Dr. Channing.-Agitation in Rhode Island.-Armed Conven- tion Sail through Amboy Straits.-Journey to Philadel- phia and Baltimore.-Harper's Ferry.-Passage over the Alleghanies by National Road.-Parallel Ridges.-Absence of Drift.-Structure and Origin of Appalachians.-Theory of Subsidence and Contraction of Subterranean Fluid.-Ken- tucky Farmers.-Emigrants.-Cumberland Coal Field.-Clay with Stigmaria.-Marine Shells in Coal-Measures near Alleghany Mountains.-Union.-Horizontal Coal Formation.- Brownsville on the Monongahela.-Facilities of Working Coal.-Navigable Rivers.-Great Future Resources of the Country.-Pittsburg.-Illinois Coal Field.-Fossil Indian Corn.-Indian Mounds near Wheeling.-General Harrison on their high Antiquity.-Dr. Morton on the aboriginal In- dians.-Remarks on the Civilisation of the Mexicans and Succession of Strata on the Ohio between Pomeroy and Cin- cinnati.—Return up the Ohio to Rockville.—Waverley Sand- stone.-Cliff Limestone.-Denudation.-Blue Limestone of Cincinnati.-Lower Silurian Fossils.-Limited Proportion of Silurian Species common to Europe and America.-Great Alluvial Terraces at Cincinnati, and their Origin.-Bones of the Elephant and Mastodon.-Excursion to the Swamps of Big Bone Lick, in Kentucky.-Noble Forest.-Salt Springs. -Buffalo Trails.-Numerous Bones of Extinct Animals.- Associated Freshwater and Landshells.-Relative Age of Cincinnati.-Journey across Ohio to Cleveland.-New Clear- ings-Rapid progress of the State since the year 1800.-In- crease of Population in the United States.-Political Dis- cussions.-German and Irish Settlers.-Stump Oratory.- Cleveland.-Ridges of Land and Gravel along the Southern coast of Lake Erie.-Their Origin.-Fredonia; streets light- ed with natural Gas.-Falls of Niagara.-Burning Spring.— Passing behind the Falls.-Daguerreotype of the Falls.- Boulder Formation of Whirlpool, and Valley of St. David's. Mirage on Lake Ontario.-Toronto.-Excursion with Mr. Roy to examine the Parallel Ridges between Lakes Ontario and Simcoe. Correspondence of Level in their Base-lines over wide Areas.-Origin of the Ridges.-Lacustrine Theory.— Hypothesis of Sand-banks formed under Water.-Rapid Pro- PAGE. position of lowest Fossiliferous Sandstone to Gneiss.-Supposed Monument of the Commencement of the Organic World. To what extent the Granitic Rocks are primary. Difficulty of establishing the Date of Metamorphic Action.Two Sources of popular error respecting the more abundant production of Hypogene Rocks at Remote Periods.......... 96 CHAPTER XXII. Glacial Furrows in the Valley of the St. Lawrence.-Action of packed ice in the Canadian Rivers.-Boulder Formation with and without Shells.-Gannanoqui.-Mountain of Montreal.Recent Shells in Drift more than 500 feet above the Sea.Lake St. Peter.-Falls of Maskinongé.-Deposit of Shells at Beaufort near Quebec.-Agreement with Swedish Fossils.Shells in Boulder Formation of Lake Champlain.-Burlington, Vermont.-Fossils of Drift imply a colder climate.Scenery of Lake Champlain.-Organic Remains of lowest Silurian Sandstone.-Lingula.-Vermont Mountains.-Inns and Boarding-houses.-Return to Boston...... CHAPTER XXIII. ... 113 Halifax.-Glacial Furrows in Nova Scotia.-Difference of Climate of Halifax and Windsor.-Tracts covered with Kalmia.-Linnæa borealis.-High tides of the Bay of Fundy. The Bore. Recent deposits of Red Mud hardened in the Sun.-Fossil Showers of Rain.-Footprints of Birds, and casts of the same.-Cracks caused by Shrinkage.-Submerged Frost. Recent Glacial Furrows at Cape Blomidon.-Loaded Ice.-Ice-ruts in Mud....... CHAPTER XXIV Coal Formation of Nova Scotia.-Productive Coal-Measures. Erect Fossil Trees in the Cliffs of the Bay of Fundy.-Section from Minudie to the South Joggins.-Ten buried Forests, one above the other.-Connection of upright Trees with Scams of Coal.-Stigmaria.-Sigillaria.-Evidence of Repeated Submergence of dry Land.-Theory to explain the Evenness of the Ancient Surface.-Pictou Coal Field.-Bed of Erect Calamites, compared to those of St. Etienne, in France. List of Species of Nova Scotia Coal-plants.-Fourfifth of these Fossils identified with European Species.— Carboniferous Flora of the United States.... 136 148 VI CONTENTS. PAGE. CHAPTER XXV. Lower Carboniferous or Gypsiferous Formation of Nova Scotia.-Why formerly considered as newer than the productive Coal.-Determination of its true age.-Sections near Windsor. Supposed Reptilian Footsteps.-Section on the Shubenacadie.-Large Masses of Gypsum.-Their Origin.-Volcanic Action contemporaneous with Nova Scotia Coal Measures.-Limestone with Marine Shells.-Table of Organic Remains of the Carboniferous Limestone of Nova Scotia and Island of Cape Breton...... CHAPTER XXVI. Progress and Resources of Nova Scotia.-Highland Settlers.- Description of Plates and Maps..... 172 188 198 |