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rose rapidly, and some of the poets celebrat-
ed his work. One of his best paintings after
this, was a representation of winter, of which
there is an engraving. At the invitation of the
Empress Catharine, he visited Petersburgh,
where he was chosen professor of the academy
of painting, and died there in 1806.-Galerie
des Peintres.

DUCKWORTH, (Sir John Thomas). This
gallant admiral was born at Leatherhead in
Surrey, February 28. 1747-8. His father
was rector of Fulmer in Buckinghamshire,
and had five sons, of whom the present was
the youngest.
At the age of 12 he entered
the navy; in 1770 he became a lieutenant;
in 1779 a master and commander; and in
1780 a post captain. At the commencement
of hostilities with France in 1793 he obtained
the Orion 74, from whence he removed to
the Queen, in which ship he bore a dis-
tinguished part under lord Howe in the
memorable 1st of June, 1794. In 1796 he
was made a commodore, and acted in that
capacity at St. Domingo, as he afterwards
did in the Mediterranean. In 1799 he was
raised to the rank of rear-admiral of the white,
and soon after was appointed commander-
in-chief on the Leeward Island station, where
he seized the Swedish and Danish settlements.
On this occasion he received the order of the
Bath. In 1803 he was appointed to the Ja-
maica station; from whence he returned
in 1805; and almost immediately after,
was appointed second in command of the
Mediterranean fleet, under admiral Col-
lingwood, who on hearing that the French
squadron had sailed from Brest and Roche-
fort, despatched sir John Duckworth in pur-
suit.
He made the best of his way to the
West Indies, and off St. Domingo came up
with the enemy, over whom he gained a
decisive victory, the whole consisting of five
sail of the line striking their colours, though
two of their ships afterwards, in the usual
style of the French, escaped. For this
exploit, admiral Duckworth received the
thanks of Parliament. In February 1807,
he was sent to watch the motions of the
Turkish fleet in the Dardanelles, where, by
entering too far, he had a narrow escape, and
after suffering some damage, he returned to
England. The next year he married his
second wife, the daughter of the late Dr.
Buller, bishop of Exeter. In 1810 he was
nominated governor of Newfoundland. In
1813 he was created a baronet, and in 1815
was appointed governor of Plymouth, where
he died, September 1. 1817. - Lit. Gazette.
DUDLEY (Henry Bate). This once cele-
brated character was born at Fenny Comp-
ton in August 25. 1745. His father Henry
Bate, was rector of St. Nicholas in Worcester,
but afterwards of North Farmbridge, in
Essex. The son also was educated for the
church, and took his degrees in arts at the
University of Cambridge, after which he
became curate of Hendon in Middlesex.

But at this period of his life, he was chiefly
known as a man of pleasure in the town,
and the editor of two newspapers in succes-
sion, the Morning Post, and Morning He-
rald. He also produced a few dramatic
pieces, of which the principal were, "The
Rival Candidates," "The Flitch of Bacon,"
and "The Woodman." In the year 1781,
the advowson of Bradwell juxta Mare in
Essex, was purchased in trust for Mr. Bate,
subject to the life of the incumbent; without
waiting for whose demise, he began many
alterations and improvements of the church,
parsonage, and glebe; at an expense of more
than 28,000l. But when in 1797 he applied
for institution to the living, on the death
of the incumbent, the bishop of London
gave him a refusal, on the ground of simony.
Shortly afterwards the rectory lapsed to the
crown, and Dr. Gamble was presented to it.
This was an exceedingly hard case, and
very nearly ruined Mr. Dudley, which ad-
dition to his name was made in compliance
with the will of a relative. In 1804 he was
compensated in some degree for his loss, by
a presentation to the rectory of Kilscoren in
Ireland, and the chancellorship of the cathe-
dral of Ferns, to which, three years afterwards,
was added the living of Kilglass, in the
county of Longford. He resigned the two
Irish benefices in 1812, on being presented
to the rectory of Willingham in the county
of Cambridge; and in the same year he was
created a baronet. In 1816 he obtained a
prebend in the cathedral of Ely. At one
time sir Henry was magistrate for seven
counties in England and four in Ireland;
nor was he by any means an inactive one,
for he was a zealous administrator of the
laws, and a great promoter of improvements.
He died at Cheltenham, February 1. 1824.

DUMOURIEZ, (Charles Francis Duperier),
was born of a noble but reduced family in
Provence, January 25. 1739. At the age of
18 he entered into the military service under
the duke of Brunswick, and, after a lapse
of many years, he was compelled to retire
from France. Having obtained the rank of
captain, and the cross of St. Louis, he went
on his travels in 1763, and among other
countries visited Portugal, of which king-
dom he published an account in 1767. Soon
after this, he was employed in Corsica with
the rank of colonel; but in 1770 he was
sent to Poland to assist the confederates
there, but soon returned from that ill-fated
country. He was next engaged on a mis.
sion to Sweden, but in 1773 he was shut up
in the Bastille, from whence he was released
on the death of Louis XV. During the
American war he was much employed on the
coast, particularly at Cherburg, of which place
he was made commandant. At the com-
mencement of the revolution, he distinguish-
ed himself as a patriot, was raised to the
rank of lieutenant-general, and made minis-
ter of foreign affairs. When the Prussians

entered France, Dumouriez marched against them, and by the battle of Jemappe achieved the conquest of Belgium. After this brilliant career he returned to Paris, where he exerted himself to save the life of the king; but being frustrated he retired to the frontier. Having become an object of suspicion to the terrorists, commissioners were sent to arrest him; but he forestalled the messengers, by causing them to be seized and delivered over to the Prince of Coburg, as hostages for the safety of the royal family. Dumou riez was now obliged to fly himself, and having entered into a treaty with the Prince, he went to Germany, and from thence to Switzerland, but finding no safety there, he visited England, where he was consulted on many important occasions. This extraordinary man closed his eventful life March 14. 1823, at Turville Park, near Henleyupon-Thames. He published here his own memoirs and some other works, which evinced considerable talent.

DUPUIS (Charles Francis), a French writer, was born at Tryé Château, October 26. 1742. He learnt mathematics, and surveying, from the instructions of his father, who was a schoolmaster in low circumstances. The Duke de la Rochefoucault, however, on perceiving the youth's abilities, gave him an exhibition in the college of Harcourt, where he made such a progress, that at the age of 24, he was appointed professor of rhetoric in the college of Lisieux. He now studied the law, and in 1770 was admitted an advocate of the parliament. Notwithstanding his numerous avocations, he applied to the mathematics with diligence, especially astronomy, which he studied under Lalande. In 1778 he constructed a telegraph, and was enabled by it to hold a correspondence with one of his friends at some distance. This machine, however, was destroyed at the commencement of the revolution, lest it should bring him into trouble. Among his other pursuits, the antiquity of the constellations, as represented in figures, occupied much of his attention. On this subject he formed a theory, in which he ascribed the invention of the signs of the zodiac to the inhabitants of Upper Egypt, and made it 15,000 years old. There was less novelty than boldness in this idea ; but the author spun out his hypothesis to a great length, and maintained it pertinaciously in various publications, particularly one entitled "Memoire sur l'Origine des Constellations et sur l'Explication, de la Fable par l'Astronomie." In 1788, Dupuis became a member of the Academy of Inscriptions, and about the same time was chosen professor of humanity in the college of France. In the revolution he was elected a member of the National Convention, but conducted himself with moderation. He was afterwards chosen a member of the council of 500. In 1794 he published his principal performance, entitled "Origine de

tous les Cultes, ou la Religion Universelle," 3 vols. 4to. Of this work he afterwards printed an abridgment. His other publications are "Two Memoirs on the Pelasgi," one" On the Zodiac of Tentyra," and another entitled, " Memoire Explicatif du Zoadique Chronologique et Mythologique 1806, 4to. He died September 29. 1809.- Bing. Unverselle.

DUTHEIL (François Jean Gabriel de la Porte), was born at Paris, July 16. 1742 He lost his father at an early age, and entered into the military service, which he gave up at the peace of 1763, for literary pursuits; to which, even in camp, he had been much attached. In 1770 he became a member of the Academy of Belles Lettres, in return for his communications to that learned institution. In the same year he produced his translation of Orestes from Eschylus, accompanied with notes, which was followed in 1775 by a version of the Hymns of Callimachus, illustrated in the same manner. The year following he went to Rome, where he remained till 1786, employed chiefly in examining the literary treasures of the Vatican and other public libraries. On his return to Paris he was associated with M. de Brequigny, in the "Collection of Charters, Documents and Diplomas, relative to the History of France;" 3 volumes of which appeared in 1791; but the revolutionary tenpest suspended this great and useful undertaking. In the same year that he returned to France, he published an edition of the poem of "Hero and Leander," from the Greek, with a French translation. This work was followed by an edition of Bramoy's "Greek Theatre," in which he promised to complete his version of Eschylus, but went no farther than part of one volume. This learned man engaged in various other labours elucidatory of Grecian literature, the most important of which, was a translation of Strabo, in conjunction with Messrs. Gosselin and Coray; but notwithstanding all their assiduity, only nine books were finished when M. Dutheil died, May 15. 1815. Since that event another volume of the Strabo has appeared. — Memoir by Dacier.

EARLOM (Richard), an ingenious artist, was born in 1742, in the parish of St. Sepulchre, London, of which his father was vestry clerk. He studied painting under Cipriani, but afterwards devoted himself to engraving in mezzotinto, under the patronage of Alderman Boydell, for whom he executed many valuable works, particularly the Houghton collection, and the Liber Veritatis, after the drawings of Claude. His fine pieces from the pictures of Van Huysum, and « The Agrippina," after West, are also admirable performances. He died October 9. 1822.

EBELING (Christopher Daniel), a German geographical writer, was born in 1741,

at Garmissen, in the principality of Hildesheim. He studied at Leipsic with Engel,and in 1770 went to settle at Hamburgh, where he formed an intimacy with Busching, and the two friends conducted the Commercial Academy for 20 years. In 1784 Ebeling became professor in the Gymnasium, at Hamburgh; but without relinquishing his connexion with the former institution. In conjunction with Zimmerman, the two Forsters and Sprangel, he published a " Collection of Voyages and Travels," from 1780 to 1790, in 10 volumes; but the work on which the fame of Ebeling chiefly rests, is, "The Geography of the United States of America." He was also associated with Herrmann of Lubec, in publishing a "Geographical Magazine;" upon which he was employed till his death in 1817. -Memoir by Lloyd.

ECCLES (Ambrose), an ingenious critic, was a native of Ireland, and educated in Trinity College, Dublin, after which he travelled on the continent. From France he went to Italy, where he studied the language with great success. On his return he devoted himself chiefly to literary pursuits, the fruits of which appeared in his illustrated editions of Shakspeare's plays of Lear, Cymbeline, and the Merchant of Venice. He had prepared "As you Like it," upon the same plan, but died in 1809, without giving it to the public. To each of the above p.ays ne has assigned a volume of notes with critical and historical essays; and to Cymbeline he has added a version of the ninth tale of Boccacio's Decamerone.

EDRIDGE (Henry), an ingenious artist, was born at Paddington in 1768. At the age of fourteen he was placed under Pether, the mezzotinto engraver and landscape painter, with whom he continued two years, and then became a student of the Royal Academy; where in 1786, he obtained a medal for the best drawing of an academic figure. Sir Joshua Reynolds took great notice of his performances, and gave him considerable encouragement. In 1789 he established himself as a painter of portraits in miniature, which at first he executed on ivory, but afterwards made them on paper, with black lead, Indian ink, and water colours. His heads, in this new style, are remarkable for their force, brilliance, and truth. His landscapes are also very beautiful, and the back grounds of his pictures have a fine effect. an associate of the Royal Academy, and a member of the Antiquarian Society. He died April 23. 1821.— Gent. Mag.

He was

EDRISI, OF ALDRISI, an Arabian geographer, of whom few personal notices have been preserved. The place, and even time of his birth, cannot be ascertained. Gabriel Sio nita and Hezronita, who published a Latin version of his work at Paris, make him a native of Nubia, and gave to the performance which they edited the title of "Geographia Nubiensis. But this is now disputed; and

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it is more reasonably conjectured that he was an Egyptian. In 1665 Bochart stated that he had found, in a manuscript of Leo Africanus, that Edrisi was born at Mazara in' Sicily, in 1098; but Hottinger discovered this to be a mistake, and that the author there mentioned was named Esseriff Essachalli. Casiri, in his Bibliotheca Arabico Hispanica, inclines to the opinion that Edrisi was born at Septa, now Ceuta, in the year 1099, and that he was the same with Mohamed Abdallahı Ben Edris, a learned Moor of that period. Casiri goes on to say, that he studied at Cordova in Spain, which was then the great seminary of Arabic learning. It has been the subject of considerable dispute, whether Edrisi was a Mohamedan or a Christian; but the preponderance is in favour of the latter opinion, from the devout language in which he every where speaks of Jesus and the Virgin. The time of his death is very uncertain; Bochart places in it 1122, but it was more probably in 1153. His work bears the title of "The going out of a curious man to explore the regions of the globe;" and, though very romantic in some parts, exhibits some interesting details of Africa and Arabia. Two manuscripts of Edrisi are in the Bodleian Library, and are valuable for the maps which they contain. One of these has been engraved for Dr. Vincent's Periplus of the Erythrean Sea. The geography of Edrisi in the original Arabic, was published at Rome in 1592. In 1619, as before observed, a Latin translation appeared at Paris; but it is inaccurate. That part relating to Africa, was edited at Gottingen, by Hartmann, in 1796. Supplem. Encyclop. Brit.

ELMSLEY (Peter), a learned divine, and critic, was born in London in 1773, and educated at Westminster, from whence he removed to Christ Church, Oxford, where he proceeded to the degree of M. A. in 1797, and soon afterwards entered into orders. The year following he was presented to the chapelry of Little Horkesley in Essex, but having a good private fortune, he gave all the emoluments to his curate. After the peace he went to Italy, and was employed with Sir Humphrey Davy, in superintending the developement of the papyri found at Herculaneum. To Mr. Elmsley was left the choice of the manuscripts, but the experiment proved abortive. On his return he settled at Oxford, where he took the degree of doctor in divinity, and in 1823 was appointed principal of Alban Hall, and Camdenian Professor of History; but he did not live to enjoy the higher distinctions to which his learning and merits would have raised him. He died of a decline in 1825. Dr. Elmsley was the editor of some of the plays of Euripides and Sophocles.

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ENGLEFIELD (Sir Henry Charles). eminent antiquary and astronomer was descended from a very ancient family in Berkshire and Wiltshire; one of whom, Francis

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was created a baronet in 1612. The late Sir Henry succeeded his father in 1780; at which time he was a fellow of the Royal Society, and also of the Society of Antiquaries. In the Transactions of the former, and the Archæologia of the latter, are many of his communications. His separate publications are," Tables of the apparent places of the Comet in 1661," 4to. "On the Determination of the Orbits of Comets," 4to. "A Walk through Southampton,' 8vo. "Description of the Beauties and Geological Phenomena of the Isle of Wight," folio. Sir Henry was a Catholic, and defended the principles of his communion with great spirit, from the charges brought against it in a "Review of the Case of the Protestant Dissenters." lle died in London, March 21. 1822, aged 70. Eulogy by Sotheby. ERNEST (Duke of Saxe-Gotha). This prince, who died on the 30th of April 1804, at the age of sixty-three, and in the thirtythird year of his reign, claims a place, here on account of his zeal for astronomical science. He made many observations and calculations himself, at the observatory of Seeberg near Gotha, which he built at a considerable expence. He also assisted in the completion of many works connected with his favourite pursuit, and of others he defrayed the expence of publication. The mensuration of a degree by Zach, which was the first undertaking of the kind in Germany, was principally owing to his spirit, and carried on at his own charge. In his last will, he forbade ary monument to his memory; but he was so anxious for the preservation of his observatory, that he caused a fund to be raised out of his personal property, to provide a salary for the astronomer, and other contingencies. — Lalande Hist. Astron.

ERSKINE (Thomas Lord). This celebrated nobleman was the third and youngest son of Henry David Erskine, tenth earl of Buchan, in Scotland. He was born at Edinburgh, January 29. 1749, and received his education partly at Edinburgh, and partly at the university of St. Andrew's; but, at the age of fourteen, he became a midshipman, and four years afterwards quitted the naval service for the army, as an ensign in the first regiment of foot. With this corps he went to Minorca, where he resided three years, and then removed to Gibraltar; but, after being upon the rock nearly as long, upon some misunderstanding, he gave up his commission, and returned to England, with the resolution of studying the law. Accordingly, at the age of twenty-six, he entered as a fellow commoner of Trinity College, Cambridge, and at the same time, inscribed his name as a student on the books of Lincoln's Inn. One of his college declamations, delivered in the chapel, on the subject of the Revolution, gained the first prize, and was an earnest of his future emipence. The circumstances of Mr. Erskine,

His

which were originally circumscribed withia very narrow limits, were rendered more so by an early marriage and an increasing family. His embarrassments were, therefore, very great previous to his being called to the bar, which was in 1778; but the same year he had the good fortune to start into popslarity and good practice. The first cause in which he was engaged was for Captain Baillie, who had been dismissed from a sitaation in Greenwich Hospital, by Lord Sandwich. The conduct of Mr. Erskine in this trial gave such satisfaction, that he was retained as counsel for Carnan the bookseller, to plead his cause against the claim of the Stationers' Company, and two Universities, to the sole right of printing almanacs. next employment was that of conducting the defence of Admiral Keppel at Portsmouth, for which he was rewarded with one thousand guineas. Never was a counsel, at the outset of his professional course, engaged in more important concerns than Mr. Erskine. In 1781 he advocated the cause of Lord George Gordon, who was imprudently indicted in the Court of King's Bench for being the promoter of the riots of the preceding year. The eloquence and ability displayed by him on this trial procured him a sik gown, at the particular recommendation of Lord Mansfield. This was in 1785, and the same year he was chosen a member of the House of Commons for Portsmouth. Soon after this, he defended the Dean of St. Asaph, who was tried at Shrewsbury on a charge of libel; and on this occasion be had a remarkable dispute with his old preceptur, Mr. Justice Buller, who, having reprimanded him for the asperity of his language, received a caustic retort, uttered in such a lofty tone of defiance, that the judge, who was not formed of very pliable materials, felt abashed and checked his passion. But, perhaps, the most popular period of Mr. Erskine's fe was that when he pleaded the cause of Hardy, Tooke, and Thelwall, in 1794, at the Old Bailey. These trials, for constructive treason, brought all his great powers as an orator into play, and he certainly then distinguished himself with extraordinary energy. His undertaking the defence of Paine, however, threw a momentary shade over him, and he was actually for a time dismissed from the office which he held as attorneygeneral to the Prince of Wales. But in 1802 he was restored to that bonour, and soon after appointed chancellor to his Royal Highness, and keeper of the seals for the duchy of Cornwall. On the death of Mr. Pitt in 1806, Mr. Erskine was all at once elevated to the peerage and the woolsack; though some demur to the latter apportment was raised, on account of his never having held any preparatory office, nor ever practised in that court over which he was about to preside. These objections, however, were overruled, out his Lordship Int

not hold the seals many months, the administration of which he formed a part being suddenly dissolved early in the following year. Lord Erskine now retired to a private life; but, when his present Majesty became Regent, he conferred on him the Order of the Thistle. He died at Ammondell in Scotland, the seat of his nephew, of an inflammation of the chest, November 17. 1823, and his remains were deposited in the ancient family vault of the church of Uphall. His Lordship was twice married; first to Frances, daughter of Daniel Moore, Esq. By her, who died in 1805, he had five daughters and three sons. His second wife was a woman of low origin, from whom he endeavoured to get divorced, but failed in the object. Lord Erskine was a decided whig, and a close adherent of Mr. Fox, to which alone his elevation to the judicial seat is to be attributed. As an orator at the bar, few excelled him, but in parliament he was not equally successful. Five volumes of his speeches have been published. In 1797, he wrote a tract, entitled "A View of the Causes and Consequences of the War with France," which went through several editions. Subsequently he printed a political romance, called "Armata," a pamphlet in favour of the Greeks, and some poems.

ERSKINE (Henry), the elder brother of the preceding, was born at Edinburgh, November 1. 1746. He was called to the Scottish bar in 1768, and, though young, was admitted a member of the Faculty of Advocates, where he soon raised himself to high distinction as a lawyer and pleader. In 1783 he held for a short time the high official situation of Lord Advocate of Scotland, and afterwards became Dean of the Faculty of Advocates. In 1806 he was reappointed to the situation of Lord Advocate, but retired again at the same time that his brother in England was deprived of the great seal, Mr. Henry Erskine was a man of infinite wit, and wrote some epigrams of considerable merit. He died at his seat of Ammondell in West Lothian, October 8. 1817.

FALCONER (William), a physician, was born in 1743 at Chester, of which city his father was recorder. After studying medicine at Edinburgh, where he took his doctor's degree in 1766, he went to Bath, and soon established himself in considerable practice. He also became physician of the general hospital in that city, and was elected a member of the Royal Society, to whose Transactions, as well as to those of the Manchester Philosophical Society, he was a constant contributor. Dr. Falconer was the brother of Thomas Falconer, the celebrated and learned editor of Strabo. After a long life, actively and usefully spent, the Doctor died at Bath, August 30 1824. His separate works are, 1. Dissertatio de Nephritide vera. 2. Essay on Bath Waters, 2 vols. 8vo. Observations on Dr. Cadogan's Dissertation

3.

9.

on the Gout, 8vo. 4. Observations and Experiments on the Poison of Copper, 8vo. 5. Essay on the Water commonly used at Bath, 8vo. 6. Experiments and Observations, 3 parts, 8vo. 7. Observations on Diet and Regimen for Valetudinarians, 8vo. 8. Remarks on the Influence of Climate, 4to. Account of the Epidemic Catarrhal Fever, called the Influenza, 8vo. 10. On the Influence of the Passions upon the Disorders of the Body, 8vo. 11. Essay on the Preservation of the Health of Persons employed in Agriculture, 8vo. 12. Practical Dissertation on the Effects of Bath Waters, 8vo. 13. Tracts and Collections relating to Natural History, 4to 14. Observations respecting the Pulse, 8vo. 15. Examination of Dr. Heberden's Observations on the Plague, 8vo. 16. Account of an Epidemical Catarrhal Fever at Bath in 1803, 8vo. 17. Dissertation on Ischiars, or the Disease of the Hip-joint. 18. Arrian's Voyage round the Euxine Sea translated, with a Geographical Dissertation, and Three Discourses, 4to. In addition to these works, we might mention several that were published anonymously, particularly a very valuable tract, addressed to Dr. Porteus, Bishop of London, in 1808, entitled "Observations on the Words which the Centurion uttered at the Crucifixion of our Lord."

FICHTE (John Theophilus), a German metaphysician, was born at Rammenau in Lusatia, in 1762. His father was a haberdasher; but the son evincing an early genius, was patronized by a person of wealth, who sent him to school; from whence he eloped, and afterwards pursued his studies in a very desultory manner at Wittemberg and Leipsic. As he had no fortune, he became a tutor in the family of a gentleman at Koningsberg, where he contracted an intimacy with Kant, and espoused his principles with zeal. Here, in 1792, he published a sceptical treatise, entitled "A Critical Review of all Revelations," which, being anonymous, was ascribed to Kant. Soon after this he married the niece of Klopstock, and in 1793 printed his "Contributions towards rectifying the opinions of the public respecting the French Revolution," which excited a violent controversy. This work, however, did not prevent his election to the philosophical chair at Jena, which he held till his open avowal of principles tending to atheism occasioned his removal to Berlin. Among other schemes projected by him for the propagation of infidelity, one was the delivery of philosophical lectures on Sundays, in which he taught that God is nothing else than the moral order of the universe, and that to worship any other deity is idolatry. In 1805 he obtained a professorship at Erlingen; but the disasters of the following year obliged him to seek an asylum at Koningsberg, where he delivered his lectures. On the restoration of peace he returned to Berlin, and was

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