the older Robespierre chiefly
rests the responsibility of the
Terror, which ended with him;
when Maximilian was arrest-
ed, his brother declared that
ayant partagé ses vertus, il
voulait partager son sort, and
they were beheaded together.
Rousseau (Jean Jacques) (1712

-1778) born at Geneva, a
celebrated French writer,
whose unedifying life and
dangerous writings did not
reduce his overwhelming in-
fluence on his generation;
the Revolution put in practice
the doctrines of his Contrat
Social. Il était atteint d'une
espèce de monomanie mélan-
colique qui lui faisait voir
partout des ennemis acharnés
à sa perte. (Bouillet).
Saint-Cloud, on the Seine, at
10 miles W. from Paris; its
palace, in which Henry III.
was murdered by Jacques
Clement in 1589, was burnt
by the Germans in 1870;
pop. 6,000.

sieyès, l'abbé, one of the most
influential politicians of the
Revolution; in 1789 he pub-
lished a famous pamphlet
under this title: "Qu'est-ce
que le Tiers-Etat? Tout.-
Qu'a-t-il été jusqu'ici? Rien.
- Que demande-t-il? Devenir
quelque chose. Deputy to the
States-General, he proposed
that the representatives
of the people should declare
themselves to be the National
Assembly of France; he had
at every critical time a Con-
stitution ready, and, having
become a directeur in 1799,
was the chief actor in Napo-
leon's coup d'état, after which,

M

however, he soon retired from
power, receiving as compen-
sation a princely fortune and
the titles of count and sena-
tor; exiled as regicide in
1815, he returned to France
after the revolution of 1830,
and died in Paris in 1836, at
the age of 88.

Smith (Sir W. Sidney) (1764-
1840), an English admiral;
made a prisoner after the
siege of Toulon, he escaped
after two years' detention at
the Temple in Paris, forced
Napoleon to raise the siege of
Acre (1799) and spent the
latter part of his life in phil-
anthropic works.

Suchet (Louis Gabriel, duc
d'Albuféra, marshal of
France) (1772-1826),
he en-
listed at 20, and was major-
general in 1797; one of the
most honourable men, as just
and moderate as he was
brave, he won even the affec-
tion of the Spaniards, and
was the last to effect his re-
treat from the Peninsula:
Louis XVIII. made him a
peer in 1814.
Talleyrand-Périgord (Char-
les Maurice de, prince de
Bénévent) (1754-1838), the
ablest diplomatist of the 19th
century; he was lame, and for
this reason, although the
eldest son of one of the oldest
French families, he took
orders and was made bishop
of Autun at 25; a friend of
Mirabeau, he proposed the
abolition of all church taxes,
was excommunicated by the
Pope, was sent by Louis XVL,
in 1792, to assist the Marquis
de Chauvelin, French am-

bassador in London, and
during the Terror went to
America, where he soon made
his fortune in trade; return-
ed to France in 1796, he was
for a short time Foreign
Minister under the Directory,
aided Napoleon on his coup
d'Etat, and although loaded
with favours by the Emperor,
he took an active part in the
intrigues which preceded his
downfall; he held office under
Louis XVIII., and took part
in the Revolution of 1830.
Louis Philippe sent him as
his ambassador to England,
and he succeeded (1834) in
signing the Quadruple Álli-
ance between France, Eng-
land, Belgium and Spain.
Tallien (Jean Lambert) (1769-
1820), a violent politician,
Marat's supporter in the Con-
vention, he was sent to estab-
lish the Terror in Bordeaux,
but yielded to the influence
of the beautiful daughter of
the Spanish banker Cabarrus,
who, married at the age of 14
to an old husband, was di-
vorced from her husband,
and afterwards (1794) married
Tallien, only to sue for a
second divorce from him,
after which she married
(1805) the prince of Chimay;
Tallien was the chief mover
of Robespierre's condem-
nation, and obtained also the
condemnation of Fouquier-
Tinville, Carrier and Lebon;
sent to Vendee with full
powers, he ordered the Quibe-
ron prisoners to be shot. He
died poor and forgotten. Mme
Tallien, whose salon exercised
a great influence in Paris,
was never admitted to Na-

poleon's Court, she died in
1835.
Tolentino, an Italian town in
the old Papal States, pop.
4,000, where Napoleon and
Pope Pius VI. signed, in 1797,
a treaty ceding the Comtat
Vénaissin to France.

Toulon, on the Mediterranean,
at 520 miles S.S.E. from
Paris, one of the three great
military seaports of France,
thoroughly fortified; pop.
85,000.

Tronson du Coudray (George
Alfred) (1750-1798), a dis-
tinguished advocate who de-
fended Queen Marie Antoi-
nette before the Convention;
was deputy to the Conseil des
Anciens, and transported after
the 18th fructidor.

Tuileries (the palace and gar-
den of the), in Paris, begun
in 1564 by Catherine de Mé-
dicis (architect, P. Delorme).
The Convention, and after-
wards the Conseil des An-
ciens held their sittings
there; the palace was burnt
by the Communists (24th
May, 1871), but will probably
soon be rebuilt.

Valazé (Charles Dufriche de)
(1751-1793), left the army in
1789 to devote himself to
politics and literature; de-
puty to the Convention, he
was the reporter in the trial
of Louis XVI., and he voted
for an appeal to France; he
attacked Marat and Robes-
pierre, was included in the
proscription of the Giron-
dists, and stabbed himself to
death on hearing his con-
demnation.

Vaud, one of the most thriv-
ing and picturesque Swiss
cantons, chief-town: Lau-
sanne, was ruled by Berne,
and only became indepen-
dent in 1798.
Washington (George) (1732-
1799), one of the chief foun-
ders of the United States of
America, twice unanimously

re-

elected President; he
mained at peace with Europe
during the Revolution; when
he died the whole of America
went into mourning for one
month, and he is universally
acknowledged to have been
one of the wisest and most
virtuous men that ever ruled
a country.