a title which he afterwards altered to I Capricci del Bottaio; La Circe, which has been translated into Latin, French, and English, the last by Barker, London, 1599, 12mo; Le Lettioni nell' Academia Fiorentina, which are dissertations upon the poems of Dante and Petrarch; Ragionamento sopra le Difficulta del Mettere in Regole la nostra Lingua; these are letters upon the Inferno of Dante, an author whom he greatly admired.

GELLIBRAND, (Henry,) professor of astronomy at Gresham College, born in London, in 1597, and educated at Trinity college, Oxford. He took orders, and became curate of Chiddingstone, in Kent; but having conceived a strong inclination for mathematics, by hearing one of Sir Henry Savile's lectures in that science, he relinquished clerical duty, and on the death of his father returned to Oxford, where he prosecuted his mathematical studies with uncommon diligence. Here he attracted the notice of Briggs, then lately appointed Savilian professor of geometry, who recommended him to the trustees of Gresham College, as a fit successor to Gunter in the professorship of astronomy. He was elected January 22, 1627. Briggs dying in 1630, before he had finished his Trigonometria Britannica, recommended the completing and publishing of that work to Gellibrand. While he was engaged in this task, his servant, William Beale, by his encouragement, published an almanac for the year 1631, in which the Popish saints, usually put into our calendar, and the Epiphany, Annunciation, &c. were omitted; and the names of other saints and martyrs, mentioned in the Book of Martyrs, were placed in their room, as they stand in Fox's calendar. This gave offence to Dr. Laud, who, being then bishop of London, cited both Gellibrand and Beale into the high-commission court. But when the cause came to a hearing, it appeared that other almanacs of the same kind had formerly been printed; on which plea they were acquitted by archbishop Abbot and the whole court, Laud only excepted; which was afterwards made one of the articles against him at his own trial. Gellibrand completed Briggs's work in 1632; and had it printed by Adrian Vlacq, at Gouda, in Holland, in 1633, fol. It was entitled Trigonometria Britannica, sive de Doctrinâ Triangulorum, Libri duo, &c., fol. Gellibrand, however, though an industrious mathematician, had not sufficient sagacity to abandon the Ptolemaic for the Copernican system. He wrote several

works tending to the improvement of navigation, which would probably have been further advanced by him, had his life been continued longer; but he was prematurely carried off by a fever in 1636, in his thirty-ninth year, and was buried in the church of St. Peter-le-Poor, in Old Broad-street, London. He wrote, An Appendix concerning Longitude, 1633, reprinted in Harris's Voyages; A Discourse Mathematical, on the Variation of the Magnetic Needle: together with the admirable diminution lately discovered, 1635; An Institution Trigonometrical, explaining the dimensions of plane and spherical triangles, by sines, tangents, secants, and logarithms, &c.; and A Latin Oration in praise of the Astronomy of Gassendus.

GELLIUS, AULUS, was born at Rome in the beginning of the second century, in the reign of Trajan. He studied grammar under Sulpitius Apollinaris, and rhetoric under Titus Castritius, Cornelius Fronto, and Antonius Julianus. He went early to Athens, where he lived on terms of familiarity with Calvisius Taurus, Peregrinus Protus, and the celebrated Herodes Atticus; there also he studied philosophy under Phavorinus, and began his Noctes Atticæ. After traversing the greater part of Greece he returned to Rome, where he applied himself to the law, and was appointed a judge. His Attic Nights contain a curious collection of observations on a variety of subjects, and are valuable for preserving many facts not elsewhere to be found. Of the twenty books of the Noctes Atticæ all are extant, except the eighth and the beginning of the seventh. They were printed for the first time at Rome in 1469; the most valuable editions are, the Bipont., 2 vols, 8vo, 1784; that of Gronovius, 4to, 1706; and that of Lion, 2 vols, 8vo, Göttingen, 1824. The work has been translated into English by Beloe, 3 vols, 8vo, London, 1795; and into French, by Douzé de Verteuil, 3 vols, 12mo, Paris, 1776, 1777. The Delphin edition, by Proust, appeared in 1681, 4to.

GELON, king of Syracuse, first distinguished himself in arms under Hippocrates, king of Gela. At the death of that prince he seized upon the sovereignty of Gela (B.c. 491), and soon after made himself master of Syracuse. Fixing in this city the seat of his power, he added to its inhabitants by the dispeopling of Camarina, and extending its territories by conquests over the neighbouring people. When Xerxes invaded Greece, the Car

thaginians sent a very formidable army, amounting, it is said, to 300,000 men, into Sicily, under Hamilcar, where they were attacked by Gelon, near Himera, and entirely defeated (B.c. 480). Gelon had hitherto governed Syracuse under the title of prætor alone; but after this success the people by acclamation hailed him there as king, and passed a decree settling the crown after his death upon his brothers Hiero and Thrasybulus. They caused a statue of him to be erected in the simple garb of a citizen; which had the singular fate of being spared at the time when all the other statues of Syracusan kings were condemned to be melted down, at the recovery of liberty under Timoleon. He died about B.C. 478. GEMELLI CARRERI, (John Francis,) a celebrated voyager, and writer of travels, born at Naples in 1651. He made a tour through Europe in 1683, of which he published a relation in one volume. In 1693 he undertook a voyage round the world, which he completed in 1698; and of this he published an account, under the title of Giro del Mondo, in 1700, in 6 vols, 12mo, which was several times re-edited, and was translated into French and English. He is said to have made the circuit of the globe in five years and a half.

GEMIGNANO, (Vincenzio di San,) a painter, born at San Gemignano, in Tuscany, in 1490. He was instructed by Raphael, and was by that great master employed at several works in the Vatican. He died in 1530.

GEMINIANI, (Francesco,) a fine performer on the violin, and a distinguished composer, born at Lucca, about 1666. He was the pupil of Lunati, Scarlatti, and Corelli. In 1714 he came to England, and two years after published twelve sonatas, a Violino, Violone, e Cembalo, which he performed before George I., while Handel accompanied him on the harpsichord. In 1727 the earl of Essex procured him the offer of the place of master and composer of the state music in Ireland; but this, not being tenable by one of the Romish communion, he declined. He afterwards converted six of Corelli's solos, and as many of his sonatas, into concertos for a band; he also published six concertos of his own composition, and many other pieces. Geminiani had, unfortunately for himself, a great passion for purchasing pictures, which, to supply his wants, he afterwards sold at a loss. His second set of solos, commonly called his French

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Solos, appeared in 1739; his third set in 1741. In 1742 he printed his Guida Armonica, o Dizionario Armonico, being a sure Guide to Harmony and Modulation, &c. His next work was a Treatise on Good Taste, and Rules for playing in Good Taste; which was followed by his Art of Playing on the Violin, 1748. Soon after this period he went to Paris, where he staid some time, and had his concertos newly engraved. He returned in 1755 with these, and some old pictures, the latter of which were his favourite topics of conversation. About 1756 he published a very singular composition, called The Enchanted Forest, in which he vainly endeavoured to represent by mere sound all the events of the fine episode in the thirteenth canto of Tasso's Jerusalem. His other works were two books of Harpsichord Pieces, and two books on the Art of Accompaniment. In 1761 he went over to Ireland to visit his pupil Dubourg, who had been made master of the king's band in Ireland upon Geminiani's refusing it, and who always had for him an affectionate esteem. It is supposed that his death was accelerated there the next year, by the loss of an elaborate treatise on music, which he had been many years compiling, and which, by the treachery of a female servant, was conveyed out of his room, and could never be recovered. Surviving this loss but a short time, he died at Dublin in 1762, at the age of ninety-six. Dr. Burney sums up Geminiani's character by saying, that "he was a great master of harmony, and very useful to our country in his day; but though he had more variety of modula. tion, and more skill in diversifying his parts, than Corelli, his melody was even inferior, and there is frequently an irregularity in his measures and phraseology, and a confusion in the effect of the whole, which gives to each of his compositions the effect of a rhapsody, or extemporaneous flight, rather than a polished and regular production." He allows, however, that his sixth concerto of the second set is the most perfect and pleasing composition of the kind.

GEMINUS, or GEMINIE, (Thomas,) a painter and engraver, a native of England, where he lived about the year 1540. He published a translation of Vesalius on Anatomy, which he illustrated with engravings on copper taken from the original wooden cuts of the first edition which appeared in Padua. This work Geminus dedicated to Henry VIII. He also published an illustrated work on Midwifery.

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GEMISTUS, (George,) an eminent Greek philosopher, called also Pletho, born at Constantinople in 1390. He was a zealous Platonician, and a strenuous defender of the Greek church against the Latins. He was the first Greek who gave occasion to the revival of Platonism in Italy, where he made many illustrious converts, and was the means of laying the foundation of a Platonic academy at Florence. He afterwards returned to Greece, where he died at the advanced age of nearly one hundred and one years. He wrote, Explanation of the Magic Oracles of Zoroaster; in this he gives an elegant compendium of the whole Platonic philosophy; On the Virtues; On the difference between the Platonic and Aristotelian Philosophy; Natural Arguments concerning God. He had a profound acquaintance with Grecian history, as appears by his De iis quæ post Pugnam ad Mantinæam gesta sunt, printed with the Venice edition of Herodian, 1503, fol., and with the Aldus Xenophon of the same year.

GEMMA, (Reinier,) sometimes called Gemma Frisius, a Dutch physician, born at Dockum, in Friesland, in 1508. He was medical professor at Louvain, where he died in 1555. He was esteemed one of the best astronomers of his age; and wrote several works on that science, and other branches of mathematics, among which the principal are, Methodus Arithmetica; Demonstrationes Geometricæ de Usu Radii Astronomici; De Astrolabio Catholico Liber. His son, CORNELIUS, born at Louvain in 1535, became royal professor of medicine in his native place in 1569, through the appointment of the duke of Alba; but he died a few years afterwards of the plague, in 1577.

GEMMA, (Giambattista,) a physician of Venice, who studied under Trincavelli. He was physician to Sigismond III. king of Poland and Sweden. He died in 1581. He wrote Methodus rationalis curandi Bubonis, &c. Gratz, 1584; Venice, 1602, 8vo. This work contains a description of the plague that desolated Venice in 1575 and 1576.

GENDRE. See LEGENDRE. GENDRON, (Claude Deshais,) a celebrated French physician, born at Beauce in 1663. He was physician to the duke of Orleans, regent of France. He acquired great celebrity by his skill in the cure of cancers, and disorders of the eyes. He died in 1750, at Auteuil, near Paris, in the house which had formerly belonged to his friend Boileau. He wrote, Re

cherches sur la Nature et la Guérison du Cancer, Paris, 1700, 12mo.

GENEBRARD, (Gilbert,) a celebrated Benedictine of the order of Cluny, born at Riom, in Auvergne, in 1537. He studied at Paris, where he learned Greek under Turnebius, philosophy under Carpentier, and theology under Claude de Saintes. His application was incessant, and his progress was rapid in the different branches of learning and science, particularly in the learned languages and theology. In 1563 he was admitted to the degree of doctor of divinity by the college of Navarre, and was afterwards appointed regius-professor of the Hebrew language. This post he filled for thirteen years with distinguished reputation, and had, among other eminent disciples, the celebrated Francis de Sales, who was accustomed to glory in having enjoyed the instructions of so great a master. He was also preferred to the priory of St. Denys de la Chartre, at Paris, and to the priory of Semur in Burgundy. In 1576 he was so incensed at being disappointed in his expectations of obtaining the bishopric of Lavaur, by the intrigues of the president De Pibrac, that he became thenceforth hostile to the court, and joined the party of the league. The writings which he published against those who supported the measures of the court and the reformed religion were uncommonly bitter and furious. They were so congenial, however, with the spirit of the league, that the duke de Mayenne, the head of that body, nominated the author to the archbishopric of Aix, to which he was consecrated in 1593. Here he still continued his hostility to the court, and declaimed in his sermons against the king, even when the cause of his own party was become hopeless. When the league was finally broken, and the whole kingdom had submitted to Henry IV., Genebrard retired to Avignon, where he published a treatise De Sacrarum Electionum Jure, ad Ecclesiæ Romanæ Redintegrationem; in which he maintained that the elections of bishops belong of right to the clergy and people, and argued acutely, but at the same time violently and abusively, against the nominations of kings and princes. For publishing this book he was prosecuted before the parliament of Aix, who in 1596 decreed that it should be burnt by the hands of the common executioner, and, after depriving the author of his see, condemned him to banishment from the kingdom, prohibiting his return to it on pain of

death. Afterwards they permitted him to retire to his priory at Semur, where he died in 1597, and the following verse was inscribed upon his tomb:

"Urna capit cineres, nomen non orbe tenetur.”

He wrote, among other works, A Sacred Chronology, 8vo; Notes upon the Scripture; A Commentary upon the Psalms, 8vo, in which he particularly applies himself to reconcile the Hebrew text with the vulgar Latin; A Translation of the Canticles into Iambic Verse; An Introduction to the Reading of Hebrew and the other Eastern Languages without Points; Notes upon the Hebrew Grammar. He published an edition of Origen's Works, with a Latin version, 1578; and a translation into French of The Works of Josephus, in 2 vols, 8vo.

GENESIUS, (Josephus,) one of the Byzantine historians, who flourished about 940, and, by order of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, wrote a history of Constantinople, in four books, from Leo the Armenian, to Basilius the Macedonian. It was printed, in a very careless manner, at Venice, in 1733, by Pasquali, in the 23d volume of his edition of the Byzantine historians.

GENEST, (Charles Claude,) a French poet and philosopher, born at Paris in 1639. In his youth he resolved to go to the Indies to seek his fortune; but the ship in which he sailed being taken by the English, he was brought to London, where he supported himself for some time by teaching French. On his return to France, he was made preceptor to mademoiselle de Blois, afterwards duchess of Orleans, to whom he became almoner. He was next appointed secretary to the duke of Maine, and was presented by Louis XIV. to the abbacy of St. Vilmer, in the diocese of Boulogne. He entered the French Academy in 1698, and died in 1719. He wrote, Principes de Philosophie, 1716, 8vo; an indifferent poetical exposition of the philosophy of Des Cartes; Occasional Pieces of Poetry; and A Dissertation upon Pastoral, in prose. He also wrote four tragedies, two of which, Penelope and Joseph, were much ad

mired.

GENET, (Francis,) a French prelate and casuist, born at Avignon, in 1640. He was at first a disciple of Scotus, but afterwards became zealously attached to the philosophy and theology of Aquinas. He also applied to the study of the canon law, and was admitted to the degree of doctor in civil and canon law at Avignon.

He wrote, Morale de Grenoble, in 6 vols, 12mo. It has undergone various impressions, of which the best was published in the year 1715, in 8 vols, 12mo. A Latin translation of it was published in 1702, by the abbé Genet, the author's brother. Soon after its publication pope Innocent XI. created the author canon and prebendary of the cathedral church at Avignon; and in 1685 appointed him bishop of Vaison. He died in 1702.

GENGA, (Girolamo,) a painter, born at Urbino, in 1476. After studying for several years under Luca Signorelli of Cortona, he became the fellow student of his townsman, Raffaelle, at the school of Perugino, and contracted with that prince of painters a lasting friendship. He excelled in perspective and architecture, and was employed by the duke of Urbino to paint the scenery of his theatre. He afterwards painted at Rome, Florence, and Sienna, and in the church of Santa Caterina, in the last-named city, is his great picture of the Resurrection. He died in 1551.

GENGA, (Bartolomeo,) son of the preceding, born at Cesena in 1518, became eminent as an architect. He was employed by the duke of Urbino in the construction of various edifices and public works; and was invited by the grand master of Rhodes to superintend the fortifications of Malta, where he died in 1558.

GENGIS KHAN, sovereign of the Moguls and Tartars, and whose original name was Temugin, was the son of a Mogul chief, named Pisoucay, or Yesoucay, and was born in 1164, at Blun Yulduck, in Tartary. When he was in his fourteenth year his father died; and his dominions were immediately afterwards invaded by the neighbouring princes, before whom he was compelled to retreat, and to take refuge under the protection of Oungh, better known by the name of Prester John, the khan of the Keraites, with whom he remained for many years, and whose daughter he received in marriage. After some time he quitted the court of his father-in-law, who marched against him, but was signally defeated, (1202,) and was deprived by him of his dominions. After a series of brilliant successes, he was at length (1205) proclaimed sovereign of the Moguls and Tartars. In 1210 he invaded China, the northern provinces of which he annexed to his empire in 1213, after having married a daughter of the emperor, and taken the city of Pekin. In 1218 he

inflicted signal chastisement upon Mohammed Koth-bed-deen, king of Carizme, who had caused some Mogul ambassadors and merchants to be murdered at Otrar, on the Jaxartes. Against this powerful prince Gengis Khan marched with an incredibly numerous host, and compelled him to retreat. He afterwards sacked the city of Balkh, subdued Khorasan, conquered successively the several provinces of Persia, and reduced the most fertile regions of Asia. In 1225 he defeated the king of Tangut, but was suddenly cut off, on the 24th of August, 1227, just as he was entering the borders of China, against the southern provinces of which he was marching with designs of conquest. His vast dominions were divided between his three sons. His code of laws, entitled Isa Gengis Khani, is still known in Asia.

GENLIS, (Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de Saint Aubin, countess de,) distinguished for her literary acquirements, and for the inexhaustible fecundity of her pen, was born at Champcéri, near Autun, in Burgundy, in 1746, of a respectable family in moderate circumstances. At seven years of age she was received as a canoness into the chapter of Alix, from which period until her marriage she bore the title of countess de Bourbon Lancy. At this time she had made considerable proficiency in music and singing, and evinced a singular precocity of talent in composition. At twelve years of age she accompanied her mother to Paris, where she was speedily introduced into refined society, whose admiration she attracted by her varied accomplishments, and especially by her skill in playing upon the harp. In her seventeenth year she married the count de Genlis. In 1782 she was chosen to superintend the education of his children, by the duke de Chartres, whose father, the duke of Orleans, had privately married her aunt, madame de Montesson. She wrote for the use of her pupils, (one of whom was Louis Philippe, the present king of the French,) several useful, and still popular works; among these are, Les Veillées du Château; Les Annales de la Vertu; Le Théâtre d'Education; and Adèle et Théodore. It was about this period that she adopted an orphan, named Pamela, (afterwards lady Fitzgerald) in whom the duke of Chartres took an interest scarcely less than paternal; which gave occasion to certain comments unfavourable to the character of madame de Genlis. After the breaking out of the Revolution, of which

she was at first a partisan, and of some of whose stirring and distressing scenes she was an applauding witness, she was obliged to flee successively to England, Belgium, Switzerland, and finally to Hamburgh, where she wrote her very reprehensible work, entitled Les Chevaliers du Cygne. This was followed soon after by her Précis de la Conduite de Madame de Genlis. Under the consulate she returned to France, and became the panegyrist of Buonaparte, who entertained a favourable opinion of her talents, and assigned her a pension of 6000 francs, and apartments in the Arsenal. She wrote about this time De l'Influence des Femmes sur la Littérature, in which she assails some of the literati of France, especially Suard, Auger, and Ginguené, and does not spare some writers of her own sex, especially madame de Staël and madame Cottin. After the Restoration she wrote in defence of monarchy and of religion.

Her celebrated work, Les Dîners du Baron d'Holbach, in which she exposes the intrigues of the so-called philosophers of the eighteenth century, caused a great sensation. She also wrote, Dictionnaire Critique et Raisonné des Etiquettes de la Cour, 2 vols, 8vo, 1818. When she was past eighty years of age she wrote her Memoirs. She lived to see the events of July 1830, and her former pupil raised to the throne. She died on the 31st of December, 1830, aged eightyfour. Her works have been published in 84 vols, 12mo.

GENNADIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, succeeded Anatolius in 458. He held a synod in 459. He wrote a Commentary on Daniel, and many Homilies; but none of his works are extant except a circular epistle against simony, inserted in vol. iv. of the Collect. Concil. and a fragment of a work against the anathemas of Cyril. He died in 471.

GENNADIUS, of Marseilles, was a presbyter of that city, and flourished about the close of the fifth century, in the reign of Anastasius, and died about the year 492 or 493. He has left a treatise De Dogmatibus Ecclesiasticis, and De Illustribus Ecclesiæ Scriptoribus. Gennadius has been accused of adhering for some time to the errors of Pelagius; but, as Vossius has shown, without foundation.

GENNADIUS, a patriarch of Constantinople, born at the close of the fourteenth century, who, while a layman, attended the council of Florence in 1438, and having vainly resisted the union which the court of Constantinople was