WYKEHAM (William, of), an eminent prelate, was born at Wykeham, in Hampshire, in 1324. His first patron was Nicholas Uvedale, governor of Winchester-castle, who made him his secretary, and he was afterwards employed in the same capacity by bishop Edyngdon. In 1356, Edward III. appointed him clerk of the works at Windsor, where he built the castle nearly as it row stands. In 1857 he was presented to the rectory of Pulham in Norfolk; to which was added a prebend in the church of Lichfield; and in 1360 he was made dean of the collegiate church of St. Martin le Grand, London. His civil promotions were equally rapid, and he was successively appointed keeper of the privy seal, secretary to the king, and governor of the great council. In 1366 he was advanced to the bishopric of Winchester, and soon after made chancellor of England; which last office he resigned in 1371. He had scarcely entered upon his episcopal dignity, before he began to repair the cathedral, and to found a school at Winchester. While engaged in these works, he was persecuted by the duke of Lancaster and his party, who brought various charges against him, of which he was acquitted, and yet his enemies succeeded in seizing his temporalties, and excluding him from parliment. But when Richard II. came to the throne, he was freed from his troubles, and again made lord chancellor, which place he resigned in 1391. In 1380 he laid the foundation of his college at Oxford, which he completed in 1386. He also built and endowed another at Winchester. He died in 1404. Life by Bishop Lowth. WYNANTS (John), a landscape painter, was born at Haerlem in 1660. His pictures are very valuable; and he united a firm and vigorous tone with a delicate and soft mode of colouring. He ruined himself by the loving of gaming and debauchery. When be died is unknown. Dict. Hist.

WYNDHAM (Henry Penruddock), an ingenious gentleman, was born in Wiltshire in 1736, and educated at Wadham-college, Oxford, where he took the degree of master of arts in 1759. He became knight of the shire for his native county; and was a member of the Royal and Antiquarian societies. He died at Salisbury in 1819. His publications are 1. A Tour through Monmouthshire and Wales, 4to. 2. The Diary of George Bubb Doddington, baron of Mel. combe Regis, 8vo. 3. Wiltshire, extracted

from the Domesday Book, 4to Picture of the Isle of Wight, 8vo. Mag.

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WYNDHAM (Sir William), a statesman, was born at Orchard Wyndham, in Somersetshire, in 1687. He received his education at Eton, and next at Christ-church, Oxford ; after which he made the tour of Europe; and on his return was chosen knight of the shire for his native county. In 1710 he was made secretary at war; and in 1713 chancellor of the exchequer. sion of George I. he was dismissed from office; and when the Rebellion broke out in Scotland, he was sent to the Tower, but never brought to trial. He continued to act in opposition till his death, which happened at Wells in 1740; when he was succeeded in his title and estate by his eldest son, Charles Wyndham, who became earl of Egremont, and died in 1763. Birch's Lives.

WYNNE (Edward), a lawyer, was born in 1734, and died of a cancer in 1784. His works are — -1. A miscellany, containing several law tracts, 8vo. 2. Eunomus; or Dialogues concerning the Laws and Constitution of England, 4 vols. 8vo. — Bridgman's Legal Bibl.

WYNNE (John Huddlestone), a miscellaneous writer, was born in Wales in 1743. He followed the printing business some time; but afterwards obtained a commission in the army, which he quitted on quarelling with his brother officers; and settled in London as an author by profession. He died in 1788. His principal works are 1. “ A General History of the British Empire in America," 2 vols. 8vo. 2. A General History of Ireland, 2 vols. 8vo. 3. Fables for the Female Sex. His uncle, Richard Wynne, M. A. of All Souls college, Oxford, was rector of St. Alphage, Londonwall, and of Ayot St. Lawrence in Hertfordshire. He died in 1799, aged eighty-one. He published "The New Testament, carefully collated from the Greek," 2 vols. 8vo. Gent. Mag.

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AVIER (Francis), called "The Apostle of the Indies," was born in 1506 at the castle of Xavier in Navarre. He was educated at Paris; after which he taught philosophy in the college of Beauvais, where he formed an intimacy with Ignatius Loyola, and became one of his first disciples. He then went to Italy, and was ordained priest. In 1541 he embarked for Goa, from whence he sailed to Japan, where he laid the foundation of a church, which flourished many years. His zeal for the propagation of Christianity led him next to visit China, but he died in sight of the coast, Dec. 2. 1552. His body was interred at Goa; and he was canonized in 1622. His letters were printed at Paris in 1631. Life by Bouhours.

XENOCRATES, a Grecian philosopher, was born at Chalcedon, B. C. 400. He first became the disciple of Eschines, and next of Plato, whom he accompanied to Sicily. He succeeded Speusippus as head of the academy. He was also sent on an embassy to Philip king of Macedon, and afterwards to Antipater, neither of whom could corrupt him by presents. Notwithstanding this, the Athenians were so ungrateful, that they caused him to be sold, because he was too poor to pay the taxes. Demetrius Phalereus, however, discharged the debt, and gave him his freedom. He was drowned at the age of eighty-two. A tract of his, on death, was printed by Aldus in 1497. - Diogenes Laertius.

XENOPHANES, the founder of the Eleatic sect, which took its name from Elea in Magna Græcia, where three of its principal members, Parmenides, Zeno, and Leucippus, were born. Xenophanes was a native of Colophon; and became a preceptor in the Pythagorean-school; but added many new opinions of his own to that philosophy; particularly on the immutability of matter. He died B. C. 456. Ibid. XENOPHON, a philosopher, warrior, and historian, was the son of Gryllus, and born at Athens B. C. 450. He was the disciple of Socrates, who saved his life in the Peloponnesian war. He afterwards went to the court of Cyrus, with whom he was in great favour; but when that prince was killed by his brother Artaxerxes, Xenophon and ten thousand Greeks effected their march home in spite of all opposition. Of this retreat, Xenophon wrote a narrative, which is extant. After this he went into Asia with Agesilaus king of the Lacedemonians; and in his absence the Athenians passed a decree of banishment against him; on which he went to Elea, and next to Corinth, where he died B. C. 360. His principal works are, the "Cyropædia," or the Life of the elder Cyrus; "The Expedition of the Younger

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Cyrus;" "The Grecian History;" "The Memorabilia of Socrates, with the apology for that philosopher;" "Oeconomies,” wisch Cicero translated; and "The Republic of the Athenians." The best editions of this writer are, that of Stephens, folio, 1581; of Wells, at Oxford, 5 vols. 8vo., 1703; and Weiske, at Leipsic, in 5 vols. 8vo., 1802 — There was another Xenophon, called Epesius from the place of his birth. He lived in the second or third century, and wrote a romance, entitled "Ephesiaca; or the Loves of Habrocomes and Anthia," printed at London, in 1726, 4to.; and again in 179, at Vienna, in Greek and Latin. Fabricius Bibl. Græc.

XIMENES (Francis), a Spanish cardinal, was born in 1437, at Torrelaguna, in Old Castille. He was educated at Alcala and Salamanca, from whence he proceeded to Rome, where the pope gave him a bull far the first vacant prebend in his native country. This the archbishop of Toledo not only refused, but confined Ximenes in the Tower of Uceda. On regaining his liberty, he obtained a benefice in the diocese of Sguenca. Soon after this he entered into the order of Franciscans; and spent some time in solitude. On his return to Toleda, queen Isabella made him her confessor; and in 1495 nominated him to that archbishopric. He established an university at Alcala, and another at Talavera, where he also founded the college of St. Idofefonso. But perhaps his greatest work was the Polyglot E which was begun in 1502 and finished a 1517, in 6 vols. folio. In 1507 the pope gave him a cardinal's hat; and soon after the king appointed him prime minister, which office he discharged with the greatest honour. He was very successful in the conversion of the Moors, three thousand whom were baptised in one day at Grea On the death of Ferdinand, in 1516, the cardinal was appointed regent of the Ling dom; and one of his first acts was to Latroduce a reformation in the government. He died Nov. 8. 1517, and was buried in the college of St. Ildefonso, at Alcala — 14o by Flechier.

XYLANDER (William), a learned critic was born at Augsburg in 1582. His orga was low, but he received a liberal education, and in 1549 went to the university of Team gen, and afterwards to that of Basil. h 1557 he translated Dion Cassius into Latin which procured him the professors d Greek at Heidelberg; where he died 1576.

The other authors translated by t are Marcus Antoninus, Plutarch, and Str bo. - Moreri.

XYPHILIN (John), patriarch of Coustard nople, in the eleventh century, was a nat 2 of Trebisond. He attained the patriar

dignity by his learning and piety, in 1064; and died in the possession of it in 1075. There is a sermon of his in the Bibliotheca Patrum. His nephew, of the same name,

abridged Dion Cassius, of which work Manning published an English translation, in 2 vols. 8vo. — - Moreri.

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WALDEN (Thomas), a poet, was born at Exeter in 1671. He became fellow of Magdalen-college, Oxford; and on entering into orders, was presented to the living of Willoughby in Warwickshire. He was also chosen lecturer on moral philosophy; and in 1706 took the degree of doctor in divinity. The duke of Beaufort gave him the rectories of Chalton and Cleanville in Herefordshire; and in 1713 he succeeded Atterbury as preacher at Bridewell hospital. He died in 1736. Some of his poems possess merit. - Johnson's Lives.

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YELVERTON (Sir Henry), an eminent judge, was born at Islington in 1566. was educated at Oxford, from whence he removed to Gray's Inn. In 1613 he was made solicitor-general, and received the honour of knighthood. Three years afterwards he was appointed attorney-general; but having given some offence to the duke of Buckingham, he was deprived of the office, fined, and imprisoned. He afterwards recovered the favour of the duke, and was made one of the judges of the King's Bench, from which court he removed to the Common Pleas. He died in 1630. His "Reports of Special Cases" were published in French, in 1661; and in English, in 1734, folio. Wood.

YORKE (Philip), earl of Hardwicke, was the son of an attorney at Dover, and born there Dec. 1. 1690. He received a private education; after which he studied in the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar in 1714. In 1720 he was appointed solicitor-general; and in 1724 attorney-general. In 1733 he was made chief justice of the King's Bench, and created a peer, by the title of baron Hardwicke. In 1737 he became lord chancellor; and in 1754 was created an earl. He resigned the great seal in 1756; and died in 1764. Lord Hardwicke wrote a paper in the Spectator; and a piece, entitled "The Legal Judicature in Chancery stated."- Biog. Brit.

YORKE (Philip), earl of Hardwicke, eldest son of the preceding, was born Dec. 20. 1720. He was educated under Dr. Newcome of Hackney, and next at Bene't-college, Cambridge. In 1738 he was appointed one of the tellers of the exchequer; and in 1764 succeeded his father in the earldom. He died in 1790. Lord Hardwicke wrote a poem on the death of

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queen Caroline; and with his brother, the honourable Charles Yorke, projected the "Athenian Letters, or the Epistolatory Correspondence of an Agent of the King of Persia, residing at Athens during the Peloponnesian War." A few copies of this work only were printed in 1741; and another impression in the same private manner was executed in 1782; but in 1798 an elegant edition was given to the public in 2 vols. 4to. Lord Hardwicke also printed "The Correspondence of Sir Dudley Carleton, in the Reign of James I. ;" and "Miscellaneous State Papers from 1501 to 1726.". His brother, the honourable Charles Yorke, was bred to the law; and in 1770 accepted the great seal, with the title of baron Morden, for which he was severely reproved by his brother, that he went home and shot himself. British Peerage.

YORKE (Philip), a relation of the Hardwicke family, was born at Erthig, in Denbighshire, in 1743. He became a member of Bene't-college, Cambridge, where he received the degree of master of arts in 1765. He was member of parliament successively for Helstone and Grantham. Mr. Yorke published, in 1799, “ The Royal Tribes of Wales," 4to. He died in 1804. -Gent. Mag.

YOUNG (Arthur), a learned divine, was born in Norfolk, and educated at Cambridge. He obtained the patronage of Dr. Wilcocks, bishop of Rochester, to whom he dedicated, in 1734, a valuable work, in 2 vols., entitled "An Historical Dissertation on Idolatrous Corruptions in Religion, from the beginning of the World." He became prebendary of Canterbury; and died in 1759.

YOUNG (Arthur), an agriculturist, was the son of the preceding, and born in 1741. He served his apprenticeship to a winemerchant; but on entering into the possession of his paternal estate, he became a farmer; and impoverished himself by experiments. After this he set up as a teacher of others; and in 1770 published a volume called "The Farmer's Calendar;" which was followed by a periodical work, entitled "The Annals of Agriculture," in which he had the honour of having his late majesty for a correspondent. Mr. Young also made excursions through the British islands and

on the continent, to collect information on subjects of rural economy. At length a board of agriculture was established, of which he was appointed secretary, with a salary of six hundred a-year; but what other benefits this institution may have produced, the world has yet to learn. Mr. Young became blind some years before his death, which happened Feb. 20. 1820. His works are numerous, and his Travels amusing. - Annual Biography.

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YOUNG (Edward), a learned divine, was born in 1642, at Woodhay, in Berkshire, and educated at Winchester-school, from whence he was elected to a fellowship in New-college, Oxford, where he took the degree of bachelor of civil law in 1668. He afterwards became fellow of Winchestercollege; rector of Upham in Hampshire; prebendary of Salisbury, and, lastly, dean of that church, where he died in 1705. published two volumes of sermons. - Wood. YOUNG (Edward), a poet and divine, was the son of the preceding, and born at Upham in 1681. He was educated at Winchesterschool; and in 1703 became a student of New-college. In 1708 he obtained a fellowship at All Souls, where he took his degree of bachelor of laws in 1714, and that of doctor in 1719. In 1713 he published his poem on the "Last Day;" which was followed by the "Force of Religion, or vanquished Love." About this time he wrote his tragedy of "Busiris ;" and in 1721 that of "The Revenge." He was at this period ambitious of a seat in parliament, and stood candidate for Cirencester, but failed. His satires came out at different times, and were collectively published in 1728, under the title of" The Universal Passion. In this last mentioned year, he took orders, and was appointed chaplain to the king. On the death of George I., he preached and printed a sermon, entitled "A True Estimate of Human Life;" and in 1729 he published another, which he delivered before the House of Commons on the 30th of January. In 1730 he was presented to the living of Welwyn in Hertfordshire; and soon after married lady Lee, daughter of the earl of Lichfield, and widow of colonel Lee. She died in 1741, on which he is supposed to have written his "Night Thoughts," the most durable of all his works. In 1753 was performed his tragedy of "The Brothers," the profits of which he made up one thousand pounds, and gave the sum to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He next produced a volume in prose, called "The Centaur not Fabulous ;" and in 1759, "Conjectures on Original Composition;" which was followed by "Resignation, a poem." In 1761 he was appointed clerk of the closet to the princess dowager of Wales. He died at Welwyn in 1765. He left the bulk of his property to his so:1. — Johnson's

Lives,

YOUNG (Matthew), an Irish prelate, was born in the county of Roscommon, in 1750; and educated in Trinity-college, Dulin, where he obtained a fellowship in 1775, and entered into orders. He became one of the first members of the Royal Irish Academy, to whose volumes he was a liberal contritator. In 1786, he was elected professor of philosophy in Trinity-college; and during the administration of the marquis Cornwal is he was advanced to the bishopric of Clonfert. He died at Whitworth, in Lancashire, No. 28. 1800. His works are-1. An Exay on Sounds. 2. The Method of Prime and Ultimate Ratios, illustrated by a Cor.RAY tary on the first two books of Newter's Principia. S. An Analysis of the Prin ciples of Natural Philosophy. - Hutton i Dict.

YOUNG (Patrick), an eminent scholar, was born at Seaton, in Scotland, in 1584; and educated at St. Andrew's, where he took lis master's degree in 1603. Soon after this, he accompanied his father, sir Patrick Young, to England, and was incorporated at Oxford; where he entered into orders, and beare chaplain of New-college. After this he appointed keeper of the royal library, wild was greatly enlarged under his management, particularly with Greck manuscripts. Ik assisted Selden in his publication on the "Arundel Marbles," which work was des dicated to him by the learned author. Ta same year the famous Alexandrian ar script of the bible being placed in the reya library, obtained much of Mr. Young's # tention; and he would have published a f simile of it, had not the public troubles put a stop to his design. He printed, however. a specimen of his intended edition, contas ing the first chapter of Genesis, with Bots In 1633, he published Clemens Roma with a Latin version, which was followed the Expositio in Canticum Cantic Giberti Folioti, Episc. Lond." He about to favour the world with other works from the same collection, when the rebelset deprived him of his place. He then retired to Bromfield, in Essex, where he died in 1652. — Life by Dr. T. Smith.

YOUNG (Sir William, baronet, was born at Charlton-house, near Canterbury, Nov. 30. 1750. His father, sir Wat Young, who had been governor of S Vincent's, died in 1788; and his moth was the daughter of Dr. Brook Tay He was educated at Eton, from wheree removed to Clare-hall, Cambridge; but ah a short stay there, he went to Univers college, Oxford, under the tuition of De now sir William Scott. Having stand there three years, he went on his traves through France, Italy, and Sicily. Of part of this tour, he printed an account for the gratifcation of his friends, but it was never b lished. In 1774, he returned to Ergand, and during the American war served in the