GRATIUS (Faliscus), a Latin poet, supposed to be contemporary with Ovid. He wrote a poem, entitled Cynegeticon, or the Art of Hunting with Dogs, printed at London in 1699, 8vo. with notes. Fabricius, de Poet. Lat. GRATIUS, OF GRAES (Ortuinus), a learned German, was a native of the bishopric of Munster. He was president of the college of Cologne, where he died in 1542. His own works are obsolete; and he is only remembered by having been the occasion of writing the "Epistolæ obscurorum Virorum ad Dominum Magistrum Ortuinum Gratium;" a work of exquisite humour. Moreri.

GRAUNT (Edward), a schoolmaster, was born in London, and educated at Westminster-school, from whence he removed to Christ-church, Oxford, where he took his degrees. He became master of the school in which he had been brought up; and in 1577 was made prebendary of Westminster. In 1591 he resigned his mastership; and died in 1601. He published the letters of Ascham, with a Latin oration of his own upon that elegant scholar. There are also several Latin poems of his extant. - Biog. Brit.

GRAUNT (John), was born in London in 1620. He was bred a haberdasher, which business he carried on with reputation. In 1661 he published "Observations on the Bills of Mortality;" a work of extraordinary value, and for which he was admitted a member of the Royal Society. After this he relinquished trade; and in 1666 became one of the trustees of the New River Company. He died in 1674. — Ibid.

GRAVELOT (Henry Francis Bourignon), an engraver, was born at Paris in 1699. He resided many years in England, and died at Paris in 1779. His plates are excellent. Dict. Hist.

He

GRAVEROL (Francis), a French antiquary, was born at Nismes in 1635. He became an advocate of the parliament of Toulouse, and of the presidial court of Nismes. was also director and secretary of the academy at the latter place, where he died, after suffering much persecution on account of his attachment to the protestant religion, in 1685. His works are-1. Observations sur les Arrêts du Parlement de Toulouse, recueilles par la Rocheflavin. 2. Notice ou abrégé historique des vingt-deux villes chefs des dioceses de la province de Languedoc. 3. Sorberiana. 4. Dissertations on Medals and Antiquities. His brother, John Graverol, was a minister of the reformed religion at Lyons, and afterwards in London, where he died in 1718. His principal work is entitled "Moses Vindicatus;" written in defence of the Mosaic account of the creation, against Dr. Thomas Burnet. -Moreri. GRAVES (Richard), an English divine, was born at Mickleton, in Gloucestershire,

in 1715. He became a student of Pembroke-college, Oxford, and afterwards obtained a fellowship of All-Souls. In 1750 he was presented to the rectory of Claverton near Bath; to which Mr. Allen, of Prior-park, added, in 1763, that of Kilmersdon. He died in 1804. His works are 1. The Festoon, or Epigrams, 12mo. 2. Lucubrations in prose and rhyme. 3. The Spiritual Quixote, a novel, in 3 vols. 4. Columella, or the distressed Anchoret, 2 vols. 5. Euphrosyne, a collection of poems, 2 vols, 6. Eugenius, or the Golden Vale, 2 vols. 7. Recollections of particulars in the life of Shenstone. 8. Plexippus, or the aspiring Plebeian, 2 vols. 9. The Reveries of Solitude. 10. The Coalition, a comedy. 11. Sermons, 8vo. 12. The Farmer's Son, a moral tale. 13. The Invalid, with the Means of enjoying long Life. nilities. Besides these publications, he translated Marcus Antoninus' Meditations, and other books from the Greek. Gent. Mag.

14. Se

GRAVESANDE (William James s'), a mathematician, was born at Bois-le-Duc in 1688. He practised some time at the bar; but about 1715 became professor of inathematics and natural philosophy at Leyden, where he introduced the Newtonian system. He died in 1742. His principal works are 1. Physices Elementa Mathematica. 2. Matheseos Universalis Elementa. 3. Philcsophiæ Newtonianæ Institutiones. 4. Introductio ad Philosophiam, Metaphysicam et Logicam. 5. A Treatise on Perspective, &c. — Hutton.

GRAVINA (John Vincent), an eminent lawyer, was born at Roggiano, in Italy, in 1664. He was professor of canon law in the college of Sapienzia at Rome, where he died in 1718. His principal works are1. De Ortu et Progressu Juris Civilis, 2 vols. 4to. 2. Opuscula, 12mo. 3. De Romano Imperio. 4. Della Ragione Poetica, 4to. A complete edition of all his writings was published at Naples, in 3 vols. 4to. 1756. Metastasio was his favourite pupil. - Fa

law, and amused himself with writing poetry, particularly the "Ode on a distant Prospect of Eton-college," which was published separately, in 1747, in fol. In 1749 he finished his "Elegy in a Country Church yard," which, however, was only circulated among his friends, till it was added to the Strawberry-hill impression of his poems, illustrated with the designs of Bentley. In 1756 he became a member of Pembroke hall; and in 1768 he was appointed professor of modern history at Cambridge, by the duke of Grafton, for whose installation as chancellor of the university he wrote the ode performed on that occasion. He died July 30. 1771; and was buried in the church-yard of Stoke Pogeis in Buckinghamshire. After his death, Mr. Mason published his life and works; and latterly a more elegant edition has been given by Mr. Mathias, in 2 vols. 4to. Johnson's Poets. Gen. Biog. Dict. GRAZZINI (Anthony Francis), an Italian poet, was born at Florence in 1503. He was one of the founders of the academy at Florence, which originally had the name of Humides, when Grazzini, pursuant to one of its resolutions, adopted the name of Lasca, or the roach. When this society came under the protection of the grand duke, Grazzini was appointed the chancellor and superintendant; which creating jealousies, he withdrew, and set up the academy Della Crusca, the object of which was to polish the Italian language. He died in 1583. His tales or novels were printed at Paris, in 1756, 8vo.; and his poems at Florence, in 2 vols. 8vo. Tiraboschi.

GREATRAKES (Valentine), an empiric, was born at Affane in the county of Waterford, in Ireland, in 1628. He received his education in Devonshire; after which he returned to Ireland, was made a justice of the peace, and clerk for the county of Cork. At the Restoration he pretended to the power of healing desperate diseases, by stroking the affected parts with his hands. Some cures were performed; and even the great Boyle himself was deceived by them. He died about 1682. - Harris's Hist. of Ireland. GREAVES (John), a mathematician, was born at Colmore, in Hampshire, in 1602. After taking his bachelor's degree at Baliol-college, Oxford, he obtained a fellowship in Merton-college. In 1630 he was elected professor of geometry at Gres ham-college. He next went to Leyden, where he studied the Arabic language under Golius; after which he travelled into the Levant, to purchase manuscripts for archbishop Laud. He also visited Egypt, and made a survey of the pyramids; and in 1640 returned to England, when he was deprived of his Gresham professorship; but the king gave him that of astronomy, at Oxford, which he also lost on the ruin of the

royal cause. He died in 1652. His miscellaneous works were collected, and published in 2 vols. 8vo. 1737. The principal is his "Pyramidographia," or a Description of the Pyramids in Egypt, printed first in 1646, 8vo. His brother, Dr. Thomas Greaves, fellow of Corpus Christi-college, and deputy-reader of Arabic, was prebendary of Peterborough, and rector of Benefield in Norfolk. He died in 1676. His works are-1. De Linguæ Arabicæ, 4to. 2. Observationes quædam in Persicam Pentateuchi Versionem. 3. Annotationes quædam in Persicam Evangeliorum. Edward Greaves, the younger brother of this learned family, was a physician, and created a baronet by Charles II. He died in 1680. He wrote "Morbus Epidemicus," 4to. &c. Biog. Brit.

-

Dr.

GRECINUS (Julius), a Roman senator in the time of Caligula, whose commands he refused to obey, as the accuser of Marcus Silanus, for which the tyrant put him to death, A.D. 40. He wrote some agricultural works. He was the father of Cn. Julius Agricola. Moreri. GRECOURT (Jean Baptiste Joseph Willart de), was born at Tours in 1683. He studied divinity at Paris; after which he was appointed minister of St. Martin, at his native place; which situation he resigned, and went back to the capital, where he became a companion to the marshal d'Estrees. He died in 1743. His works, consisting of epigrams, songs, fables, tales, and a Latin poem, entitled "Philotenus," were printed in 1763, in 3 vols. 8vo. - - Dict. Hist.

In 1748

GREEN (John), an English prelate, was born in 1706, at Beverly, in Yorkshire, and admitted a sizar of St. John's-college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. In 1744 he was appointed chaplain to the duke of Somerset, who gave him the living of Borough-green, near Newmarket. he was elected regius professor of divinity; and two years after master of Bene't-college. In 1756 he became dean of Lincoln, and afterwards bishop of that see. In 1771 he obtained the deanery of St. Paul's. He died in 1779. He was one of the writers of the Athenian Letters; besides which he published some sermons, and a tract on Enthusiasm. Gent. Mag.

GREEN (Matthew), a poet, of whom nothing more is known than that he was brought up among the dissenters, was a native of London, and had a situation in the custom-house. He died in 1737. His poem, entitled "The Spleen," is a very ingenious performance. It was printed, with other pieces of this author, in Dodsley's collection, and subsequently in an elegant form, with a preface, by Dr. Aikin, in 1796.- Gen. Biog. Dict.

GREEN (William), an English divine, who was fellow of Clare-hall, Cambridge, and rector of Hardingham, in Norfolk. He died

in 1794. His works are-1. The song of Deborah, reduced to metre; with a Translation and Commentary, 4to. 2. A Translation of the prayer of Habakkuk, the prayer of Moses, and the 139th psalm with a Commentary, 4to. 3. A new translation of the Psalms, with notes, 8vo. 4. A new Translation of Isaiah, from the seventh to the fifty-third chapter, with notes, 4to. 5. Poetical parts of the Old Testament, translated from the Hebrew, with notes, 4to. Europ. Mag.

GREENE (Maurice), a musician, was the son of the Rev. Thomas Greene, vicar of St. Olave, Old Jewry. He was brought up in the choir of St. Paul's, of which cathedral he became organist, and also of St. Andrew, Holborn. In 1726 he was appointed to the same situation in the Chapel Royal; and in 1730 obtained the degree of doctor in music, at Cambridge, where he was chosen professor in that faculty. He died in 1755. Burney. Hawkins.

GREENE (Robert), a poet, was born at Norwich about 1560. He had his education at St. John's-college, Cambridge, where he took one degree, and then travelled into foreign countries. On his return he entered into orders; but disgraced his profession by the irregularity of his life. He died in 1592. His works are numerous; and one of them, entitled "Greene's Groat's-worth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance," has been lately reprinted in 4to., with a biographical preface.

GREENE (Thomas), an English prelate, was born at Norwich in 1658. He became fellow of Bene't-college, Cambridge, and chaplain to archbishop Tenison, who gave him the living of Minster, in the Isle of Thanet, and conferred on him his doctor's degree. In 1698 he was elected master of Bene't-college. In 1721 he was made bishop of Norwich; and in 1723 was translated to Ely. He died in 1738. Bishop Greene published "Four Discourses on the four last Things," 12mo.; and some tracts and sermons.→→ Masters's Hist. of C. C. College.

GREENHILL (John), a painter, was born at Salisbury, and became a disciple of Lely, to whom he was afterwards a powerful rival. He led a very irregular life, and died in 1676.- Walpole's Anecdotes.

GREENVILLE (Sir Richard), was born at Stow in the parish of Kilkhampton, in Cornwall, in 1540. He entered early into the military life; and after serving as a volunteer against the Turks went to Ireland. He next joined sir Walter Raleigh in his expedition to America; and in 1591 became vice-admiral under sir Thomas Howard, who was sent out to the Azores to intercept the Plate fleet. The Spaniards, however, being the design, dispatched a powerch succeeded in cutting off om the rest; and he died

apr

of his wounds, after an obstinate contest. Biog. Brit.

GREENVILLE (SIP Bevil), grandson of the preceding, was born in 1596. He received his education at Exeter-college, Oxford; after which he became a member of parliament. At the commencement of the civil war, he raised a troop of horse at his own expense; and was killed at the battle of Lansdowne, July 5. 1643. Lord Clarendon gives him a most exalted character. Ibid.

GREENVILLE (Dennis), son of the lastmentioned, and brother to the first earl of Bath, was born in Cornwall, and educated at Exeter-college, Oxford, where he was created master of arts in 1660. He married a daughter of bishop Cosin, of Durham, who gave him a prebend in that church, with the rectories of Easington and Sedgefield. In 1684 he was installed dean of Durham; but lost that and his other preferments at the Revolution, for not taking the oaths. He then went to France, and died there in 1703. He published some tracts and sermons.— Ibid.

GREGORY, surnamed the "Great," was born of a noble family, at Rome, about the year 544. After serving the office of præfect, he embraced the monastic life, in a society founded by himself. Pope Pelagius II. sent him as nuncio to Constantinople; and on his return made him apostolical secretary. He was elected successor to that pontiff in 590; and among other instances of his zeal, we may mention that of his being the means of converting the English to Christianity. He died in 604. His works were printed at Paris, in 1705, in 4 vols. fol. •Cave. Dupin.

GREGORY (Nazianzen), was born in 324, at Nazianzum, in Cappadocia, of which place his father was bishop, who gave him an excellent education, which he improved at Athens, where he formed an acquaintance with St. Basil, for whom he officiated some time as reader of rhetoric. On his return home he was ordained; soon after which he wrote poems to counteract the designs of Julian, who had prohibited the Christians from teaching youth. In 378 he went to Constantinople, where he was chosen bishop, which appointment was confirmed by Theodosius in 380. After filling this see some years, he resigned it, and returned to his native place, where he died in 389. His works have been printed, in Greek and Latin, in 2 vols. folio.

- Ibid.

GREGORY (Theodorus), called Thaumaturgus, was born at Neo-Cæsarea, in Cappadocia, of Gentile parents, on whose death he embraced the Christian religion. He became bishop of Neo-Cæsarea, in which capacity he drew up a creed and canon of faith. He died in 264. Many miracles are as cribed to him, which accounts for his surname of Thaumaturgus. His works have been printed in Greek and Latin, in folio. Cave. Dupin.

GREGORY of Tours, a Romish saint, was born in 544, in Auvergne. He was chosen bishop of Tours in 573, and died at Rome in 595. He was the author of a History of the Franks, and other works. — Moreri.

GREGORY of Rimini, general of the Augustines, died in 1358. He was a scholastic divine, and called the "Authentic Doctor." He wrote a Commentary on the Master of the Sentences; and a Treatise on Usury, printed at Rimini, 1522, folio. Dupin.

GREGORY of St. Vincent, a geometrician, was born at Bruges in 1584. He became a Jesuit at Rome, and studied mathematics under Clavius; after which he professed those sciences at Prague. He died in 1667. His principal work is, "Opus Geometricum Quadraturæ Circuli, et Sectionum Coni, 2 vols. folio, 1647. -Moreri.

GREGORY (James), a mathematician, was born at Aberdeen in 1638. He received his education in the Marischal-college of his native place, where he published, in 1663, his Treatise on Optics, in which he imparted his invention of the reflecting telescope. About 1665 he went to Padua, where he printed his book on the Quadrature of the Circle and Hyperbola; to which he afterwards added, in a new edition, a piece on the Transmutation of Curves. These works were all in Latin. On his return from his travels he was chosen a member of the Royal Society of London; and about the same time had a controversy with Huygens on the subject of the quadrature. His merit now procured him the mathematical chair at St. Andrew's. In 1672 he had a friendly dispute with Newton, respecting the construction of the telescope. In 1674 he removed to Edinburgh, on being appointed to the mathematical professorship; but while shewing the satellites of Jupiter to some pupils, in October, 1675, he was suddenly struck blind, and died a few days after.

Hutton.

GREGORY (David), elder brother of the above, was born in 1628. He was bred to trade, which he abandoned and went to reside upon his estate of Kinardie, where he practised medicine gratuitously, and constructed a barometer, which brought upon him the charge of being a conjuror. After living there some years, he settled in Aberdeen, with a family of thirty-two children. At the age of eighty he contrived a model to

make the shot of great guns more destructive, which, however, was never carried into effect. He died in 1720. Hutton.

GREGORY (David), son of the preceding, was born at Aberdeen in 1661. He completed his education at Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M. A., and in 1684 obtained the professorship of mathematics in that university. In 1691 he was chosen member of the Royal Society, and elected Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford. In 1695 he published his " Catoptricæ et Dioptrica Spherica Elementa;" and in 1702 his "Astronomia Physicæ et Geometrica Elementa," folio, which was afterwards translated into English, in 2 vols. 8vo. In 1703 he published Euclid's works, in fol. He died while engaged in superintending an edition of Apollonius's Conics in 1708. After his death appeared a treatise on Logarithms, and another on Practical Geometry. His son, David Gregory, D. D. became dean of Christ-church, and died in 1767. James, the brother of the Savilian professor, succeeded him in the chair at Edinburgh, which he held thirty-three years. His other brother, Charles, was professor of mathematics, at St. Andrew's, thirty-two years, and was succeeded by his son, David, who published a system of arithmetic and algebra in Latin. He died in 1763. — Ibid.

GREGORY (John), a physician, was born in 1724, at Aberdeen, where his father, Dr. James Gregory, was professor of medicine in King's-college. After studying at his native place he removed to Edinburgh, and from thence to Leyden. In 1746 he obtained the degree of doctor of physic, and became professor of philosophy at Aberdeen, which chair he exchanged, in 1756, for that of physic. In 1766 he removed to Edinburgh, where he was elected professor of physic. He died in 1773. His works are1. Comparative View of the State and Faculties of Man, with those of the Animal World. 2. Observations on the Duties and Offices of a Physician. 3. Elements of the Practice of Physic. After his death appeared a little piece of his, entitled “ A Father's Legacy to his Daughters;" and in 1788 the whole of his works were collected in 4 vols. 8vo., with a memoir of the family.

GREGORY (John), an English divine, was born in 1607, at Agmondesham, in Buckinghamshire. He became a servitor at Christchurch, Oxford, where he took his master's degree in 1631. About this time he entered into orders, and was made chaplain of his college by Dr. Duppa, who on his advancement to the see of Chichester gave him a prebend in that cathedral, as he afterwards did in that of Salisbury. In the Rebellion he lost all his preferments; and died in 1646. He published "Notes and Observations on the Scripture," 4to., which, with some other tracts, were reprinted after his death. He was also the author of a treatise,