John Lyserus, a divine, who wrote in favour of polygamy. He died in 1684. Moreri. LYSIAS, a Greek orator, was born at Syracuse about 459 B. C. He studied at Athens, where, also, he became eminent as a teacher of rhetoric, and the composer of orations, though he was not a pleader himself. He died in the eighty-first year of his age. The first edition of Lysias is that of Aldus, 1513, folio; but the best is that of Taylor, 4to., 1739. Ibid.

LYSIPPUS, a statuary of Sicyon, who lived in the time of Alexander the Great. He was originally a smith, but quitted that occupation for painting; after which he applied to sculpture, in which line he executed some extraordinary works, particularly the statue of a man anointing himself after bathing, which Agrippa placed before the public baths at Rome. Tiberius having removed it to his palace, was compelled by the people to restore it to its original station. Pliny, Nat. Hist.

LYSONS (Daniel), a physician, was born in Gloucestershire, and educated at Magda len-college, Oxford, from whence he removed to a fellowship in All Souls, where he took the degree of doctor of laws in 1759; but afterwards he studied physic, and graduated in that line in 1764. He settled in practice at Bath, and died there in 1800. He published-1. Essay on Camphor and Calomel in Fever. 2. Practical Essays on Intermittents, &c. 3. Further Considerations on the Effects of Calomel and Camphor. Gent. Mag.

LYSONS (Samuel), an antiquary, was the son of a clergyman, and born at Rodmarton, in Gloucestershire, in 1763. He was educated at Bath, and afterwards entered as a student of the Middle Temple, where he was called to the bar. On the death of Mr. Astle, he was appointed keeper of the records in the Tower. He died April 10. 1819. His works are-1. The Antiquities of Gloucestershire, fol. 2. The Roman Remains discovered by him at Woodchester. 3. Collection of Roman Remains. 4. Magna Britannia; in conjunction with his brother. Annual Biog.

LYTE (Henry), a botanist, was born in Somersetshire, in 1529. He was educated at Oxford, after which he travelled into foreign countries, and, on his return, formed one of the finest gardens in England on his paternal estate. He published a translation

of "Dodoens' Herbal," in 4to, 1578, and died in 1607. Pulteney's Sketches.

LYTTELTON (George, lord), was the eldest son of sir Thomas Lyttelton, of Hagley, in Worcestershire, and born there in 1709. He was educated at Eton, and Christ-church, Oxford, after which he became a member of the House of Commons, where he distintinguished himself by his opposition to sir Robert Walpole, on whose resignation he was appointed one of the lords of the treasury. In 1747 he printed his tract" On the Conversion of St. Paul," for which the university of Oxford offered him the degree of doctor of laws, but he modestly declined it. In 1751 he succeeded his father in the baronetcy; in 1754 he was made a privy councillor, and, in 1755, chancellor of the exchequer. About this time he published his "Dialogues of the Dead." In 1757 he was advanced to the peerage, having resigned his place some time before. In 1764 came out his principal work, the "History of Henry II.," in 3 vols. 4to., on which he had been engaged twenty years. He died Aug. 22. 1773. Lord Lyttelton was twice married; first to the sister of lord Fortescue, by whom he had one son and two daughters. This lady died in 1747, and, two years afterwards, he married the daughter of sir Robert Rich; but this was an unfortunate union, and the parties were separated by mutual consent. The miscellaneous works of this noble author were published in 2 vols. 4to., 1774. His son Thomas, the second lord Lyttelton, was a young man of genius, but the reverse of his father in moral conduct. He died suddenly, in 1779. The Letters and Poems published under his name are spurious. Life by Johnson.

LYTTELTON (Charles), third son of sir Thomas, and brother to the preceding, was born at Hagley in 1714. He was educated at Eton, and went from thence to University-college, Oxford, and next to the InnerTemple, where he was called to the bar, which he quitted for the church; and, in 1745, was created doctor of laws. In 1748 he was made dean of Exeter, and in 1762 consecrated bishop of Carlisle. He became president of the Society of Antiquaries in 1765, and died in 1768. He wrote several papers in the Archæologia; and a Metnoir on the authenticity of a Copy of Magna Charta. Nichols's Literary Anecdotes.

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[ABILLON (John), an ecclesiastic, Champagne. He entered into the order of Benedictines; after which he became assist

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ant to Father D'Acheri, who was compiling on an edition of St. Bernard, which gave so much satisfaction, that the congregation ap

and New Testament, 2 vols. 4to: 2. Scriptural Knowledge reduced to four Tables. 3. A Translation of the Testaments of the twelve Patriarchs. 4. The History of the four Ciceros. - Mareri.

MACE (Thomas), an English musician, who was a performer on the lute. He was one of the clerks of Trinity-college, Cambridge, and the author of a work, entitled "Music's Monument, or a Remembrance of the best Practical Music, &c., folio, 1676. When he died is not known. - Burney.

MACEDONIUS, an heresiarch, who was made bishop of Constantinople by the Arians, in the year 342, in opposition to Paul, who was elected by the orthodox. After a fierce contest, the emperor Constantius gave his decision in favour of Macedonius, who raised fresh disturbances, and was deposed in 359. He then broached a new heresy, by asserting, that the Holy Spirit is a mere creature of the angelical order. Mosheim.

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MACFARLANE (Robert), a miscellaneous writer, was born in Scotland in 1734. received his education at Edinburgh, after which he kept a school at Walthamstow. He died of bruises received at Brentford election in 1804. His works are - 1. "A History of the Reign of George III." 2. " Essay on the Authenticity of Ossian." 3. An Address to the People of the British Empire. 4. A Translation of Buchanan's Dialogue on the Rights of the Crown of Scotland; with two Dissertations, on the Geta and Scythians, and the Goths and Scots, &c. Gent. Mag.

MACHAULT (John de), a Jesuit, was born at Paris in 1561. He became rector of the college at Paris, where he died in 1619. He published, under the name of Gallus, "Notationes in Historiam Thuani Threni." James de Machault, another Jesuit, wrote some works on the missions of his order. He died in 1680.- Moreri.

MACHIAVEL (Nicholas), was born at Florence in 1469. He commenced his literary career as a comic poet, and next engaged in politics, which brought him into trouble. Afterwards he was raised to some posts of importance, and, among the rest, that of secretary to the republic. He was likewis employed in embassies; notwithstanding which he died poor, in 1527. His principal works are -1. A History of Florence. 2. The Life of Castruccio Castracani. 3. “Del Principe," or the Prince. This last treatise has been considered by some as an apology for tyranny, while others have thought it was intended to expose arbitrary power. This last opinion is more ingenious than probable. All Machiavel's works have been well translated by Farneworth. Tiraboschi.

MACKENZIE (Sir George), a lawyer, was born at Dundee in 1636. He studied at Aberdeen and St. Andrew's, after which he went to Bourges, in France, and on his re

turn was admitted to the bar. In 1674 he was made king's advocate, and knighted; at the Revolution he settled in England, and died there in 1691. His works upon

the laws and antiquities of Scotland are numerous and valuable. He also wrote "Moral Essays," 8vo. and his Latin compositions are elegant, particularly the tract entitled "Idea eloquentiæ forensis ;" and his "Characteres quorundam apud Scotos advocatorum. - Biog. Brit.

MACKENZIE (George), viscount Tarbat, and earl of Cromarty, was born of a noble family, nearly related to that of sir George Mackenzie. He distinguished himself by his loyalty, for which, after the Restoration, he was made a senator of the college of justice, clerk of the privy council, and justice-general. James II. raised him to the peerage, and queen Anne made him secretary of state, and earl of Cromarty. He died at the age of eighty-eight, in 1714. He wrote "A Vindication of Robert III., king of Scotland." 2. Synopsis Apocalyptica. 3. An Account of the Conspiracies of the Earls of Gowrie and Robert Logan against James VI. Gen. Biog. Dict.

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MACKLIN (Charles), a dramatic author and actor, was born in Ireland in 1690. His family name was Maclaughlin, which, on his arrival in London, he changed to Macklin. He was originally in a menial situation in Trinity-college, Dublin; and, in 1716, he appeared as a performer at the theatre in Lincoln's-Inn-fields. It was not, however, till 1741 that he established his reputation in the character of Shylock, in which he stood unrivalled. He continued on the stage till 1789, when the infirmities of old age compelled him to retire, in such poor circumstances, as induced his friends to open a subscription for his support. He died in 1797. Macklin wrote two comedies, entitled "The Man of the World ;" and "Love Alamode." — Life by Kirkman.

MACKNIGHT (James), a learned divine, was born at Irvine, in Argyleshire, in 1721, and educated at Glasgow, after which he went to Leyden. In 1753 he was ordained minister of Maybole, where he continued sixteen years, and produced his "Harmony of the Gospels ;" and "A new Translation of the Epistles." In 1763 he published "The Truth of the Gospel History;" for which the university of Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of doctor in divinity. In 1769 he removed to the living of Jedburgh, and, three years afterwards, he became one of the ministers of Edinburgh, where he died, in 1800.- Life by his Son.

MACLAINE (Archibald), a pious divine, was born at Monaghan, in Ireland, in 1722, and educated at Glasgow. He endeavoured to get admission into the ministry of the church of England, but being prevented by some informality, he accepted an invitation from the English congregation at the Hague,

where he succeeded his uncle, Dr. Milling, in 1745, and continued there till 1794; when the invasion of Holland by the French, obliged him to leave the country. He then settled at Bath, where he died, in 1804. Dr. Maclaine is best known by his translation of Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History, in 6 vols. 8vo.; and an "Answer to Soame Jenyns's View of Christianity." He also published a volume of sermons. Gen. Biog. Dict.

MACLAURIN (Colin), was born at Kilmodan, near Inverary, in 1698. He was educated at Glasgow, where, in his fifteenth year, he obtained the degree of master of arts; on which occasion he defended a thesis relative to the "power of gravity." In 1717 he was chosen professor of mathematics in the Marischal-college of Aberdeen; and two years afterwards was elected a fellow of the Royal Society. In 1722 he travelled with the son of lord Polwarth; and while abroad wrote his treatise on "The Percussion of Bodies," which gained the prize of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris. On the death of his pupil he returned home; and in 1725 was elected professor of mathematics at Edinburgh. In 1734 he entered the lists against Berkeley, on the nature of fluxions, which produced his treatise on that branch of science. In the Rebellion of 1745 he took so active a part in fortifying Edinburgh, that when the Pretender approached with his forces, Mr. Maclaurin deemed it prudent to retire to York, where he was entertained by archbishop Herring, in whose palace he died June 14. 1746. Besides the works already noticed, he wrote several papers in the Philosophical Transactions; a treatise, entitled "Geometria Organica;" another on "Algebra;" and "An Account of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophical Discoveries." — Martin.

MACLAURIN (John, lord Dreghorn), son of the preceding, was born at Edinburgh in 1734. In 1756 he was admitted a member of the faculty of advocates; and in 1787 was raised to the bench by the title of lord Dreghorn. He died in 1796. His works are 1. An Essay on Literary Property. 2. A Collection of Criminal Cases. 3. Es say on Patronage. These, with some other pieces, were collected in 2 vols. 8vo., 1799. Gen. Biog. Dict.

MACPHERSON (James), was born at Kingcusie, in Inverness, in 1738. After studying at Aberdeen, he became schoolmaster of Ruthven, where he published a poem, entitled "The Highlander." In 1760 he produced his "Fragments of Ancient Poetry, translated from the Gaelic or Erse Language," which were so well received, that a subscription was formed to enable the author to collect more treasures of the like ription. The result of this mission Lingal, an Ancient Epic Poem in together with several other

poems, composed by Ossian, the son of Fingal, translated from the Gaelic language," 4to., 1762. The next year appeared another epic, called "Temora," which was not so successful as the former. In 1764 Macpherson went to Pensacola, as secretary to governor Johnstone; and on his return published "An Introduction to the History of Great Britain and Ireland." His next performance was a translation of the "Iliad," in 2 vols. 4to., which met with a very mortifying reception. Soon after this Macpherson rendered himself ridiculous by his correspondence with Johnson, who treated him as an impostor. In 1775 he published "The History of Great Britain from the Restoration to the Accession of the House of Hanover; to which he afterwards added two more volumes of original papers. He was next employed to defend government in regard to the American war; and be was also appointed agent to the nabob of Arcot, in which capacity he published some works against the India Company. He died in 1796, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. - Supplement to Encycl. Britan.

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MACQUER (Joseph), a physician, was born at Paris in 1718. He became professor of pharmacy, and censor-royal of the university of Paris, where he died in 1784. His works are-1. Elemens de Chymie Theorique. 2. Elemens de Chymie Pratique, 2 vols. 12mo. 3. Plan d'un Cours de Chymie experimentale et raisonnée. Dictionnaire de Chymie, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. Formula Medicamentorun Magistralium. His brother, Philip Macquer, was an advocate, and died at Paris in 1770. He wrote a Chronological Abridgement of Ecclesias tical History, in 3 vols. 8vo.; Roman Annals; and a History of Spain and Portugal, 2 vols. 8vo. -Dict. Hist.

MACRINUS (Salmoneus), a French poet, whose true name was John Salmon. He was a native of Loudon, where he died in 1557. He wrote, in Latin, hymns and other works of the lyric kind, which procured him the name of the French Horace. His brother, Charles, was preceptor to Catherine of Navarre, and was murdered in the Parisian massacre. Moreri.

MACROBIUS (Ambrosius Aurelius Theodosius), a Latin writer of the fourth century, who is supposed to have been a native of Greece. It is certain that he was not a Roman, and it is not clear to what religious persuasion he belonged. He held the consular dignity, and was chamberlain to Theodosius. His works are 1. A Commentary on the Somnium Scipionis." 2. Saturnalia. 3. De Differentiis et Societatibus Græci Latinique verbi. The best editions are the Variorum; that of Gronovius; and that of Leipsic, in 1777. — Ibid.

MADAN (Martin), an English divine, was born in 1726. He was bred to the bar, which he quitted for the church, and became