Augustus Dennis), a naturalist, was born at Paris in 1732, and died in 1789. He was the nephew of Duhamel, whose estate he inherited, and imitated him in his pursuits. He wrote-1. Memoires sur la Formation des Os, 8vo. 2. L'Art de l'Ardoisier. L'Art de travailler les cuirs dorés. 4. L'Art de Tonnelier. 5. L'Art de Coutelier. 6. Recherches sur les ruines d'Herculaneum. 7. Observations faites sur les cotés de Normandie. - Ibid.

3.

FOUILLOU (James), a licentiate of the Sorbonne, was born at Rochelle in 1670, and died at Paris in 1736. He was concerned in the affair of "The Case of Conscience;" written against the bull Unigenitus, for which he was obliged to seek an asylum in Holland, till the storm was allayed. He wrote several works on that subject. — Moreri.

FOULIS (Robert and Andrew), two printers of Glasgow. Robert began business about 1740; and one of his first works was, Demetrius Phalereus, 4to. In 1744 he brought out his edition of Horace; which was followed by a number of elegant editions of the classics and other works. At length these public-spirited men ruined themselves by establishing an academy for the instruction of youth in painting and sculpture. Andrew Foulis died in 1774; and in 1776 Robert sold his collection of pictures in London, when the balance in his favour amounted to no more than fifteen shillings. He died the same year on his return to Scotland.. Nichols's Bowyer.

FOULON, OF FOULLON (John Erard), a German Jesuit, was born at Liege in 1609. He became rector of the colleges of his order at Huy and Tournay, in which latter city he died in 1668. His principal works are —

1. Commentarii Historici et Morales ad lib Maccabæorum, 2 vols. fol. 2. Historia Leodiensis, 3 vols. fol. — Moreri.

FOULON (William), a Dutch poet, was born in 1483 at the Hague, and died in 1558 at Horden, of which place he was burgomaster, after having taught school with great reputation. He wrote three Latin comedies-1. Martyrium Johannis Pistorii. 2. Hypocrisis. 3. Acolastus, de filio prodigo. — Ibid.

FOUNTAINE (Sir Andrew), an English antiquary, was born at Narford in Norfolk, and educated at Christ-church, Oxford, where he wrote a piece, entitled Numismata Anglo-Saxonica et Anglo-Danica," inserted