and written upon this subject, that we deem it unnecessary to say, at least, but little here. On taking a retrospective view of the subject, with its connection, and with the book itself, we learn nothing which induces us to suppose that any allusion is made to a judg ment in eternity; neither can this possibly be. We have already shown that God judges men in the earth in this world- and the Scriptures cannot be broken. If God had designed to judge men in eternity, we think he would have made it plain in his instructions on the subject; but he has nowhere informed us he would do so. Judgment and the resurrection stand nowhere connected in the Bible; neither would there then be a place for judg ment, or a judge to decide. from the fact that Christ's reign is confined to his kingdom on earth, and he the only judge, and at the resurrection he delivers up the kingdom, resigns his office, as mediator and judge, to God the Father, that he may be all in all. See 1 Cor. 15: 24-28. Hence, we are not under the necessity of looking to any other place, for the judgment in our text, than to the earth itself. John informs us, in the first verse, of an angel which came down from heaven. He laid hold on the dragon, that old serpent, the devil and satan, bound him, cast him into the bottomless pit, shut him up, &c. We must here remember that this devil and pit are both on the earth; for the angel found the devil here after he came down from heaven; and he does not inform us that he went with him to any other place, to cast him into the pit and shut him up. What is said, in verse 4, of the souls of them that were beheaded, and should reign with Christ a thousand years, Dr. Whitby and others do not understand as signifying men literally raised from the dead; but that the church is here signified in a flourishing condition for a thousand years after the conversion of the Jews, and the gathering in of all nations to them thus converted to the Christian faith. Verses 7-9 inform us that when the thousand years are expired Satan shall be loosed out of his prison; he was to go out to deceive the nations in the four quarters of the earth; they went up on the breadth of the earth, compassed the camp of the saints about...... and fire came down from God out of heaven and devoured them. Here we notice that the thousand years, and all the following transpiring events, are declared to take place on the earth. Even the beast and the false prophet are to be tormented day and night, with the devil and all that he

deceived Thus we see that the scene of this judgment is on the earth, where day and night diversify time and number the rolling years. What is said, in the 9th verse, of fire from heaven which devoured them, and in the 10th and 11th verses, of Him that sat on the throne, from whose face the earth and the heaven fled away, &c., is already explained in the remarks on 2 Peter 3: 7. In verse 11 he says, "And I saw a great white throne." When did he see it? At the same time when the preceding events took place. Verse 1, he says, " And I saw an angel," &c. In verse 4, “I saw thrones." All these scenes transpired in the vision at the same time, and evidently allude to the close of the Jewish polity, the burning up, and passing away of their religious and political heavens and earth. Thus, the Jewish heaven and earth passed away to make room for the new, which are now established under the Gospel.

In the 12th verse we find the same copulative which connects and identifies what follows with the preceding events. "And I saw the dead, small and great, stand before God: and the books were opened; and another book was opened, which is the book of life: and the dead were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works." The time when these dead stood before God, and were judged according to their works, is already identified. But it may be further illustrated by Matt. 16. 27, 28, “For the Son of Man shall come in the glory of his Father with his angels; and then he shall reward every man according to his works. Verily I say unto you, There be some standing here which shall not taste of death till they see the Son of Man coming in his kingdom." These texts show that the time was when Christ should set upon the throne of his glory with his angels, when every man should be rewarded according to his works, and during the literal existence of some then living. This is the time when the kingdom of God should come with power. It is the time when the dead, small and great, stood before God, in the same sense that all nations stood before him, in the parable of the sheep and goats, Matt. 25 32 (see in this work). It appears to have been a common expression in those days, when things of importance were attended to, to use the phrase "before the Lord," or "before God." It was said of Zacharias and Elizabeth, that they were righteous before God. Luke 1: 6. And Paul charged Timothy, before God

:

We

and the Lord Jesus Christ, to preach the word. 2 Tim. 4: } Moses said to the children of Israel: " Ye stand this day, all of you, before the Lord your God." And when any calamity, in the form of a judgment, came upon the people, they were said to stand before God, as in the instance of our text. And as this language of our text is all highly figurative, we do not expect to find the literally dead before God; but moral death is the state the mass of the Jews, and nations then before him, were in. They were dead in iniquity and disobedience, dead to all their best privileges and interests, and about to expire in a complete national sense. have before shown that this scene was on the earth, and in that generation. But further to illustrate, see Matt. 25: 32, “And before him shall be gathered all nations; and he shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divideth his sheep from the goats." The prophet also identifies the same thing. See Zech. 14: 1, 2. “Behold the day of the Lord cometh, and thy spoil shall be divided in the midst of thee. For I will gather all nations against Jerusalem to battle; and the city shall be taken." See, also, Matt. 23: 36, and 24: 34, where the same event is described. Verily I say unto you, all these things shall come upon this generation." "Verily I say unto you, this generation shall not pass till all these things be fulfilled." And as further illustration of the assemblage before God, the books being opened, and the judgment according to their works, see Dan. 7: 9, 10. "I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire. A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him thousand thousands ministered unto him, and ten thousand imes ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened." Chap. 12: 1, 2, " And at that time shall Michael stand up, the great prince which standeth for the children of thy people and there shall be a time of trouble, such as never was since there was a nation even to that same time and at that time thy people shall be delivered, every one that shall be found written in the book. And many of them that sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to shame and everlasting contempt."

The above passages so nearly resemble Rev. 20, and so fully

illustrate our subject, that little more need be said. What is said, in the 13th verse, of the sea, and death and hell, delivering up the dead which were in them, is only a refiguring of the same things. Thus were they all before God, who sat upon his throne in spirit and in power over Jerusalem, which was called his throne. See Jer. 3: 17," At that time they shall call Jerusalem the throne of the Lord and all the nations shall be gathered unto it, to the name of the Lord, to Jerusalem." The books which were opened, and out of which they were judged, could have been nothing more than the law and the prophets, which contained those awful denunciations against them. Christ says to the Jews, "There is one that accuseth you, even Moses, in whom ye trust." John 5: 45. He also says, John 12: 48, "He that rejecteth me, and receiveth not my words, hath one that judgeth him : the word that I have spoken, the same shall judge him in the last day." The other book, called the book of life, was undoubtedly the principles of the gospel, which all those who were adjudged to life had embraced. They were judged out of those things which were written in the books, according to their works. This is true to the letter of all judgments on earth, but could not be of a judgment after the resurrection, because there is then but one infinite result, which cannot be the reward or effect of earthly and limited performances. Those who believed, and had their names enrolled with the Christian believers in the book of life, escaped the furious tornado of death and destruction into which the disobedient and unbelieving were thrust, as into a lake of fire, which is the second death. This second death is the tragical end and ruin of that people as a race and nation.

It may be objected that the book of Revelation was not written until after the destruction of Jerusalem. We know there are different opinions; but the best authorities, we think, show to the contrary. The inscription to this book in the Syrian Version, published by De Diew, 1627, and afterwards in the London Polyglot, is the following: "The revelation which God made to John the Evangelist, in the Isle of Patmos, to which he was banished by Nero Cæsar." This places it previous to the year 68, at which time the reign of Galba commenced. That this was the true time of John's banishment, and, consequently, that the visions recorded in this book are to be ascribed to this period, is contended by many learned and eminent writers, among whom are Hentenius, Harduin

Grotius, Lightfoot, Hammond, Sir Isaac Newton, Bishop Newton, and others. But we think the book itself shows that it was written before the overthrow of Jerusalem. In chap. 1: 1, it is said, that "God taught John by his angel things that must shortly come to pass." Verse 3, it is said, "The time is at hand." Chap. 22: 6, 7, it is said, that "The Lord God of the holy prophets sent his angel to show unto his servants the things which must shortly be done. Behold, I come quickly blessed is he that keepeth the sayings of the prophecy of this book." Verse 10, "And he saith unto me, Seal not the sayings of the prophecy of this book for the time is at hand." Verse 12, "And behold, I come quickly and my reward is with me, to give every man according as his work shall be." Verse 20, "He which testifieth these things saith, Surely I come quickly; Amen. Even so, come, Lord Jesus."

That the above passages show the then future, yet sudden coming of our Lord, we think is self-evident. The following, we think,

Chap. 1: 7, " Behold,

It

show that Jerusalem was then standing. he cometh with clouds and every eye shall see him, and they also which pierced him: and all kindreds of the earth shall wail because of him." This corresponds with Matt. 24: 30, "And then shall appear the sign of the Son of Man in heaven: and then shall all the tribes of the earth mourn, and they shall see the Son of Man coming in the clouds of heaven, with power and great glory." That this relates to the destruction of Jerusalem none will dispute. was to take place in that generation. See verse 34, "Verily I say unto you, This generation shall not pass till all these things be fulfilled." Rev. 11: 1, 2, “And there was given me a reed like unto a rod and the angel stood, saying, Rise, and measure the temple of God, and the altar, and them that worship therein. But the court which is without the temple leave out, and measure it not; for it is given to the Gentiles: and the holy city shall they tread under foot forty and two months." Compare this with Luke 21: 24, "And they shall fall by the edge of the sword, and shall be led away captive into all nations: and Jerusalem shall be trodden down of the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles be fulfilled." See Rev. 11: 8, "And their dead bodies shall lie in the street of the great city, which spiritually is called Sodom and Egypt, where also our Lord was crucified." This time was then future. He says, their dead bodies shall lie in the streets of the city &c., where