the Articles had passed the Lower as well as the Upper House of Convocation. They were therefore wanting in synodical authority, and rested simply on the authority of the Sovereign, as "supreme governor." The object of the addition of the affirmative clause to Article XX. was to assert in strong terms the rights and powers of the Church, with an eye to the position taken up by the Puritan party, who were denying to her the power to decree any rites and ceremonies, save such as could claim direct support from Holy Scripture. The omission of Article XXIX. was probably due to tenderness to the Roman party, and a desire, if possible, to embrace them within the limits of the National Church.

(b) The character of the revision and comparison of the Articles of 1563 with those of 1553.

The following conspectus of the principal changes introduced in 1563 will enable the reader to see without difficulty the importance of the revision, and the very real difference in tone and character that exists between the Elizabethan Articles and those of Edward's reign. Italics are used to denote the alterations made by Archbishop Parker in his preliminary work before he submitted the Articles to the Synod. Those made by the bishops are indicated by ordinary roman type; thick black letters being used for the two subsequent changes mentioned above as probably due to the Queen herself.

"

V. Of the Holy Ghost.

XII. Of good works.

XXIX. Of the wicked, which do not eat the body of Christ in the use of the Lord's Supper. [Omitted before publication; restored in 1571.]

XXX. Of both kinds.

B. Clauses in other Articles.

II. "Begotten from everlasting of the
Father, the very and eternal
God, of one substance with the
Father."

VI. The clauses on the Canon of
Scripture with the list of the

canonical books of the Old
Testament, and specimens of
the Apocrypha.

VII. The clause on the Ceremonial and the Moral Law. ("Although

the law given from God by Moses

the command

ments which are called moral." This clause was drawn from the Nineteenth Article of 1553.)

VIII." And believed."

X. "The condition of man after the fall of Adam is such, that he cannot turn and prepare himself by his own natural strength and good works to faith and calling upon God.

XVII. "In Christ."

XX. "The Church hath power to decree rites or ceremonies and authority in controversies of faith."

XXV. The two clauses on the number of the sacraments, and the five rites, commonly called Sacraments.

XXVII. "Overthroweth the nature of a

sacrament."

"The body of Christ is given, taken, and eaten in the Supper only after an heavenly and spiritual manner and the mean whereby the body of Christ is received and eaten in the supper is faith."

Art. XXXIII. "Every particular or National Church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish cere

monies or rites of the Church, ordained only by man's authority, so that all things be done to edifying."

XXXVII. The explanation of the royal

2. OMISSIONS.

supremacy. ("Where we attribute to the Queen's majesty

restrain with the civil

sword the stubborn and evildoers.")

A. Seven complete Articles, viz. :—

Art.

X. Of grace.

XVI. Blasphemy against the Holy Ghost. XIX. All men are bound to keep the commandments of the Moral Law. (Though this was omitted as a separate article, part of it was embodied in Article VII. of the revised series. See above.)

XXXIX. The resurrection of the dead is not yet brought to pass.

XL. The souls of them that depart

this life do not die with the

bodies nor sleep idly.

Art. XLI. Heretics called Millenarii.

XLII. All men shall not be saved at length.

B. Clauses in other Articles.

III. "For the body lay in the sepulchre until the resurrection, but his ghost departing from him was with the ghosts that were in prison, or in hell, and did preach to the same, as the place of St. Peter doth testify.

VI. "Although it be sometimes received of the faithful as godly and profitable for an order and comeliness."

IX. "Which also the Anabaptists do nowadays renew."

XVII. "Though the decrees of predestination are unknown to

us."

XXV. “Our Lord Jesus Christ hath knit together a company of new people with sacraments, most few in number, most easy to be kept, most excellent in signification, as is Baptism and the Lord's Supper."

"And yet that not of the work wrought [ex opere operato], as some men speak, which word, as it is strange and unknown to Holy Scripture, so it engendereth no godly but a very superstitious sense.”

Art. XXVIII." Forasmuch as the truth of man's nature requireth that the body

of one and the self-same man cannot be at one time in diverse places, but must needs be in some one certain place: therefore the body of Christ cannot be present at one time in many and diverse places. And because (as Holy Scripture doth teach) Christ was taken up into heaven, and there shall continue unto the end of the world, a faithful man ought not either to believe or openly to confess the real and bodily presence (as they term it) of Christ's flesh and blood in the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper."

XXXVII. "The Civil Magistrate is ordained and allowed of God: wherefore

we must obey him, not only for fear of punishment, but also for conscience' sake."

1 Parker, in his preliminary revision, omitted this clause, but substituted for it the following, which was rejected by the Synod: "Christus in cœlum ascendens, corpori suo immortalitatem dedit, Naturam non abstulit; humanæ enim naturæ veritatem (juxta Scripturas) perpetuo retinet, quam uno et definito loco esse, et non in multa, vel omnia simul loca diffundi oportet. Quum igitur Christus in cœlum sublatus, ibi usque ad finem seculi sit permansurus, atque inde, non aliunde (ut loquitur Augustinus) venturus sit, ad judicandum vivos et mortuos, non debet quisquam fidelium, carnis ejus, et sanguinis, realem et corporalem (ut loquuntur) presentiam in Eucharistia vel credere, vel profiteri."