died at Paris, in 1588. His principal collection of verses is entitled Joannis Aurati, Lemovici, Poetæ et interpretis Regii, Poematia, &c. Paris, 1586, 8vo. He deserves commendation as one of the revivers of Greek literature in France, and in that character his memory was honoured, in 1775, by an éloge, written by the abbé Vitrac, professor of polite literature at Limoges.

DAUSQUE, or DAUSQUEIUS, (Claudius,) a learned Jesuit, born at St. Omer, in 1566, and became canon of Tournay. He wrote, Antiqui novique Latii Orthographica, Tournay, 1632, fol. Terra et Aqua, seu Terræ fluctuantes, Tournay, 1633, 4to. The small floating isles near St. Omer furnished the idea of this work, in which there are many curious observations on marine productions. He also translated into Latin the Orations of St. Basil of Seleucia, with notes, 1604, 8vo; and published an edition of Quintus Calaber, 1614, 8vo. He died in 1644.

DAVAL, (Peter,) a lawyer and mathematician, known for his translation of the Memoirs of Cardinal de Retz, which were printed in 1723, 12mo, with a dedication to Congreve, who encouraged the publication. In the dispute concerning elliptical arches, at the time when Blackfriars bridge was built, application was made by the committee for his opinion on the subject; and his answer may be seen in the London Magazine for March 1760. He also published, in 1761, A Vindication of the New Calendar Tables, and Rules annexed to the Act for regulating the Commencement of the Year, &c. 4to. He died in 1763.

DAVANZATI, (Bernard,) a Florentine writer, born in 1529, and principally known for his translation of Tacitus. He also published an elegant work on Tuscan Agriculture, and a History of the English Schism, which last is said to be an abridged translation of that of the Jesuit Sanders. His Notitia de' Cambi, or Account of Exchanges, is one of the earliest pieces on that subject. He died in 1606.

DAVEN, (Leon,) an engraver, known also by the names of Daris, or Danet. His birthplace is not clearly ascertained, but he flourished about the year 1540, and distinguished himself at Rome and Florence by his admirable plates after the paintings of Primaticcio.

DAVENANT, (John,) a learned English prelate, born in 1576, in Watlingstreet, London, where his father was a

wealthy merchant. He was educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow in 1597. He took his degree of D.D. 1609, and the same year was elected lady Margaret's divinity professor, which he held till 1621, and in 1614 he was chosen master of his college. His learning recommended him to James I. who sent him with other eminent divines to the synod of Dort in 1618, and he was in 1621 raised to the see of Salisbury. In 1631, however, he incurred the displeasure of Charles I. by maintaining the doctrines of predestination in a sermon he preached before his majesty at Whitehall. While he was at the synod of Dort he inclined to the doctrine of universal redemption, and was for a middle way between the two extremes; maintaining the certainty of the salvation of a certain portion of the elect, and that offers of pardon were sent not only to all that should believe and repent, but to all that heard the gospel ; that grace sufficient to convince and persuade the impenitent (so as to lay the blame of their condemnation upon themselves) went along with these offers; that the redemption of Christ and his merits were applicable to these; and consequently there was a possibility of their salvation. He published,—1. Expositio Epistolæ D. Pauli ad Colossenses, fol. It is the substance of lectures read by Davenant as lady Margaret professor. 2. Prælectiones de duobus in Theologia Controversis Capitibus; de Judice Controversiarum, primo; de Justitia habituali et actuali, altero, Cantab. 1631, fol. 3. Determinationes Quæstionum quarundam Theologicarum, &c. fol. 1634. 4. Animadversions upon a Treatise lately published by S. Hoard, and entitled, God's Love to Mankind, manifested by disproving his absolute decree for their damnation, Camb. 1641, 8vo. Bishop Davenant died in 1641.

DAVENANT, (Sir William,) a distinguished dramatic poet, and manager of the theatre in the reigns of Charles I. and II. He was the son of a tavernkeeper at Oxford, where he was born in 1605. He was entered a member of Lincoln college; but his stay in the university appears to have been short. His disposition led him to try his fortune at court, and he first appeared there as page to the duchess of Richmond, a lady of great influence and fashion. He afterwards resided in the family of Fulke Greville, lord Brooke, himself a poet, and a patron of literature. The death of that noble

man, in 1628, deprived Davenant of a valuable protector. But he soon after brought his first tragedy, named Albovine, upon the stage, with such success that he was thenceforth admitted to the familiar acquaintance of the principal wits about court. He partook of the laxity of manners usually prevalent in such a circle; an unfortunate consequence of which was an injury to his countenance, by the falling in of his nose, that afforded his rivals a perpetual topic of malicious allusion. He successfully cultivated his talents for dramatic composition by supplying a fund of pieces for the entertainment of the court; among which were several of the kind called masques, in the representation of which not only some of the principal nobility, but even the king and queen, took an occasional part. In 1637 he succeeded Ben Jonson as poet laureate, but his attachment to the king's person produced an accusation against him, and he was charged with an attempt to seduce the army. He was bailed, and immediately withdrew to France; and afterwards, on his return, he was knighted by the king, at the siege of Gloucester, in 1643. At the beginning of the civil troubles he again retired to France, where, probably to please the Court, he changed his religion, and, in consequence of the weight he thus acquired, he was, in 1646, commissioned confidentially by the queen to persuade Charles to give up the Church of England for his security; an intimation which highly displeased the king, who forbade Davenant ever to appear before him again. Upon his return to Paris, in order to divert his chagrin, he laid the plan of his heroic poem of Gondibert, and began to compose it in the Louvre, where he lived with lord Jermyn. The queen afterwards employed him to transport some artificers from France to Virginia; but the ship was seized by the English cruisers, and Davenant was thrown into prison, and threatened with prosecution and death; from which, however, the friendship and interference of Milton and others saved him. After two years' confinement in the Tower he was liberated; and now, to maintain himself, he began, as dramas were considered profane, to exhibit moral virtues in verse, and to perform in recitative music. At the restoration he obtained a patent for acting plays in Lincoln's-inn-fields, and made a commencement with his own play, entitled The Siege of Rhodes, for which

he provided decorations and scenery after the model of what he had seen in the French theatres. He had also the credit of bringing out that excellent actor, Betterton. He died in 1668, aged sixtythree, and was interred in Westminsterabbey, where these words record his name, "O rare Sir William Davenant." His works were published by his widow in 1673, and dedicated to James, duke of York.

DAVENANT, (Charles,) eldest son of the preceding, was born in 1656, and educated at Cheam, Surrey, and Balliol college, Oxford. He took no degree, and at the age of nineteen he distinguished himself by the acting of the only tragedy he wrote, Circe, which appeared with great applause at the duke of York's theatre. From the theatre, however, where he had some interest from the property left by his father, he turned his thoughts to civil law, and had the degree of doctor conferred on him by the university of Cambridge. He served for St. Ives in the parliament of 1685, and in 1698 and 1700 for Great Bedwin. He was appointed by James II. to inspect all plays, and preserve the decorum of the stage; and he afterwards held for sixteen years the office of commissioner of excise, and lastly that of inspector-general of the exports and imports till his death in 1714. Though some of his pamphlets drew upon him the attacks of able opponents, yet his abilities were universally acknowledged, and his opinion was always highly respected. His first political work was an Essay upon the Ways and Means of supplying the War, 1695, and he treated the subject in so masterly a manner, that whatever he afterwards wrote was read with avidity. His other works are all upon political and financial subjects. They were collected and revised by Sir Charles Whitworth, in five vols, 8vo, 1771.

DAVENANT, (William,) fourth son of Sir William, was educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, where he took his degree of M.A. 1680, and entered into orders. He translated into English, La Mothe le Vayer's Animadversions on Greek and Latin Historians. He was unfortunately drowned, as he was swimming for his diversion in the summer of 1681.

DAVENPORT, (Christopher,) a learned Englishman, born in 1598 at Coventry, where he received his grammar education. He entered at Merton college, Oxford, and two years after went

to Douay and Ypres, where he changed his religion, and assumed the habit of a Franciscan. He afterwards travelled into England under the name of Sancta Clara, and was chaplain to queen Henrietta. In this office he was very active in advancing the cause of popery, by persuasion as well as by writing; and so formidable did his influence appear, that one of the articles of impeachment against archbishop Laud was his holding conferences with this dangerous Franciscan. During the civil wars Davenport was a fugitive, residing sometime abroad and sometime in London and Oxford; but after the restoration he was appointed chaplain to Catharine of Portugal, consort of Charles II. and he was a third time made provincial of his order in England. He died in 1680. He wrote, among other works, Paraphrastica Expositio Articulorum Confessionis Anglicæ, et Deus, Natura, Gratia, in which he attempted to reconcile the king, the church, and the articles of religion, to the church of Rome.

DAVENPORT, (John,) elder brother to the preceding, was born at Coventry in 1597, and entered at Merton college in 1613. He became a most zealous puritan. After being minister of St. Stephen's, Coleman-street, London, he went to Amsterdam. At the breaking out of the rebellion he returned to England, but soon after embarked for America, where he became minister of Newhaven. He died at Boston in 1669. He wrote A Catechism containing the chief Heads of the Christian Religion, and other theological tracts.

DAVID, (St.) the patron of Wales, was born about the close of the fifth century, in Cardiganshire, and was educated at Bangor. He founded several monasteries in Wales, where his monks maintained themselves by their labour and industry. He governed the see of St. David's sixty-five years, and was buried in the cathedral there. The symbol of the leek attributed to him is supposed to have originated in the custom of Cymhortha, still observed among the farmers of the country, where, in assisting one another in ploughing their land, they bring each their leeks to the common repast of the whole party.

DAVID, an illustrious Armenian philosopher, in the middle of the fifth century. He studied at Athens, and translated some of the works of Plato and Aristotle, and other learned Greeks, which are preserved in the Bibliothèque

du Roi at Paris. His Philosophical Definitions were printed at Constantinople in 1731.

DAVID, (Gantz,) a Jewish historian of the sixteenth century, author of a Hebrew Chronicle, 4to, part of which was translated into Latin by Vossius, with notes, Leyden, 1644, 4to.

DAVID AB GWILLUM, a celebrated Welsh bard, patronized by Ivor the Generous. His poetry, which possessed beauty, fire, and sublimity, was chiefly on subjects of love, and one hundred and forty-seven of his poems were inscribed to the fair Morvid, his mistress, who, however, proved unkind to his merits, and married Rhys Gwgan, an officer, who distinguished himself in the English army at the battle of Crecy. David's works were edited in London in 1789.

DAVID, emperor of Trebizonde, after John his brother, was of the imperial family of the Commeni. He was defeated by Mahomet II., who insolently offered him the choice either of being converted to Mahometanism or to suffer death. He heroically chose death, and suffered in 1461.

DAVID I. earl of Northumberland and Huntingdon, was king of Scotland, after his brother, Alexander the Fierce, 1124. He was brought up in England, and married Maud, the grand-niece of William the Conqueror, and after the death of the first Henry, he maintained with spirit the claims of the empress Maud to the English throne against Stephen. To enforce her pretensions he entered England, and seized Carlisle, which, though conquered afterwards at the battle of North Allerton, 1138, he was permitted to retain. He died at Carlisle, in 1153.

DAVID II. king of Scotland, was son of Robert Bruce, whom he succeeded when five years old. During the invasion of his country by Baliol, he was conveyed to France; but he returned after the defeat of his enemies, in 1342. He was in 1346 taken prisoner by an English army, after a valiant resistance, and sent a close prisoner to the Tower, from which, after a confinement of ten years, he was liberated on paying a heavy ransom. He died in 1371.

DAVID, (George,) a celebrated Flemish fanatic, the son of a waterman of Ghent, who began, about 1525, to give out that he was the true Messiah, the third David, nephew of God, not after the flesh, but after the Spirit. He denied eternal life,

the resurrection, and the last judgment; denounced marriage; and held that the body only could be defiled with sin; and affirmed that it was absurd to believe that there was any sin in denying Jesus Christ; and ridiculed the martyrs for preferring death to apostasy. A prosecution being commenced against him, he fled first to Friesland, and thence to Basle, where he took the name of John Bruck. He died in that city in 1556, promising to his disciples that he should rise again in three days; which, as it happened, was not altogether false; for the magistrates, understanding at length who he was, about that time, dug up his corpse, which, together with his writings, they caused to be burnt by the common executioner.

DAVID, (James Louis,) a celebrated French painter, born at Paris, in 1748. Before the Revolution he held the place of painter to Louis XVI., but he subsequently joined the party of Robespierre, with whom he was closely connected; and on being elected a deputy from Paris to the national convention, he voted for the death of his former royal patron. During the reign of terror, David was a member of the committee of public safety, and in 1794 he presided at the convention. On the fall of Robespierre he was several times denounced as one of his most dangerous accomplices, and after suffering imprisonment, he in 1795 again joined the terrorists. In 1799 he was chosen a member of the National Institute for the class of painting, and in the following year Buonaparte appointed him painter to the government. On the restoration of the Bourbons David was exiled to Brussels, where he continued to paint till his death, which occurred 29th December, 1825. Among the best works of this artist may be noticed, The Coronation of Napoleon, which was exhibited in London in 1822; The Oath of the Horatii, at present in the Luxembourg at Paris; The Death of Socrates, and The Rape of the Sabines.

DAVID DE ST. GEORGE, (John Joseph Alexis,) a French philologist, born at St. Claude, in 1759. He early devoted himself to the study of botany, but subsequently having had his attention drawn to the scheme of De Brosses for tracing the connexion between the roots of all languages, he followed this new pursuit with uncommon ardour, and at his death entrusted the fruits of his laborious investigations to M. Charles Nodier, of Laybach, who has given a

view of the plan in his Prolégomènes de l'Archéologue. David was a member of the Celtic Academy, of that of Besançon, and of several other learned societies; he also translated some English works. He died in 1809.

DAVIDIS, (Francis,) a Hungarian divine of the sixteenth century, who successively embraced the tenets of the Roman Catholics, the Lutherans, the Calvinists, the Unitarians, &c. As he opposed both Socinus and Blandrata, and declared that no worship was due to Christ, he was accused of favouring Judaism, and was in consequence thrown into prison, where he died in 1579.

DAVIDSON, (John,) a celebrated traveller, the son of an opulent tailor in Cork-street, London. In 1814 he was apprenticed to a chemist. But his inclination for travel induced him to quit the business in 1826; and he visited North and South America, India, Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Greece, Italy, France, and Germany. His last expedition was to Africa. In his adventurous effort to reach the city of Timbuctoo, and when about twenty-five days' journey from it, (near the southern confines of the district of Egueda,) he was robbed and murdered by a party of the tribe of El Harib, December 18, 1836. He had inured himself to great bodily privations, and was thoroughly conversant with the languages and customs of the East.

DAVIDSON, (Lucretia Maria,) a young American poetess, of promising talents and singular precocity, born in 1808, at Plattsburgh, on Lake Champlain, of parents in narrow circumstances. She appears to have been self-educated, and had no other opportunities for study than those leisure moments which she was able to steal from domestic occupations. When she was but eleven years old she wrote some stanzas on Washington, and before she was twelve she had read most of the standard English poets, the dramas of Shakspeare, the writings of Kotzebue, history, sacred and profane, and many popular novels and romances. In 1824 she was placed at a school at Troy, whence she was removed to another at Albany. Her mind appears to have been over-wrought by excessive application, which gradually undermined her health, and she died, soon after her return to her native place, in 1825. Her writings were published at New York in 1829, with a biographical sketch by F. L. B. Morse.

DAVIES, (Miles,) a learned Welsh divine, born in Tre'r-Abbot, in Whiteford parish, Flintshire. He was a velement foe to popery, Arianism, and Socinianism, and of the most fervent loyalty to George I. and the Hanoverian succession. Owing to some disgust, he quitted his native place, and probably his profession when he came to London, as he subscribes himself "counsellor-atlaw." Here he commenced author in the humblest form, hawking his books from door to door. Mr. D'Israeli, who has taken much pains to rescue his name from oblivion, suspects that his mind at last became disordered from poverty and disappointment. The most curious of his works consist of some volumes under the general title of Athenæ Britannicæ, 8vo, 1715, &c. a kind of bibliographical, biographical, and critical work, "the greatest part (says Baker, the antiquary,) borrowed from modern historians, but containing some things more uncommon, and not easily to be met with." The author appears to have been well acquainted with English authors, their works and editions, and to have occasionally looked into the works of foreign bibliographers.

DAVIES, (Samuel,) an American dissenting minister, born in 1724, in the county of Newcastle, in Delaware. In 1759 he succeeded Jonathan Edwards as president of the college of New Jersey, which office he held till his death, in 1761. His sermons, in 3 vols, 8vo, were edited by Dr. Gibbons, of London.

DAVIES, (Thomas,) an enlightened and enterprising bookseller, born about 1712. In 1728 and 1729 he was at the university of Edinburgh, completing his education, and became, as Dr. Johnson used to say of him, "learned enough for a clergyman." In 1736 he sustained the part of young Wilmot, in Lillo's tragedy of Fatal Curiosity, at the Haymarket theatre, He afterwards commenced bookseller in Duke's-court, opposite the church of St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, and afterwards in Round-court in the Strand, but met with misfortunes which induced him to return to the theatre. For several years he belonged to various companies at York, Dublin, and other places, particularly at Edinburgh, where he appears to have been at one time manager. At York he married Miss Yarrow, daughter of a performer there, a woman of great beauty and unspotted virtue. In 1753 he returned to London, and with Mrs. Davies was engaged at Drury-lane. Churchill, in

his indiscriminate satire, has attempted to fix some degree of ridicule on Davies's performance, which had the effect of driving him from the stage. About 1762 he again opened a bookseller's shop in Russellstreet, Covent-garden; but in 1778 he became a bankrupt, when all the efforts of his friends might possibly have been fruitless if Dr. Johnson had not exerted himself to the utmost in his behalf. He called upon all over whom he had any influence to assist "Tom Davies ;" and prevailed on Mr. Sheridan, patentee of Drury-lane theatre, to give him a benefit, which he granted on the most liberal terms. In 1780, by a well-timed publication, the Life of David Garrick, which has passed through several editions, Mr. Davies acquired both fame and emolument. He afterwards published Dramatic Miscellanies, in 3 vols; Some Memoirs of Mr. Henderson; A Review of Lord Chesterfield's Characters; A Life of Massinger; Lives of Dr. John Eachard, Sir John Davies, and Mr. Lillo. He died in 1785, and was buried, by his own desire, in the vault of St. Paul, Covent-garden.

DAVIES, (John,) a learned Welsh divine, born at Llanveres, in Denbighshire, and educated at Ruthin school, by William Morgan, afterwards bishop of St. Asaph. He was of Jesus college, and afterwards of Lincoln college, Oxford, where he took his first degree in arts in the year 1593. He afterwards retired into the country to study divinity, and, being admitted into orders, was inducted into the rectory of Malloyd, or Mainlloyd, in Merionethshire, and was made a canon of St. Asaph. His character was held in high estimation for his proficiency in the Greek and Hebrew languages, the exactness of his critical talents, and the intimacy of his acquaintance with the antiquities of his country. His works are, Antiquæ Linguæ Britannicæ nunc communiter dictæ CambroBritannicæ, a suis Cymræcæ, vel Cambricæ, ab aliis Wallicæ, Rudimenta, &c. 1621, 8vo. Dictionarium BritannicoLatinum, 1632, folio; with which is printed, Dictionarium Latino-Britannicum, left in an unfinished state by Thomas Williams, a physician, in 1600, and completed by Davies. Adagia Britannica, and Authorum Britannicorum Nomina et quando floruerunt, 1632, both printed at the end of the dictionary abovementioned. He also assisted William Morgan and Richard Parry, successive bishops of Llandaff, in making that ver