[Read at the meeting of the University Philological Association, December 5, 1884]. The aim of this paper was to give a full and critical account of the manuscripts and the editions of this Anglo-Saxon text; to consider the relation of the MSS. to each other, and to their ultimate sources; and to indicate the lines of inquiry to be pursued in investigating the question of the authorship of the meters.

The history of the MS. Cott. Otho A. 6, was traced in detail. For one complete century after the fire which, on the 23d of October, 1731, proved so disastrous to the Cottonian Library, this MS., reduced to charred and unpromising fragments, lay deposited in a wooden case, while the catalogues of the library, and the editions of the work reported it as "lost." Previous to the year 1839, the Rev. Joseph Stevenson served as an assistant in the British Museum. As nearly as he was able, in a recent interview with the writer, to recall the incident, it was in the year 1834 or 1835 that Sir Henry Ellis, then the principal Librarian, caused to be brought from the garret of the house, then occupied by the library, some of the old débris of the fire of 1731. Among this rubbish were the remains of this Boethian MS., which were put into the hands of Mr. Stevenson and of Mr. John Holmes, also an assistant, for examination. They found the MS. in a most sad condition; the fire had left no trace of the original binding and sewing, and the burnt and fragmentary leaves, thus entirely detached, had become hopelessly confused. Mr. Stevenson, being familiar with Anglo-Saxon, took hold of the black fragments, while Mr. Holmes stood by with a copy of the Latin original; and so they, together, after many days of patient labor, worked out the proper order of the pages, a task attended by extreme difficulties. The MS., thus arranged, was next put, but evidently after the lapse of some years, into the hands of the "restorer" (Mr. Gough), and was finally bound in the year 1814, as is indicated by the note, dated July, 1844, on the fly-leaf of the bound volume. Grein, however, fourteen years later, still writes: "Das einzige Originalmanuscript dieser metra .. ist ein Raub der Flammen geworden."

....

Of this MS., so far as it concerns the text under consideration, several leaves at the beginning and three in the body of the work, are now wanting entirely; there are left 129 leaves, in varying degrees of completeness. The last third of the MS. is little injured, and very legible, The first twothirds are, however, quite different. Here the leaves are reduced to fragments, which contain from one-tenth upwards to almost the whole of the original page. An estimate of what they supply must, however, be placed as high as three-fourths of the original matter. While a goodly number of these fragments are as bright and legible as a fresh print, most of them are so charred and black, so thoroughly cooked and roasted, as to appear, at first sight, quite hopeless. Yet it is found that, in many of the blackest pages, the ink has been baked in with the permanence and lustre of a porcelain polish, and that, by catching the written line under the right conditions of light, every trace may be read. In other places the ink seems to have boiled, and, breaking its appointed bounds, to have stolen into the adjacent fibre of the parchment, leaving upon the surface a blurred impression, difficult to read.

This work has suffered at the hands of its editors, by reason of two fundamental errors committed by them: The prose text has been wrongly based upon the Bodleian MS.; and the Junian transcript, as printed by Rawlinson, has, in all cases, been used in place of the MS. itself.

Something like a century of time separates the two MSS. The late and "corrupt" language of the Bodleian is further injured by the ignorance of an untrustworthy scribe. A text, based upon the earlier Cott. MS., would greatly promote the study of the text.

In the texts of both MSS. there appears a non-West-Saxon dialect in mechanical combination with the original forms. This secondary dialect betrays the hand of the copyists, and belongs to a region bordering upon Kent. In this region the meters were perhaps made and substituted in the line of MSS. to which the Cott. belongs, while, in another branch of transmission, the prose version remained intact.

Junius was not a mechanical copyist. In his transcripts he always allowed himself great freedom in normalizing and emending a text. He was also

capable of misreadings and of misinterpretations. The too exclusive use of his transcript by the editors of the Boethius has kept them too far removed from the MS., and has led to the introduction into the Grammars and Dic tionaries of the language of many forms which have no such existence.

The conflicting theories regarding the authorship of the meters were briefly reviewed, and summarily dismissed as insufficient. The question must be approached from the side of a minute study of the dialect of the entire work. If, as can no longer be doubted, the versifier operated mechanically with the prose version, having no regard to the Latin original, then the dialect of the text so employed, as well as that of the versifier himself, must be determined. If it can be shown that the prose text had already, previous to the versification, taken up dialectic forms; or, on the other hand, if the versifier belonged to this out-lying dialect, the King becomes at once relieved of all responsibility for the meters.

On the Financial History of Athens. By C. D. MORRIS. [Abstract of a paper read at a meeting of the University Philological Association, November 7, 1884].

In this paper an account was given of some recent essays of J. Beloch on the following points: (1) the amount of the tribute paid by the Athenian subject-allies; (2) the temple-treasuries as substitutes for a formal statetreasury at Athens; (3) the amount of the temple-revenues; (4) the pay of the jurors in the Athenian law-courts; (5) the cost of the Peloponnesian war to Athens; (6) the functions of the officers called Poristae. These were seen to be of a very speculative character, being based to a great extent on questionable inferences drawn from fragmentary inscriptions. In regard to the first, for instance, the special purpose of which was to reconcile the statement of Thucydides with that of Diodorus as to the amount of tribute paid by the Athenian allies, it was shown, (1) that the sources of revenue which Beloch supposes Thucydides to have erroneously included in his estimate are in all probability referred to in certain other words which Beloch neglects to quote, and if so, are not really available for the purpose for which he adduces them; (2) that negative inferences drawn from nonoccurrence of names or figures in the inscriptions as we have them are to be made with great caution; since in one instance, at least, in this paper we have positive proof that the conclusion drawn is erroneous.

[Abstract of a paper read at a meeting of the University Philological Association, November 7, 1884.]

Modern etymologists agree in regarding usque as derived from the relative stem quo- and the enclitic que. So Bopp3 II, 208 and Corssen, KZ. III, 292. The latter explains us- as a contraction from ubi-s, i. e., ubi and s the reduced comparative suffix ius; others have since then regarded the s as a 'locative' suffix added to ubi. It is believed that the word has nothing to do with the relative stem, but that it is identical with Vedic áccha 'up to, towards.' The only etymology for this word worth reporting is that given by Benfey in the fourth part of his 'Quantitätsverschiedenheiten in den Sanhita- und Pada- texten,' p. 4; he regards the word as a Prakrit form of *aksā, a Vedic instrumental of aksa 'eye': 'before the eyes.'

Phonetically usque and accha correspond almost perfectly. The groundform is osque (qu being the velar guttural). Latin u Sanskrit a and I. E. o we have in umerus ansa; ferunt = bharanti; equus = açvas. Accha is employed in two very distinct functions: (1) with verbs of speaking; (2) with verbs of motion. In the latter value it coincides quite extensively with the prominent functions of usque, e. g., in the two sentences: Tvám... nadyà indra sártave ácchu samudrám asrjah. 130, 5.)

...

(RV. I,

'Thou, O Indra didst let loose the rivers to flow to the ocean.' In ultimam provinciam se conjecit Tarsum usque. Cicero. Especially noteworthy is the parallelism between the combinations: usque in, usque ad, and ácchă ábhi, acchā ā, acchă ud. Cf. the following pairs of sentences:

1

Tám vaçám. . . acchā á yanti (brahmanah); AV. XII, 4, 14.

'The brahmans come to that wonderful cow.'

Esá stómo marutam çardho úccha rudrásya sünúnr yuvanyúnr úd açyah (RV. V, 42, 15.)

'May this song of praise reach up to host of the Maruts, to the youthful sons of Indra.'

Compare with this: ab imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum. (Cicero.) The relation of usquam to usque is probably that of one case-form of an adverb to another. Cf. Vedic evā: evam; sadā: sadam; kathā: katham; itthā: ittham, Sanskrit purā: Greek ñáроç, etc.

név 'ripe,' and лéñшv 'mild, weak.' By M. BLOOM

FIELD.

[Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the University Philological Association, November 7, 1884.]

The lexicons treat wv in all its meanings as one and the same word, deriving all values from the primary one of 'ripe.' So Liddell and Scott: I: 'ripe' opposed to uós 'raw' II: 'soft, mild, gentle' as e. g., in TέTOV Καπανημάδη (1.5, 109); ὦ πέπον (Π. 6, 55); κριὲ πέπον (Od. 9, 447); finally in a bad sense: soft, weak:' ὦ πέπον, ὦ Μενέλαε (Ι11. 6, 55); TETOVEÇ 'ye weaklings.' Two objections must be made to this development of meanings. First, the word in its supposed primary meaning of 'ripe' does not occur in Homer and Hesiod at all, but appears first in Herodotus in that sense; secondly, the development of the meanings under II, from 'ripe' is not very natural, as we can readily realize from the metaphorical uses of English 'ripe' and German 'reif.'

ETV in the sense of 'ripe' has been identified with Sanskrit pakva 'ripe.' That the meanings under II, must be separated from that under I, was first suggested to me by an old formula in the Taittirīya-sanhitā III, 2, 4, 4: ahe daidhisavya ud atas tisthā'nyasya sadane sida yo'smat pakatarah: 'O Daidhisavya rise from here, seat yourself upon the seat of another who is younger (or weaker) than we are.' This word pāka I identify with έov in its second set of meanings.

Pāka occurs as an adjective in the sense of 'young;' next 'young of an animal,' 'child' e. g., dhenuh pākavatsā 'a cow with a young calf;' then 'simple' both in the sense of 'upright' and in the sense of 'foolish': usátrata' si pákasya' tho hanta' si raksásah, (AV. N. 19, 3.) 'Thou art the protector of the innocent, the slayer of the demon.' Kim te pākah Krnavad ápracetah (RV. X, 7, 6.)

'What good can the fool without intelligence do to you.'

Thus the earlier meanings of Env: 'soft, mild, weak,' belong to this pāka and there is no reason why the phrase кρuè éлov should not be translated 'my little ram,' or why the use of the word in the phrase & έoves is not directly equivalent to the use of pākatara in the formula from the Täittiriya-sanhitā.

and πέπων =

As far as the form of the Greek words are concerned both έTWV = pakva, pāka have been transferred to the weak declension (n-declension), cf. upon this subject Osthoff Forschungen, II, pp. 13–29.

On the Etymology of Elixir. By CYRUS ADLER.

[Abstract of a paper read at the meeting of the University Philological Association, December 5, 1884.]

The usual etymology of the word elirir is that it is composed of the Arabic article el and iksir, an Arabic word meaning "philosopher's stone." This

etymology was very wide-spread [cf. Phillip's "New World of Words or Universal English Dictionary," (6th Ed., London, 1706); Johnson's Dictionary; Skeat's Etymological Dictionary, (1882); the article on Alchemy in the Encyclopædia Britannica, (9th Ed.); Wiegand's Deutsches Wörterbuch, (according to him elixir came into German in the 17th century out of late middle Latin); Brachet's Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue Française; Petri's Handbuch der Fremdwörter in der deutschen Schrift-und umgangssprache, (13th Ed., by Emanuel Samostz, Leipzig, 1880); Schiller's Dictionnaire d' Etymologie Française; Tommaseo's Dizionario della Lingua Italiana, Turin, 1865; and the 1874 edition of the Dictionary of the French Academy.]

To this etymology Hammer-Purgstall gave his unqualified assent. There was some disposition, however, to look to another language. Thus the Webster of 1828 treats it along with elixation from Latin elixo, while in the Dictionaire Provençal Français (Digne, 1847,) it is derived from Greek *άλκω οἱ ἀλέξω. Presently liksir began to be examined from the Arabic point of view. It is placed by the Arabic lexicographers as a derivative of the stem kasara to break. Dozy (Supplement aux dictionnaires Arabes) declared that 'iksir was unoriginal in Arabic and was a formation from Greek Enpóv, ξήριον, a dry drug." Fleischer (Z. D. M. G., Vol. XXX, p. 536,) referred it to a Coptic word scala. Many lexicographers adopted the derivation of the Arabic word from the Greek on the authority of Dozy, still regarding el as the article. This notion is not original with Dozy. We find it in Bochart (London, 1661,) and quoted by Skinner in his Etymologicon Linguae Anglicanae (London, 1671). We find it adopted on the authority of Dozy by Wedgewood (London, 1872), by the Imperial Dictionary (London, 1882); by Skeat in the supplement to his Etymological Dictionary, just published; by Devic (Dictionnaire Etymologique des mots Français d'origine orientale); by Diez, who remarks, "Aus Latein elixus welches andere aufstellen, würde sich die endung ir nicht erklären (Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Romanischen Sprachen). Most enthusiastic is F. Gildemeister (article on Alchemy, Z. D. M. G., Vol. XXX), who declares "das iksir das griechisch Epiov sei, ist unzweifelhaft. According to this derivation the elif must be prosthetic and the word a formation of the fourth conjugation. Such a noun must, however, have the form iksar, and the simple fact has been overlooked that the form 'if'il has no existence in Arabic. Then again, in regard to el, which all have agreed is the Arabic article. That an Arab would take the sound el for the article there can be no doubt, but Arabic words which have come into European languages with the article always possess it in the form al. Thus Devic's work (cited above) contains forty-seven words in which the article appears as al, elixir being the only exception. The same is true of English. The New Dictionary of the English Philological Society contains forty words with al, and in our ordinary dictionaries elixir is again the sole exception. If then iksir cannot be an Arabic form, even as manufactured from a foreign word, and if it is very improbable that el is the Arabic article, we cannot help concluding that the foreign word from which 'iksir was taken must have possessed it in that form, in other words the Arabs must have taken the word elixir as it stood, and regarded el as the article (just as they made Iskander out of Alexander), and iksir as the word proper. On no other supposition is the form explainable. The word seems to have two distinct sets of meanings existing side by side, and perhaps an accurate determination of the period at which the different meanings came in would assist in its etymology. Chaucer used it as the philosopher's stone (Canterbury Tales, 1. 17, 262); Milton uses it in the sense of essence (Paradise Lost, III, 607); Ben Jonson in his play, The Alchemist, makes it a medicine (Act II, Scene I, Act III, Scene II). From this meaning, too, no doubt, comes the French slang Elixir de Huzzard, poor brandy. Where the form elixir is to be derived from, is a difficult matter. Latin elixus would furnish the meaning well enough, but as Diez says, from this form the ending ir cannot come. Many Latin verbs make their infinitive in Portuguese in ir, but none of the first conjugation.

Land Laws of Mining Districts. By CHARLES HOWARD SHINN. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Politi cal Science. Second Series, No. 12. pp. 69. December, 1881.

Some part of the material here presented will re-appear in a volume entitled "Mining Camps, a Study in American Frontier Government," which will be published early in 1885 by Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Portions of this work were read last year before the "Historical and Political Science Association" of the Johns Hopkins University. An article upon "California Mining Camps," in the "Overland Monthly" for August, 1884, one upon The Golden Prime of Forty-Nine" (illustrated), which appeared in the "Magazine of American History" for November, and one upon "Enactments of the Early Miners," in the Overland for December, comprise the author's publications in this field.

Mr. Shinn's investigation, of which the above essay is a portion, is primarily a study of mining commonwealths, and of their original contributions to American institutional history. It includes a study of the Spanish land system and mining laws in Mexico and California, and of the interrelations of priest, alcalde and commandante in mission, pueblo and presidio; for otherwise the place of the true mining camp, as a nucleus of most effective organization, cannot be fully understood. It is, to state the matter broadly, an attempt to break ground in a comparatively new field, and to examine the laws and customs, not of primitive pastoral, nor of primitive agricultural communities, but of the workers in ores and auriferous river-sands.

The material accumulated for these studies has been arranged in twentysix divisions, to each of which a separate chapter has been assigned. The first of these is devoted to an examination of the various mining systems of the ancients, so far as showing traces of local organization; the second, to an investigation of the mining codes of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and the pregnant idea of "mining-freedom" (Bergbaufreiheit), first clearly enunciated by the Germanic races, and of vital consequence since the time of Otto the Great; the third, to a study of the ancient mining customs of Cornwall, the Stannary Courts, Bar-motes, and Tin-bounds, the survival of Celtic influences and the similarity to modern laws and customs of "mining camps." These three parts lead naturally to a study of "early mining in the United States," particularly in the Mississippi Valley. This chapter serves as a link connecting camp mining laws with chapters devoted to the Spanish Influence, for the American miners who attempted local organization in Iowa and Missouri struggled with and conquered the institutions of Spain that, a generation later, were met in far stronger shapes on the shores of the Pacific. The four following divisions are occupied with the "Spanish American System of Government; " the "Mining System of Mexico;" the "Missions" of California; Spanish Town Government, the Pueblo; and a study of "Alcalde" Rule. But the chief problem is: What element in the development of the Western third of the United States was a contribution of the Mining-Camps? The sixteen subsequent divisions are therefore devoted to a study, from original sources, of the early Camps of California, Nevada, Montana, Colorado, and the entire Sierra and Rocky Mountain Region; of their laws, customs, government, civil and criminal codes, land-laws, legislative enactments, peculiar officers, such as arbitrators, standing committees and alcaldes, the last an officer borrowed from the Spanish, and the arbitrators similar in powers and duties to the "Conciliacion" men of Mexico. The basis of all camp-law is shown to be the assemblage of the freemen, the "folkmote of the Sierra." The miners elected and at times deposed their own officers. They ruled their camps with a firm hand, securing law and order to a remarkable degree, according to the witness of numerous English and American travellers, and the statements of pioneers still living. They even organized town-governments, maintained hospitals, and built roads. For years after a State government had been organized in California the "mining districts" were units of local life. The closing divisions of the subject are devoted to a consideration of the "Permanent influence of the typical mining camps upon the present laws and social life of the Far West." This influence, it is held, has been so great that no history of the region west of the Mississippi can properly be written without taking it into account. It has created a system of mining

jurisprudence, and it has contributed social and intellectual elements of no small importance to American history.

Maryland's Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States. With minor papers on George Washington's Interest in Western Lands, the Potomac Company, and a National University. By HERBERT B. ADAMS. Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science. Third Series, No. 1. pp. 102. January, 1885.

These papers were first printed by the Maryland Historical Society in 1877, (Fund Publication, No. 11), under the title " Maryland's Influence in Founding a National Commonwealth." They are now published in a somewhat revised form, for the sake of advancing the lines of institutional study at the Johns Hopkins University, and at the same time promoting the cause of American Economic History.

The author calls attention to the territorial foundations of the American Union and points out the fact that our Public Lands stand in the same fundamental relation to our National Commonwealth as did Common Lands to the Village Republics of New England. The Great West was the Folkland of the United States; it bound them together by economic interests when they would otherwise have fallen apart after the Revolution. To trace out the further constitutional influence of our Public Lands upon the development of these States, which have increased and multiplied within the national domain as did New England Parishes within the original limits of one Town,-this line of investigation is now suggested for further contributions to American Institutional History.

The planting of English Institutions in each of those Western States and Territories is a story not yet told. The agrarian and general economic history has hardly been touched. For the coming student there are questions of the deepest interest respecting the disposition already made of Public Lands, both State and National. George W. Knight, Ph. D., of the University of Michigan, prepared for his Doctor's thesis a valuable monograph upon "Federal Land Grants to Education in the North-west Territory," an abstract of which was presented at the first meeting of the American Historical Association, by Professor Charles Kendall Adams, and which is to be printed in full in the the Proceedings of the Association, Volume I, Number 3. A similar research upon "Land Grants to Settlers in the Western States," has been undertaken by Shosuki Sato, who is specially commissioned for that work by the Japanese Government, and who is now prosecuting his agrarian studies at the Johns Hopkins Uni versity. Land Grants to Railroads should also be investigated as a chapter in the History of American Politics as well as of American Economics. But the influence of Railroads upon immigration and transportation, upon state and municipal life, opens into still more attractive fields. There seems to be no limit to the economic and institutional interests connected with the disposal of our Western Territory.

But there are vast questions lying back of the disposal and settlement of our Public Lands; there are yet to be studied in minute detail the records of national and colonial acquisition of territory; the conflicting claims of states and nations; crown lands; royal provinces; chartered colonies; Indian lands; Indian, English, Dutch, and French land-tenure; agrarian survivals, etc. There are sub-strata of economic history and historical geography in each one of these United States. To some of the very oldest forms of fossil land-tenure renewed attention will be called in the Studies by a paper on "The Land System of the New England Colonies," by Melville Egleston. The Land System of Virginia, and the Dutch Village Communities upon the Hudson River are also to be treated in future numbers of the Studies. Canadian Feudalism will be investigated; and other topics of an agrarian and institutional character will doubtless suggest themselves to other students.

The second series of STUDIES IN HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, comprising 630 pages in all is now completed. Subscribers have been furnished with an index and with a general title page, including the special sub-heading "Institutions and Economics." A few copies of this volume bound in cloth, are offered for sale at $3.50.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY. Edited by Professor Gildersleeve. Vol. V.

The fourth number of the fifth volume is now in press and will be issued shortly to subscribers. It will contain a continuation of Professor SHORT'S work on the Revised Version of St. Matthew; THOMAS DAVIDSON, on Child's Ballads; W. H. SIMCOX, a collation of a MS. of St. Luke; J. W. BRIGHT, Anglo-Saxon Glosses to Boethius; short articles by Professors MORRIS, TOY and others, besides Reviews and Reports.

Vol. V, 1, (Whole No. 17).

Article I.-On the Elegies of Maximianus. By ROBINSON ELLIS.

"Among the Latin poems which have come down to us from the sixth century of the Christian era, the love elegies of Maximianus, 686 lines in all, deserve prominent mention whether for the general excellence of the metre or for the peculiar experience of the author as a lover." Professor Ellis gives a sketch of Maximianus and his adventures, based of course on the poems themselves, discusses the editions, and the MSS. and gives two specimens of Maximianus' diction and metre, with comments.

Article II-On Certain Irregular Vedic Subjunctives or Imperatives. By MAURICE BLOOMFIELD.

Of this elaborate paper a full abstract will be found in University Circular, No. 27, (Vol. iii, p. 6).

Article III-Researches in the Cyrenaica, with some account of its History since the decline of the Empire. By FARLEY BROWN GODDARD.

After a description of the Cyrenaica and an account of the imperfect explorations made thus far, Mr. Goddard emphasizes the importance of the work yet to be done in the following words: "There are very few fields where the science of archæology can expect so much light for its dark places as from this newly discovered land, where are strewn from one end to the other the ruins of ancient towns, and where the enormous task some time to be performed, will glorify forever those who, with determination and with adequate resources, undertake it."

Article IV.-The Nahuatl-Spanish Dialect of Nicaragua. By A. M. ELLIOTT. See University Circular, No. 30, (Vol. iii, p. 74).

Article V.-The Babylonian “Woman's Language." BY PAUL HAUPT. See University Circular, No. 29, (Vol. iii, p. 57).

In the Notes A. C. MERRIAM comments on an inscription of Dodona, and THOMAS CHASE defends the introduction of Aegeus in the Medea of Euripides.

Reviews are given of Kuhn's Ueber Herkunft u. Sprache der transgangetischen Völker by W. D. WHITNEY; Wordsworth's Old Latin Biblical Texts,—Scrivener's Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament and Bonnet's Acta Thomae by J. RENDEL HARRIS; Brinton's Library of Aboriginal American Literature by C. H. Toy; Körting's Encyclopaedie und Methodologie der Romanischen Philologie, Horning's Zür Geschichte des Lateinischen c. vor e. u. i. im Romanischen, and Levy's der Troubadour Bertolome Zorzi by A. M. ELLIOTT; Hunt's Caedmon's Exodus and Daniel by H. WOOD.

Reports are given of Rheinisches Museum ;—Neue Jahrbücher für Philologie u. Paedagogik;-Revue de Philologie;-Englische Studien ;— Germania.

Vol. V, 2, (Whole No. 18).

Article I.—On the Elegies of Maximianus, II. By ROBINSON ELLIS.
Emendation and discussion of some fifty passages in Maximianus.
Article II.—Analogy and Uniformity. By M. W. EASTON.

The positions taken in this article are reviewed by Dr. Bloomfield in the paper following.

Article III.-On the Probability of the Existence of Phonetic Law. By MAURICE BLOOMFIELD.

Abstracts of both articles are given in University Circular, No. 30, (Vol. iii, pp. 73, 74).

Article IV-Verbal Parasynthetics in -a in the Romance Languages. By A. M. ELLIOTT.

An abstract is given in University Circular, No. 29, (Vol. iii, p. 55). Article V-Historical Sketch of Syriac Literature and Culture. By A. L. FROTHINGHAM, JR.

Syriac Literature and Culture are presented under the following heads: I. Formative and Original Period, II-VII Centuries; II. Artificial and Scientific Period., VII-XIII Centuries.

Article VI.-On Direct Speech Introduced by a Conjunction. By EDWARD H. SPIEKER.

An abstract is given in University Circular, No. 20, (Vol. ii, p. 26). Notes by H. E. SHEPHERD on rathe, separation of the rhematic to, and the origin of the mathematical x.

Reviews are given of Archiv für Lateinische Lexikographie und Grammatik by M.WARREN; Humphrey's Observations sur Thucydide, I. xi., and Two Papers by Karl Brugmann by C. D. MORRIS; Kluge's Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache by W. T. HEWITT; Foerster and Koschwitz's Altfranzösisches Uebungsbuch zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Seminarübungen and Schuchardt's Kreolische Studien by A. M. ELLIOTT; Delbrück's Indogermanische Grammatiken by E. CHANNING; Hopken's De Theatro Attico saeculi ante Chistum quinti and Ueber das Griechische und Römische Theater, by F. G. ALLINSON; Nöhl's Ciceronis Orationes Selectae, and Kukula's De Tribus Pseudacronianorum Scholiorum Recensionibus, and Stangl's der sogenannte Gronov Scholiast zu elf Ciceronischen Reden by M. WARREN; Neudrucke deutscher Literaturwerke des XVI und XVII Jahrhunderts.

Reports are given of Mnemosyne;-Hermes;-Athena Parthenos der Ermitage. Vol. V, 3, (Whole No. 19).

Article I.-The Study of Hindu Grammar and the Study of Sanskrit. By WILLIAM DWIGHT WHITNEY.

The object of this article is "to impress on the minds of scholars that the study of the Sanskrit language is one thing and the study of the Hindu science of grammar another and a very different thing; that while there has been a time when the latter was the way to the former, that time is now long past, and the relation of the two reversed; that the present task of the students of the grammar is to make their science accessible, account if possible for its anomalies, and determine how much and what can be extracted from it to fill out that knowledge of the language which we derive from the literature; and that the peculiar Hindu ways of grouping and viewing and naming facts familiar to us from the other related languages are an obstacle in the way of a real and fruitful comprehension of those facts as they show themselves in Sanskrit, and should be avoided.” Article II.-The Jurisdiction of the Athenians over their allies. By C. D. MORRIS. An abstract is given in University Circular, No. 29, (Vol. iii, p. 55). Article III.-Vowel-lengths in King Alfred's Orosius. By ALBERT S. COOK. A list of long vowels contained in King Alfred's Orosius, Part I. Article IV.-Lucan as historical source for Appian. By B. PERRIN. Proof that Appianus, Bell. Civ. II, 75, is taken from Lucan, Phars. VII, 326, 333.

Article V.-The meaning of Baalim and Ashtaroth in the Old Testament. By A. L. FROTHINGHAM, JR.

The author of this paper sets aside the opinion that the plural forms of Baalim and Ashtaroth represent only images of these divinities, as in discord with the texts of the Old Testament and all extra biblical evidence. The other two hypotheses are:

I. Baalim and Ashtaroth were used as common nouns to signify gods and goddesses and to the Yahvistic worshipper, the strange and false divinities of the surrounding Hamitic nations.

II. They may represent the many various aspects of Baal and Ashtaroth, whether proceeding from the individualization of certain of their attributes or from the different centres of their worship.

The arguments on both sides are stated and a reconciliation is attempted. Article VI.-Friedrich Ritschl. By B. L. GILDERSLEEVE.

In this article Professor Gildersleeve has reproduced the substance of his address before the Johns Hopkins Philological Association in October, 1883. The sketch dwells on the earlier periods of Ritschl's life and work. The material is taken from Ribbeck's Life; for the form and the personal reflections the author is of course responsible. Throughout, Ritschl is held up as the model of the moulding and inspiring teacher.

In the Notes Professor LAMBERTON proposes a new reading in Plato, Gorgias, p. 497 A.

This number contains Reviews of Bosworth's Anglo-Saron Dictionary, (ed. by T. Northcote Toller), and the Philological Society's New English Dictionary, by J. M. GARNETT; Foerster's Alt-Französische Bibliothek and Körting's Encyklopaedie und Methodologie der Romanischen Philologie, by A. M. ELLIOTT; Goebel's Über tragische Schuld und Sühne, by H. WOOD.

The reports give abstracts of Anglia;-Mnemosyne;-Hermes;-Archiv für Lateinische Lexicographie und Grammatik, and Journal Asiatique.