er of the signed in 1772,

ed a place at the trea

some differences arising beand lord North, he was dismissed 1774, and from that time took a leading part in the opposition. In 1780 he was elected for Westminster, which, with a slight interruption, he continued to represent till his death. When the Rockingham party came into power, Mr. Fox was appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs.

On

the dissolution of this administration, by the death of the chief, a coalition was formed between Mr. Fox and lord North, who, with their respective adherents, came again into office, till the introduction of the India bill occasioned their final dismissal in 1784. In 1788 Mr. Fox went abroad with the lady whom he acknowledged as his wife; but while in Italy he was recalled in consequence of the king's illness. On this great occasion, he maintained that the prince of Wales had a right to assume the regency; which was opposed by Mr. Pitt, who was supported by parliament and the nation. The next remarkable event in the public life of Mr. Fox was the part he took in regard to the French Revolution. That change he hailed as a blessing, while Burke denounced it as a curse; and this difference of sentiment produced a schism in the party, which was never repaired. On the death of Mr. Pitt, in 1806, Mr. Fox came again into office, as secretary of state; but within a few months he followed his great rival to the grave. He died of a dropsy, September 13. 1806, and his remains were interred in Westminster-abbey. Several pieces of his poetry have been printed; but he published nothing himself, except "A Letter to the Electors of Westminster;" and some papers in a journal, called "The Englishman.' After his death lord Holland edited "The History of

the early part of the Reign of James the Second,' 4to.; and since that publication has appeared, the correspondence of Mr. Fox with the late Gilbert Wakefield. -Rees's yclopædia.

FOX MORZILLO (Sebastian), a learned Spaniard, originally of the family of St. Foix, of Aquitaine, was born at Seville in 1528. He studied at Louvain, where he published, before he was twenty, his "Paraphrasis in Ciceronis topica;" and not long afterwards a Commentary on the Timæus of Plato. Such was his reputation, that Philip II. of Spain, sent for him to be tutor to his son; but on the voyage home for that purpose he lost his life by shipwreck. sides the above works, he published 1. De Studii Philosophici ratione. 2. De Usu et Exercitatione Dialectica. 3. De Natura Philosophiæ, seu de Platonis et Aristotelis consensione, &c. Moreri.

Be

FRACASTORIO (Jerom), an Italian poet and physician, was born at Verona in 1483. When he was born his lips adhered so closely, that a surgeon was obliged to divide them with a knife; and afterwards, while in his mother's arms, who was killed by a stroke of lightning, he remained unhurt. Besides his professional reputation, which recommended him to the council of Trent, where he attended as physician, he was celebrated for his skill in politics and general science. He died in 1553. His works are 1. Siphilis, or de Morbo Gallico. 2. Joseph. These are two Latin poems. 3. De Anima Dialogus. 4. De Poetica. 5. De Intellectione. 6. De Sympathia et Antipathia. 7. De Contagione, et Contagiosis Morbis. 8. De causis criticorum dierum, &c. The best edition of the whole is that of Padua, in 1735, 2 vols. 4to. Tirabosch

FRAGUIER (Claude Francis), a French Jesuit, was born at Paris in 1666. He assisted Bignon in conducting the " Journal des Sçavans ;" and published a number of curious dissertations in the memoirs of the academy of inscriptions, of which society, as well as of the French academy, he was a member. He also wrote Latin poems, printed at Paris in 1729, 12mo. He died in 1728.- Ibid.

FRANCESCA (Pietro della), commonly called "Francesco dal Borgo a San Sepolcro," a painter, was born at Borgo in Umbria, in 1372. He painted some pictures for the Vatican, which were destroyed to make room for those of Raphael. He died in 1458. Pilkington.

Acute and Chronic Rheumatism. Cyclopædia.

Fox (Edward), an English bishop and statesman, was born at Dursley, in Gloucestershire, and educated first at Eton and next at King's-college, Cambridge; where, in 1528, he was elected provost. Cardinal Wolsey took him into his service; and in 1528 he was sent to Rome to promote the divorce of Henry VIII. He was afterwards employed in several embassies in France and Germany; and in 1535 made bishop of Hereford. He died in 1538. He was a friend to the Reformation; and wrote "De vera differentia Regiæ Potestatis et Ecclesiasticæ," &c. - Biog. Brit.

He

Fox (George), father of the Quakers, was born at Drayton, in Leicestershire, in 1624. He was apprenticed to a grazier, who employed him in keeping sheep, a situation very favourable to a mind naturally enthusiastic. After experiencing much trouble, he resolved to forsake all forms of religion, and attend to the teaching of the spirit. He next felt himself called upon to propagate his opinions, and accordingly commenced preacher at Manchester, insisting on the necessity of receiving Christ in the heart, and of avoiding all ceremonies in religion. At Derby, his adherents were called "Quakers," on account of the trembling accent used in their exhortations, and perhaps from the ve hemence of their gestures. About 1669 Fox married Margaret, the widow of judge Fell, one of his converts, in Lancashire; after which he went to America, and on his return visited the continent. He lived to see his society in a flourishing condition, and died in 1690. His journals and tracts were printed in folio, in 1706. — Life by Clarkson.

Fox (John), a divine, was born at Boston, in Lincolnshire, in 1517, and brought up at Brasen-nose-college, Oxford, from whence he removed to a fellowship in Magdalen-college; but it becoming known that he had imbibed the reformed doctrines, he was expelled in 1545. He now went to reside with sir Thomas Lucy, of Warwickshire, as tutor to his children; and while there he married the daughter of a citizen of Coventry. When his pupils were grown up, he became tutor to the children of the unfortunate earl of Surrey; but, in the reign of Mary, he found it expedient to leave the kingdom, and settle at Basil, where he maintained his family by correcting the press for Oporinus the printer. It was here that he laid the plan of his Acts and Monuments; preparatory to which he published, in 1554, a volume, entitled "Commentarii Rerum in Ecclesia gestarum." On the accession of Elizabeth he returned home, and was kindly received by the duke of Norfolk, who took him into his house, and gave him a pension. In 1563 he obtained a prebend in the church of Salis bury; and he might have had higher prefer

if his scruples, in regard to the cere

Fox (Richard), an English prelate, was born at Ropesley near Grantham, in Lincolnshire, in the reign of Henry VI. He was educated at Magdalen-college, Oxford, from whence he removed to Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, and next to Paris, where he gained the friendship of Dr. Morton, bishop of Ely, who recommended him to the earl of Rich mond, afterwards Henry VII. On the accession of that monarch, he was made privy counsellor, and in 1487 bishop of Exeter. He was also sent on several embassies; and in 1492 was removed to the bishopric of Bath and Wells; from whence, in 1494, be was translated to Durham; and finally, in 1500, to Winchester, where he died in 1528. He was a liberal prelate, as appears in his foundation of Corpus Christi-college, Oxford; his additions to Winchester-cathedral; and his two schools at Taunton and Grantham. -Ibid.

Fox (Stephen), a statesman, was born at Farley, in Wiltshire, in 1627. At an early age he entered into the service of the earl of Northumberland, and next of lord Percy; after which he became attached to the fortunes of the exiled king, whose family affairs he conducted with great prudence. At the Restoration he was made clerk of the green cloth, paymaster of the forces, and knighted. He continued in public employment during that reign; but in the next he was dismissed. After the Revolution he was restored, but lost the favour of William, by opposing the bill for a standing army. In the reign of queen Anne, however, he was replaced, and her successor also courted his service. He died at Farley in 1716. Sir Stephen married twice; the second time when he was near eighty; and had issue by both wives. He built a new church at Farley, founded several alms'-houses, and was the first projector of Chelsea-college as a military asylum. Life by Pittis.

Fox (Henry), lord Holland, the youngest son, by the second marriage, of sir Stephen Fox, was born in 1705, and educated at Eton. He became a member of parliament

In

the early part of the Reign of James the Second," 4to.; and since that publication has appeared, the correspondence of Mr. Fox with the late Gilbert Wakefield. Rees's

He

Fox (Charles James), second son of the preceding, was born January 13. 1748. received his education at Eton, where he distinguished himself by his classical exercises. From that seminary he removed to Hertford-college, Oxford, after which he went on his travels; and in 1768 was returned to parliament for Midhurst. In 1770 he was appointed a commissioner of the admiralty, which place he resigned in 1772, and soon after obtained a place at the treasury board. Some differences arising be tween him and lord North, he was dismissed in 1774, and from that time took a leading part in the opposition. In 1780 he was elected for Westminster, which, with a slight interruption, he continued to represent till his death. When the Rockingham party came into power, Mr. Fox was appointed secretary of state for foreign affairs.

On

the dissolution of this administration, by the death of the chief, a coalition was formed between Mr. Fox and lord North, who, with their respective adherents, came again into office, till the introduction of the India bill occasioned their final dismissal in 1784. In 1788 Mr. Fox went abroad with the lady whom he acknowledged as his wife; but while in Italy he was recalled in consequence of the king's illness. On this great occasion, he maintained that the prince of Wales had a right to assume the regency; which was opposed by Mr. Pitt, who was supported by parliament and the nation. The next remarkable event in the public life of Mr. Fox was the part he took in regard to the French Revolution. That change he hailed as a blessing, while Burke denounced it as a curse; and this difference of sentiment produced a schism in the party, which was never repaired. On the death of Mr. Pitt, in 1806, Mr. Fox came again into office, as secretary of state; but within a few months he followed his great rival to the grave. He died of a dropsy, September 13. 1806, and his remains were interred in Westminster-abbey. Several pieces of his poetry have been printed; but he published nothing himself, except "A Letter to the Electors of Westminster;" and some papers in a journal, called "The Englishman." After his death lord Holland edited "The History of

Fox MORZILLO (Sebastian), a learned Spaniard, originally of the family of St. Foix, of Aquitaine, was born at Seville in 1528. He studied at Louvain, where he published, before he was twenty, his "Paraphrasis in Ciceronis topica;" and not long afterwards a Commentary on the Timæus of Plato. Such was his reputation, that Philip II. of Spain, sent for him to be tutor to his son; but on the voyage home for that purpose he lost his life by shipwreck. sides the above works, he published1. De Studii Philosophici ratione. 2. De Usu et Exercitatione Dialectica. 3. De Natura Philosophiæ, seu de Platonis et Aristotelis consensione, &c. - Moreri.

Be

FRACASTORIO (Jerom), an Italian poet and physician, was born at Verona in 1483. When he was born his lips adhered so closely, that a surgeon was obliged to divide them with a knife; and afterwards, while in his mother's arms, who was killed by a stroke of lightning, he remained unhurt. Besides his professional reputation, which recommended him to the council of Trent, where he attended as physician, he was celebrated for his skill in politics and general science. He died in 1553. His works are 1. Siphilis, or de Morbo Gallico. 2. Joseph. These are two Latin poems. 3. De Anima Dialogus. 4. De Poetica. 5. De Intellectione. 6. De Sympathia et Antipathia. 7. De Contagione, et Contagiosis Morbis. 8. De causis criticorum dierum, &c. The best edition of the whole is that of Padua, in 1735, 2 vols. 4to. Tirabosch

FRACHETTA (Jerom), a political writer of Rovigno in Italy. He was employed at Rome in several important affairs, civil and military; but having created enemies, so that his life was endangered, he went to Naples, where he died about the year 1600. His principal work is entitled "Il Seminario de Governi di Stato, et di Guerra." Moreri.

FRAGUIER (Claude Francis), a French Jesuit, was born at Paris in 1666. He assisted Bignon in conducting the "Journal des Sçavans ;" and published a number of curious dissertations in the memoirs of the academy of inscriptions, of which society, as well as of the French academy, he was a member. He also wrote Latin poems, printed at Paris in 1729, 12mo. He died in 1728.- Ibid.

FRANCESCA (Pietro della), commonly called "Francesco dal Borgo a San Sepolcro," a painter, was born at Borgo in Umbria, in 1372. He painted some pictures for the Vatican, which were destroyed to make room for those of Raphael. He died in 1458. - Pilkington.

FRANCESCHINI (Mark Anthony), a painter of Bologna, was born in 1648, and died in 1729. He was the disciple of Cignani, whose manner he imitated with great success. - Pilkington.

FRANCIA (Francesco), an eminent painter, was born at Bologna in 1450. He had been a goldsmith and an engraver of medals, but afterwards applied wholly to painting; and his Madonnas were much admired by Raphael. He died in 1518. — Vasari.

FRANCIS (St.), the founder of a famous order of friars, was born at Assisi, in 1182. His youth was irregular, but afterwards he led a very austere life, and gathered followers, to whom he imparted a rule, which was confirmed by the pope in 1210. After this Francis went to Palestine, and had an interview with the sultan, whom he exhorted to embrace Christianity. The Turk treated him civilly, and sent him back to his own country, where he died in 1226. He was canonized in 1230. — Butler. FRANCIS (of Paulo), the founder of the order of Minims, was born at Paulo in Calabria, in 1416. His institution was more rigorous in discipline than even that of Francis of Assisi. It was confirmed by Pope Julius II., and the founder, who died in 1507, was canonized by Leo X. Ibid.

1

FRANCIS DE SALES (St.), was born in the diocese of Geneva in 1567. He became a missionary for the conversion of the protestants, and his labours were so successful, that he was appointed coadjutor to the bishop of Geneva, on whose death, in 1602, the care of the diocese devolved upon Francis. He reformed the religious orders, and established some institutions for the promotion of piety. He died at Lyons in 1622, leaving behind him an exalted character. His works have been published in 2 vols. folio. was canonized in 1665. -Ibid.

He

FRANCIS (Philip), a poct, was the son of the dean of Lismore in Ireland, and educated at Dublin. After entering into orders, he settled at Esher in Surrey, where he kept a school, and for some time had Gibbon under his care; but the historian in his memoirs speaks slightly of his master. Francis distinguished himself by his translation of Horace, which was followed by a version of Demosthenes. He also wrote two tragedies, entitled "Eugenia," and "Constantia," which met with an indifferent reception. By the interest of Lord Holland he obtained the chaplainship of Chelsea hospital, and the rectory of Barrow in Suffolk. Bath in 1773. — Biog. Dram.

He died at

FRANCIS (Sir Philip), son of the preceding, was born in Ireland in 1740. He was educated at St. Paul's school; after which he obtained a place in the secretary of state's office. In 1760, he went in the suite of the English ambassador to Lisbon; but in 1763, ho was a clerk in the war office; and in 1773 he went out to India as a member of the

He

council of Bengal, where he fought a duel with Mr. Hastings, and was wounded. returned to England in 1781, and in the next parliament was elected member for Yarmouth in the Isle of Wight. The impeachment of Mr. Hastings followed, and in that concern his old antagonist had a principal share, though he was not made one of the managers. He became, however, an active member of the opposition. When his friends came into power, he was made knight of the bath. He died December 22. 1818. Some time before his demise, an essay was published endeavouring to show that he was the author of Junius's Letters. He published several political pamphlets and speeches. - Ann. Biog.

FRANCK DE FRANCKENAU (George), a German physician, was born at Naumburg in 1643. After taking his degree in physic, he became professor in that faculty at Heidelberg and at Wittemberg. He died in 1704 at Copenhagen, whither he had removed at the desire of the king of Denmark, who made him aulic-counsellor. The em peror Leopold created him count palatine in 1693. His principal works are-1. Institutionum medicarum Synopsis. 2. Lexicon vegetabilium usualium. This was reprinted with the title of "Flora Francica." 3. De Medicis Philologis. 4. Satyræ Medicæ. ——

Morcri.

FRANCKS (Augustus Herman), a German divine, was born at Lubeck in 1.63. He became professor of the Oriental languages, and afterwards of divinity at Halle, where he founded an orphan-house, for the mainte nance of deserted children. He also carried into effect a mission for propagating the Gospel in Malabar. He died in 1727. His principal works are 1. Methodus studi Theologici. 2. Introductio ad lectionem Prophetarum. 3. Commentario de scopo librorum veteris et novi Testamenti. Manuductio ad lectionem Scripturæ Sacræ. 5. Observationes Biblicæ. — Ibid.

4.

FRANCKENSTEIN (Christian Godfrey), an advocate of Leipsic, was born in 1661, and died in 1717. He wrote a Continuation of Puffendorf's Introduction to History; Life of Christina, Queen of Sweden; History of the 16th and 17th ages. His son James, who died in 1733, wrote De Collatione bo

norum; de Juribus Judæorum singularibus in Germania. — Moreri.

FRANCKLIN (Thomas), a miscellaneous writer, was the son of a bookseller in Covent Garden. He was born in 1721, and educated at Westminster school, from whence he was elected to Trinity-college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. He was some time usher in the school where he was brought up, and in 1750 was chosen Greek professor at Cambridge. In 1757 he was presented to the college livings of Ware and Thundridge in Hertfordshire, and in 1767 made chaplain to the king. He took his doctor's

degree in 1770, and in 1776 was presented to the living of Brasted in Surrey. He died in 1784. Dr. Francklin published translations of Phalaris's Epistles; Cicero's Nature of the Gods; Sophocles; and Lucian. His other works are 1. Dissertation on ancient Tragedy. 2. A volume of sermons. 3. The tragedy of the earl of Warwick, taken without acknowledgement from La Harpe. 4. A letter concerning Lectureships. 5. Ode on the Institution of the Royal Academy. He had also a share in the Critical Review, and was concerned with Smollett in translation of Voltaire's works. Biog, Dram.

FRANCO OF FRANCHI, (Nicholas), an Italian poet, was born at Benevento in 1510. From Peter Aretin, whom he assisted, and rivalled, he caught a spirit of satire, which be carried to the height of audacity. Notwithstanding this, he was admitted a member of the academy of Argonauti at Montserrat, and became a schoolmaster at Mantua, from whence he removed to Rome, where he was seized for a libel, and executed without any trial in 1569. — Moreri.

FRANCOIS (Laurence), a French abbé, was born at Arinthod in Franche Comté in 1698, and died at Paris in 1782. He published. Geographie, 12mo. 2. Preuves de la Religion de Jesus Christ, 4 vols. 12mo. 3. Defence de la Religion, 4 vols. 12mo. 4. Examen de Catechisme de l'honnéte homme, 12mo. 5. Examen des faits qui servent de fondement a la religion Chretienne, 3 vols. 12mo. 6. Observation sur la philosophie de l'histoire, 8vo. - Dict. Hist.

FRANCUCCI (Innocent), an historical painter, was born at Imola. He became a disciple of Francesco Francia, whom he excelled; and he attained a wonderful skill in aerial perspective. He died about 1540. - Vasari.

FRANKLAND (Thomas), a physician and bisterian, was born in Lancashire in 1633. He studied at Brasen-nose-college, Oxford, where he obtained a fellowship; afterwards took orders, and lastly became a member of the college of physicians, by virtue of a forged diploma. He died in the Fleet prison in 1690. He wrote "The Annals of king James and king Charles I. fol. 1681.

Wood.

FRANKLIN (Benjamin), was born at Boston in 1706. He was intended for his father's business, which was that of a soap-boiler and tallow-chandler, but having a dislike to that profession, he was placed under an elder brother, who was settled at Boston as a printer. In consequence of some disputes, Benjamin went away privately, in 1723, to Philadelphia, where he worked in the office of one Keimer. His diligence being observed by Sir William Keith, the governor, he persuaded him to go to England to purchase materials for a press on his own account. This was in 1724, and he continued in London working as a journeyman for about two years, when he accepted a situation as book-keeper to a merchant, and returned to Philadelphia, where his employer died; on which Franklin became a compositor under his old master. In a short time, however, he entered into business in partnership with one Meredith, and about 1728, he began a newspaper, in which he inserted many of his moral essays. He also opened a shop in the bookselling trade, and married a widow whom he had courted in her maiden state. At this time also he formed a literary club, which laid the foundation of an extensive society and library. In 1732 Franklin began his "Poor Richard's Almanack," in which he inserted those maxims, so generally known by the title of The Way to Wealth.' In 1736 he was appointed clerk to the assembly of Pennsylvania, which office he filled many years, till he was chosen a representative for Philadelphia. In 1737 he became postmaster of that city, and the year following he formed the first association to prevent fires, which was followed by an insurance company. When the war broke out between France and England, he proposed a plan of voluntary defence, which was carried into effect, and he was elected colonel of the Philadelphia regiment; but declined the honour. About this time, he applied to philosophical pursuits, particularly electricity, in which he made some important discoveries that led to the establishment of a new theory in this branch of science. 1749 he first started the idea of explaining the phenomena of thunder, and the aurora borealis, on electrical principles; and in 1752, he verified what he had advanced, by his electrical kite, with which he drew lightning from the clouds.

.

In

His letters, giving

an account of these experiments, were published in London, and in 1755, the Royal Society, of which he became a member, voted him the gold medal. In 1750, three schools were opened at Philadelphia, on a plan proposed by Franklin, and these gave rise to the college which was incorporated five years afterwards. He was abo instrumental in

establishing the Pennsylvanian hospital. In 1753, he was appointed postmaster for all the colonies; soon after which he brought forward a plan for the consolidation of the pro