PARR (Richard), a divine, was born at Fermoy, in the county of Cork, in 1617. He became a servitor of Exeter-college, Oxford; and on entering into orders was made chaplain to archbishop Usher, who gave him a canonry in the cathedral of Armagh, and procured for him the vicarage of Ryegate in Surrey. He was also presented to the rectory of Camberwell. He died in 1691. Dr. Parr published some sermons, and a collection of archbishop Usher's letters, to which he prefixed a life and defence of that great prelate, fol., 1686.

PARR (Thomas), an extraordinary instance of longevity, was born in Shropshire in 1483. He was bred to husbandry, in which he laboured after he was one hundred and thirty years old. Ten years before this he married a widow; and he exhibited every sign of health, when, in 1635, the earl of Arundel took him to the court of Charles I., where he died through the change of air and mode of living, at the age of one hundred, fifty-two years, and nine months. His body was opened by Dr. Harvey, who discovered no internal marks of decay. A grandson of Parr died in Shropshire, at the age of one hundred and twenty. Life by Taylor the water poet.

PARRHASIUS, a painter of antiquity, who was a native of Ephesus, though others say he was an Athenian, where he flourished in the time of Socrates. He excelled all the artists of his time in the just proportions of his figures. He was so excessively vain as to wear a crown of gold, and to carry a staff studded with gold nails, to indicate that he was the prince of painters. - Junius de Pict. Vet.

PARRHASTUS (Aulus Janus), a grammarian, was born at Cosenza, in the kingdom of Naples, in 1470. His family name was Giovanni Paulo Parisio, which he altered, according to the custom of his times. He became a professor at Milan, where his reputation exciting the jealousy of the other teachers, they caballed against him, and he was obliged to retire to Vicenza, from whence he removed to his native place, and next to Rome, where he filled the chair of polite literature. He died in 1533. His principal work is entitled " Liber de rebus per Epistolam Quasitus," reprinted at Naples in 1771. — Moreri.

PARRY (Richard), an English divine, was born in London in 1722, and educated at Westminster-school, from whence he was elected to a studentship of Christ-church, Oxford, where he proceeded to his doctor's degree in 1757. He became rector of Wichampton, and lecturer of Market Harborough in Leicestershire. He died in He published some sermons and tracts; the principal of which were, "A Dissertation on Daniel's Prophecy of the seventy Weeks;" a "Harmony of the four

1780.

Gospels;" and "The Genealogy of Jesus Christ explained." -Nichols's Bowyer.

PARSONS (James), a physician, was born at Barnstaple, in Devonshire, in 1705. His father was appointed barrack-master in Ireland, where the son received his education; after which he went abroad, and took his doctor's degree at Rheims. He then settled in London; and, in 1740, was chosen a member of the Royal Society, to whose transactions he was a frequent contributor. He became physician to the infirmary in St. Giles's; and died in 1770. His principal works are-1. Enquiry into the Nature of Hermaphrodites. 2. Description of the Urinary Bladder. 3. Analogy between the Propagation of Animals and that of Vegetables, 8vo. 4. Remains of Japhet, or Enquiries into the affinity and origin of the European Languages, 4to. Nichols's Bowyer.

-

PARSONS (Philip), an English divine, was born at Dedham, in Essex, in 1729, and educated at Sidney Sussex-college, Cambridge, where he took his master's degree in 1776. In 1761 he was presented to the living of Wye, in Kent; where also he became master of the free school. In 1767 he obtained the rectory of Eastwell; and in 1776, that of Snave in the same county. He died at Wye in 1812. His works are, a Paper in the World; the Inefficacy of Satire, a poem; Newmarket, or an Essay on the Turf, 2 vols.; Astronomic Doubts, 4to.; a volume of essays; Dialogues of the Dead and Living; Simplicity, a poem; and a description of "Monuments and Painted Glass in Kent," 4to. Gent. Mag.

PARSONS (Robert), a Jesuit, whs born at Nether Stowey, in Somersetshire, in 1546. He studied in Baliol-college, Oxford, where he took his degrees in arts, and obtained a fellowship; but being obliged to resign it on the charge of having embezzled the college-money, he went to Rome, where he entered into the order of Jesuits. In 1579 he re-visited England as superior of the missionaries; but was soon forced to leave the kingdom again and return to Rome, where he was appointed rector of the English college. When the court of Spain began to prepare for an invasion of this country, Parsons repaired thither to assist in the design; and he had interest enough to procure the establishment of several seminaries there and in Flanders; the object of which was to rear English youths in hostility to their own government. After the failure of the Spanish attempt, Parsons endeavoured to kindle an insurrection in England, and he even went so far as to lay schemes for the murder of the queen. He died in 1610. The principal of his works are - 1. A Christian Directory. 2. A Conference about the Succession of the Crown of England, under the name of Doleman. 3. Treatise of the three Conversions of

Pagans to the Christian religion. One of his manuscripts, entitled "The Jesuits' Memorial for a Reformation of the Church of England," was published by Dr. Gee, in 1690. Biog. Brit.

PARUTA (Paul), called the Cato of Venice, was born there in 1540. He was employed in several embassies; made governor of Brescia; and, lastly, procurator of St. Mark. He died in 1598. His works are-1. Della perfezione della vita Politica. 2. Discorsi Politici. 3. A History of Venice. 4. Account of the War of Cyprus. He is to be distinguished from Philip Paruta, secretary to the senate of Palermo, where he died in 1629. He wrote "Sicilia descritta con Medaglie," folio ; which Havercamp published in Latin, in 3 vols. folio, 1723. - Dict. Hist.

PASCAL (Blaise), a celebrated writer, was born at Clermont, in Auvergne, in 1623. His father, Stephen Pascal, president of the court of Aids in his province, was an excellent mathematician, and the friend of Descartes. Having a great affection for his son, he went to Paris, that he might be at liberty to superintend his education; from which, however, mathematics was excluded, till the child, by his own unaided efforts, discovered his genius for that science; and, at sixteen, wrote a treatise on Conic Sections. He next turned his attention to philosophy, and published some experiments on the pressure of the atmosphere at different heights. He also discovered a solution of the problem proposed by Mersenne, respecting the curve produced by a wheel in motion, called the cycloid. This was his last mathematical publication; for in his twenty-fourth year he devoted himself to religious studies, and took part with the Jansenists against the Jesuits, in his incomparable "Lettres Provinciales," published under the name of Louis de Montalte. The remainder of the life of Pascal was spent in a rigid austerity of devotion; and he died in the spirit of piety, Aug. 19. 1662. After his death appeared his "Thoughts upon Religion ;" and all his works were collected in 5 vols. 8vo. 1779.- Life by Bossut.

PASCHASIUS RATBERT, a Benedictine of the ninth century, was born at Soissons. He became abbot of Corbey; which situation he resigned some time before his death, in 865. Paschasius first introduced the doctrine of transubstantiation; and his treatise "De Corpore Christi," was opposed by Erigena and others. Cave. PASOR (George), a learned divine, who was professor of theology and Hebrew, first at Herborn, and next at Franeker, where he died in 1637. He compiled-1. Manuale Græcorum vocum Novi Test., 1634, 12mo. 2. Syllabus, sive idea omnium Nov. Test. dictionum, seu dialectorum, 12mo. 3. Lexicon Græco-Latinum in Nov. Test.

son, Matthias Pasor, born at Herborn

in 1599, became professor of mathematics at Heidelberg, from whence he removed to Oxford, where he taught the oriental languages from 1626 to 1629, when he accepted the chair of moral philosophy at Groningen; and, in 1645, was appointed to that of divinity and Hebrew. He died in 1658.- Gen. Dict. Wood.

PASQUIER (Stephen), a lawyer, was born in 1528 at Paris, where he became a counsellor in parliament, and advocate-general in the chamber of accounts. He died in 1615. He wrote with great asperity against the Jesuits; and his works were printed together at Trevoux in 1665; but his " Catechism of the Jesuits" is omitted. Among his poetical pieces, that entitled "La Puce" obtained most popularity. — Moreri.

PASSE, or PAS (Crispin), an engraver of Utrecht, who resided some time in England, where he executed a number of portraits. Afterwards he appears to have settled at Amsterdam, his drawing-book being published in that city, in 1643. He also illustrated several works with fine plates. He had three sons and a daughter, who were all eminent artists in the same line. - Walpole and Strutt.

PASSEMANT (Claude Simeon), a French optician, was born in 1702. He made great improvements in telescopes, and constructed an astronomical pendulum with a sphere, corresponding in its movements to the astronomical tables, which he presented to Louis XV. He died in 1769.— Dict. Hist.

He

PASSERAT (John), professor of eloquence in the Royal College at Paris, was born at Troyes, in Champagne, in 1534. studied the law at Bourges under Cujacius; but in 1572 he obtained the chair of eloquence. He died in 1602. He published orations, notes on classic writers, poems, and a piece entitled "Encomium Asini." Life by Le Clerc.

PASSERI (John Baptist), a painter and writer, who died at Rome in 1679. He was an indifferent artist; but he was the author of a curious work, entitled “Lives of the Painters, Sculptors, and Architects of Rome." He was a disciple of Dominichino. His nephew, Joseph Passeri, was born at Rome in 1654. He studied painting under Carlo Maratti; and acquired a fine style of historical composition. died in 1714. — Pilkington.

He

PASSERI (John Baptist), a learned antiquary, was born at Gubio, in the duchy of Urbino, in 1694. He studied the law; but on the death of his wife entered into the ecclesiastical state, and became vicar-general of Pesaro. He died in 1780. His works are 1. Lucernæ fictiles Musai Passerii, 4 vols. folio. 2. Letters on Etruscan Antiquities. 3. In Thomæ Dempsteri libros de Etruria regali Paralipomena, folio. 4. Picturæ Etruscorum in vasculis, 3 vols. fol. Dict. Hist.

PASSIONEI (Dominic), a cardinal, was born at Fossombrone, in the duchy of Urbino, in 1682. He studied in the Clementine-college at Rome, where he formed subsequently an immense library. In 1706 he accompanied his relative, Gualterio, the nuncio, to Paris; and, in 1708, he became a secret agent for the pope in Holland. He was also employed on several other missions, particularly in Switzerland, of which he published an account, entitled "Acta Legationis Helvetica," folio. Innocent XIII. made him archbishop of Ephesus; and Clement XII. raised him to the purple, and made him secretary of the briefs. Benedict XIV. appointed him librarian of the Vatican, in which situation he promoted Dr. Kennicott's great undertaking, by causing the Hebrew manuscripts to be collated for his use. He died in 1761. His nephew, Benedict Passionei, published, in 1763, "Inscrizioni antiche, con annotaz," folio. Dict. Hist.

PATERCULUS (Caius Velleius), a Roman historian, who flourished under Tiberius. He was of an illustrious family, and rose to the rank of military tribune, in which capacity he served in Germany and Asia. He died in the year of Rome, 784. His abridgement of the Roman History was first published at Basil in 1520, and lastly at Leipsic in 1800. Biog. Classica. PATERSON (Samuel), a bibliographer, was born in London in 1728. He became an orphan at the age of twelve years, and was sent, by a dishonest guardian, to France, where he acquired such a knowledge of books as induced him to open a shop in the Strand; but without success. He next turned auctioneer; and, in 1757, sold the manuscript collections of sir Julius Cæsar, which circumstance brought his talents into notice, and he was employed in the formation of catalogues, and the sale of libraries. His principal performance in this line is the "Bibliotheca Universalis Selecta." He died in 1802. He wrote-1. Cursory Remarks on a Journey through the Netherlands, by Coriat, junior, 3 vols. 2. Joineriana, or Book of Scraps, 2 vols. 3. The

Templar, a periodical paper. 4. Speculations on Law and Lawyers. Gent. Mag.

PATIN (Guy), a physician, was born in 1601 near Beauvais. He obtained his doctor's degree, at Paris, in 1627; and, in 1650, was chosen dean of the faculty of medicine. He had a great hatred to antimonial preparations, and died in 1672. His letters, which were published in 6 vols. 12mo., contain many loose opinions, and strokes of satire. Charles Patin, the son of Guy, was born at Paris in 1633, and bred to the bar, which he relinquished for medicine, and became professor in that faculty at Padua. He also received the order of St. Mark from the Venetian state; and died in 1693. His works are-1 Familia Ro

2.

manæ ex antiquis numismatibus, fol. Introduction à l'Histoire par la Connoissance des Medailles. 3. Imperatorum Romanorum Numismata. 4. Thesaurus Numismatum. 5. Practica delle Medaglie. 6. Lycæum Patavinum. His wife and daughters were learned women, and members of the academy of Ricovrati, of which Patin himself was president. Gen. Dict. PATKUL (John Reginald), a gentleman of Livonia, who endeavoured to shake off the Swedish yoke; but, being unsuccessful, went to Saxony, where he resided as agent for Peter the Great; but was delivered up to Charles XII., and most inhumanly butchered in 1706. Univ. Hist.

--

PATRICK (St.), the apostle of Ireland, is supposed to have been a native of Cornwall, and born in 377. His zeal prompted him

to cross the channel for the conversion of the Irish, in which he had great success, and established there a number of monasteries. He also founded a cathedral at Armagh, and died there in 460. His works, or those which pass under his name, were published by sir James Ware, at London, in 1658. Butler.

PATRICK (Simon), an English prelate, was born in 1626, at Gainsborough, in Lincoinshire. . He became fellow of Queen's college, Cambridge, in 1648; and took his degree of B.D. in 1658, at which time he was vicar of Battersea. In 1662 he was presented to the living of St. Paul, Coventgarden, where he continued among his parishioners during the time of the plague. In 1666 he took his doctor's degree at Oxford, and about the same time became chaplain to the king. In 1672 he was made prebendary of Westminster; and, in 1679, dean of Peterborough, of which church he completed the history that had been begun by Simon Gunton. During the reign of James II., Dean Patrick exerted himself strenuously against popery, for which, in 1689, he was made bishop of Chichester; from whence, in 1691, he was translated to Ely, where he died in 1707. His principal works are-1. Paraphrases and Commentaries on the Old Testament, as far as the Prophets. 2. A Discourse on the Lord's Supper. 3. The Heart's Ease, or a Remedy against Troubles. 4. Parable of the Pilgrim, 4to. 5. A friendly Debate betwixt a Conformist and a Non-conformist. 6. The Christian Sacrifice. 7. Jesus and the Resurrection justified. — Biog. Brit.

PATRIX (Peter), a French poet, was born at Caen in 1585. He was in the service of Gaston, duke of Orleans, and died at Paris in 1672. His works are-1. La Misericorde de Dieu sur un Pecheur pénitent. 2. Plaints des Consonnes qui n'ont par l'honneur d'entrer dans le nom de Neufgermain. 3. Miscellaneous Poems. His piece entitled "The Dream," was written a few days before his death. Moreri.

PATRIZI (Francis), a scholar of the sixteenth century, was born in Illyricum in 1529, and educated at Padua. After leading a wandering life, he became professor of philosophy at Ferrara, and next at Rome, where he died in 1597. He was devotedly attached to the Platonic system, and wrote 1. Dissertationes Peripateticæ. 2. Dialogues on Rhetoric. 3. Nova Geometria. 4. Paralleli Militari. 5. Nova Geometria. 6. Oracula Zoroastris, &c. Rees's Cyclop. French writer, was He was an advocate

1

PATRU (Oliver), a born in 1604 at Paris. in the parliament, and the first who introduced purity of language in pleadings. He was a severe critic, and died in 1681, after having been a member of the academy forty years. His works were printed in 1670, 4to.; but the best edition is that of 1714. Moreri.

PATTISON (William), a poet, was born at Peasmarsh in Sussex in 1706. He had his education at Appleby-school in Westmorland, and next in Sidney-college, Cambridge, which he left abruptly, and repaired to London, where he led an irregular life, and died in the extremity of indigence in 1727. His poems were published in 1728, in 2 vols. 8vo. with his life prefixed.

PAUL of Burgos, a converted Jew, who became patriarch of Aquileia. He died at the age of eighty in 1435. He wrote "Scrutinium Scripturarum," folio, and other works. His son Alphonso, was bishop of Burgos, and wrote an abridgement of the Spanish history. Moreri. PAUL the Deacon, or Paulus Diaconus, was a native of Friuli, and a monk in the abbey of Monte Cassino, where he wrote a History of the Lombards, printed at Hamburgh in 611. The author died in 743. Ibid.

PAUL of Samosata, so named from the place of his birth in the third century. In 260 he was chosen bishop of Antioch; but having preached against the divinity of Christ; he was deposed in 270. The queen Zenobia took his part, but the emperor Aurelian expelled him from Antioch in 273, and what became of him, afterwards is unknown. - Milner's Church Hist.

PAUL DE VINCENT (St.), an ecclesiastic of the church of Rome, was born in 1576. In a voyage which he made from Marseilles, his ship was taken by the Turks, and he remained in slavery some years, but by converting his master he obtained his liberty. On his return to France, he was made abbot of St. Leonard de Chaulme, and he had afterwards the living of Clichy, where he built a church at his own expense. He was next placed at the head of the council of conscience, and chief of the house of St. Lazare, in which situations his zeal and charity knew no bounds. He profe into all parts of the world

died in 1660, and was canonized in 1737.Life by Collet.

PAULA (St.), a Roman lady, was born 347, of a family descended from the Scipi and the Gracchi. On becoming a wide she retired to Palestine, and settled at B lehem, where she founded several relig houses, the direction of which was entr to St. Jerome. Paula was well acqua with the Scriptures, which she read i original tongues. She died A.D. Baillet.

PAULINUS, an ecclesiastical write fifth century, was born at Bourdeau After filling some of the highest the empire; he embraced Chris Spain, and in 409 was chosen Nola, where he died in 431. consisting of Letters and Poems lished at Paris in 1516, and at 1622.-Dupin.

PAULINUS, patriarch of Aq eighth century, was born near He was a zealous defender of the Trinity, and died in 8 were printed at Venice in 1

PAULLI (Simon), a physic Rostock in 1603, and dies in 1680. He wrote-1 Botanicum. 2. Flora Da tise against Tobacco an into English by Dr. Jam Cyclop.

PAULMIER DE GRENT or Palmerius, was bor Auge in 1587. He w after serving in the a where he founded an 1670. His works are optimos auctores Gr. tiquæ descriptio. Languages. Dict. PAULO (Mark), a born of Venetian p When young, he w Kublai Khan of t

seventeen years,

into China, and After his return in the fleet, but Genoese, and time, in which of his travels, work was pri t -Gen. Biog. PAULUS (E of Egina, no ed in the sever various coun dical knowle part of the return hom of Galen and exe His work

rhetorician of Cæsarea in Cappadocia. Philostratus says that he was a disciple of Herodes Atticus, and that he resided at Rome, though he was a member of the college at Athens. He wrote an account of Greece, which was first published at Venice by Aldus in 1516 folio, but the best edition is that of Kuhnius at Leipsic, 1696, folio. Vossius de Hist. Græc.

PAUTRE (Anthony le), an architect of Paris, who became a member of the academy of sculpture in 1671, and died about 1690. His designs have been engraved in one volume folio. His relation John le Pautre was both an architect and engraver, and died in 1682. His works were published at Paris, in 3 vols. fol. 1751. Peter le Pautre, a relation of the preceding, was born at Paris in 1659, and died in 1744. He was sculptor to the king and director of the academy of St. Luke L'Avocat.

PAUW (Cornelius de), a Dutch writer, was born at Amsterdam in 1739. He was an ecclesiastic, and had a canonry in Germany, where he died in 1799. He is known by some paradoxical works entitled "Recherches philosophiques, sur les Grecs, les Americains, les Egyptiens et les Chinois," 7 vols. 8vo. - Dict. Hist.

PEACHAM (Henry), an English writer, was born at North Mims in Hertfordshire, and educated at Trinity-college, Cambridge, where he took the degree of master of arts. He afterwards went to Italy, and while in that country studied painting and music, besides which, he was skilled in surveying and engraving. He died about 1640. His principal work entitled "The Complete Gentleman," was once popular, and went through numerous editions. Besides this be published- 1. Minerva Britannica, or a Garden of Heroical Devices, 4to. 2. Thalia's Banquet. 3. The Valley of Variety. 4. The Worth of a Penny, or a Caution to keep Money. 5. The Gentleman's Exercise, 4to. Gen. Biog. Dict.

PEACOCK OF PECOCK (Reynold), an eminent prelate, was born in Wales about 1390, and educated at Oriel-college, Oxford. In 1431, he was elected master of Whittington's-college in London, with which he held the living of St. Michael Royal; but resigned those preferments on being made bishop of St. Asaph in 1444; from whence he was translated to Chichester in 1449, but in 1457 he was deprived for advancing what were called heretical doctrines. His books were also burnt at Oxford, and the bishop confined in Thorney Abbey, where he died in 1460. His "Treatise on Faith," was printed in 1688, 4to. - Life by Lewis.

PEARCE (Zachary), a learned bishop, was born at London in 1690. He was educated at Westminster-school, and elected from thence to Trinity-college, Cambridge, where he amused himself by writing some papers in the Spectator and Guardian. He also published an edition of Cicero "De Oratore," which he dedicated to Chief Justice Parker, by whose interest he obtained a fellowship in his college. His lordship also, when earl of Macclesfield, gave him the rectory of Stapleford Abbots in Essex, and that of St. Bartholomew Exchange, London; which last he resigned on being presented to the vicarage of St. Martin-in-the-fields. In 1739, he was made dean of Winchester, and in 1748 bishop of Bangor, from whence he was translated in 1756 to Rochester, with the deanery of Westminster, but this last dignity he resigned in 1768, not being allowed to give up the bishopric also, though it was what he earnestly wished. He died June 29. 1774, and was buried in the church of Bromley. His other works are - 1. An Edition of Longinus, with a Latin Version and Notes. 2. An Answer to Woolston on the Miracles. 3. Two Letters to Middleton in defence of Dr. Waterland. 4. An edition of Cicero "De Officiis." 5. A Review of the Text of Paradise Lost. 6. A Commentary, with Notes, on the Four Evangelists, and the Acts of the Apostles, 2 vols. 4to. 7. Sermons, 4 vols. 8vo. &c.

He

left, among other charitable bequests, five thousand pounds to the college for clergymen's widows at Bromley. - Life prefixed to his Commentary.

In

PEARSON (John), a learned bishop, was born in 1612, at Snoring in Norfolk, of which parish his father was rector. He received his education first at Eton, and next at King's-college, Cambridge. 1639, he was collated to a prebend in the church of Salisbury, of which he was deprived in the rebellion. In 1650 he became minister of St. Clement's Eastcheap, where he preached a course of sermons which he afterwards published under the title of "An Exposition of the Creed," the completest body of divinity in our language. In 1659 he published the Remains of John Hales of Eton; and about the same time, engaged with his brother in that great work the "Critici Sacri," 9 vols. folio. At the Restoration, he was presented to the rectory of St. Christopher, London; installed prebendary of Ely; archdeacon of Surrey, and made master of Jesus-college, Cambridge. In 1661 he was appointed professor of divinity. In 1662 he was one of the commissioners for reviewing the Liturgy, and the same year was admitted master of Trinity-college. In 1673 he was consecrated bishop of Chester, where he died in 1686. His principal works, besides those already mentioned, are -1. Vindicia Epistolarum S. Ignatü." 2. Annales Cyprianici. — Biog. Brit.