a revisal of Homer's poems with great exactness, but in a manner too magisterial; for such verses as he did not like he treated as spurious. Cicero and Horace have used his name to express a very rigid critic; and it is used to this day for the same purpose, but not without opprobrium, derived partly from himself, yet more from the manners of modern verbal critics. Growing dropsical, he found no other remedy than to starve himself to death. Suidas relates that he died in Cyprus, aged 72. His ima ceedingly to criticism; and made of Athens, eontemporary with Pla to, Socrates, and Euripides. Most of his plays were written during the Peloponnesian war. gination was warm and lively, and his genius particularly turned to raillery: he had also great spirit and resolution, and was a declared enemy to slavery, and to all those who wanted to oppress their country. He described the affairs of the Athenians in so exact a manner, that his comedies are a faithful history of that people. He wrote above 50 comedies; but there are only 11 extant which are perfe&t; these are, "Plutus, The Clouds, The Frogs, Equites, The Acharnenses, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, The Ecclesiazusæ or female Orators, The Thesmophoriazusæ or Priestesses of Ceres and Lysistrata." ARISTIDES (ÆLIUS) a very famous sophist of antiquity, was born at Adriani, a town of Mysia, and flourished under Adrian and the two following emperors. He spent his life in travelling and declaiming he went all over Egypt four times," The Clouds," which he wrote in and penetrated even to Ethiopia. ridicule of Socrates, is the most When Smyrna was destroyed by an celebrated of all his comedies: Maearthquake, in the year 178, he dam Dacier tells us she was so much wrote so affecting a letter to Marcus charmed with this performance, Aurelius, that the emperor ordered that, after she had translated it, it to be rebuilt immediately: upon and read it over 200 times, it did which the inhabitants erected a sta- not become the least tedious to her. tue to Aristides, as to the restorer Aristophanes having conceived some of their city. He died about the aversion to the poet Euripides, saage of 60. His works were pub-tirizes him in several of his plays, -lished, with a Latin version and particularly in his "Frogs" and his notes, by Dr. Samuel Jebb, at Ox-"Thesmophoriazusa." He wrote ford, 1723, in two volumes 4to. ARISTIDES, surnamed the Just, a celebrated Athenian general, flourished about 480 years B. C. "The Lysistrata" when all Greece was involved in war; in which comedy the women are introduced debating upon the affairs of the ARISTIPPUS, the founder of the commonwealth, when they come to Cyrenaic set of philosophy, flou-a resolution not to go to bed with rished 392 B. C. He asserted pleasure to be the ultimate end in which all happiness consists; and his manner of life was agreeable to his philosophy, for he indulged -himself in all the luxuries of dress, wine, and women. their husbands till peace should be concluded. He invented a peculiar kind of verse, which was called by his name, and is mentioned by Cicero in his " Brutus;" and Suidas says, that he also was the inventor of the tetrameter and clameter ARISTOPHANES, a comic poet verse.-Aristophanes was greatly admired among the ancients, espe-years taught him rhetoric, natural cially for the true Attic elegance of philosophy, ethics, politics, and a his style; and there have been seve-certain sort of philosophy, according ral editions and translations of this poet. The time of his death is unknown. to Plutarch, which he taught nobody else. Philip erected statues in honour of Aristotle; and for his sake ARISTOTLE, the chief of the rebuilt Stagyra, which had been alPeripatetic philosophers, born at most ruined by the wars.-Aristotle Stagyra, a small city in Macedon, having lost the favour of Alexander in the 99th Olympiad, about 384 by adhering to Calisthenes, his kinsyears before Christ, was the son of man, who was accused of a conNichomachus, physician to Amyn-spiracy against Alexander's life, retas, the grandfather of Alexander moved to Athens, where he set up the Great. By the advice of the his new school. The magistrates Delphic oracle he went to Athens received him very kindly, and gave when about 18, and studied under him the Lycæum, so famous afterPlato till he was 37. He followed wards for the concourse of his dis his studies with most extraordinary ciples; and here it was, according diligence, so that he soon surpassed to some authors, that he composed all in Plato's school. He ate little, his principal works. When Aristoand slept less; and, that he might tle was accused of impiety by one not oversleep himself, Diogenes Eurymedon, a priest of Ceres, he Laertius tells us, that he lay always wrote a large apology for himself, with one hand out of the bed, having addressed to the magistrates: but a ball of brass in it, which, by its knowing the Athenians to be ex falling into a bason of the same tremely jealous about their religion, metal, awaked him. When he had and remembering the fate of Sostudied about 15 years under Plato, crates, he was so much alarmed be began to form different tenets that he retired to Chalcis, a city of from those of his master, who be- Euboea, where he ended his days. came highly piqued at his behaviour. Some say he poisoned himself, to Upon the death of Plato, he quitted avoid falling into the hands of his Athens, and retired to Atarnya, a enemies; others affirm, that he little city of Mysia, where his old threw himself into the Euripus, be friend Hermias reigned. Here he cause he could not comprehend the married Pythias, the sister of this reason of its ebbing and flowing; prince, whom he is said to have and there are others who tell us he loved so passionately, that he of- died of a colic, in the 63d year of fered sacrifice to her. Some time his age, being the third of the after, Hermias having been taken 114th Olympiad, two years after prisoner by Meranon, the king of Alexander. The Stagyrites carried Persia's general, Aristotle went to away his body, and erected altars to Mitylene, the capital of Lesbos, his memory. where he remained till Philip, king of Macedon, having heard of his great reputation, sent for him to be tutor to his son Alexander, then about 14 years of age. Aristotle accepted the offer, and in eight ARIUS, a divine of the fourth century, and the head and founder of the Arians, a sect which denied the eternal divinity and consubstan He was born tiality of the Word. in Lybia, near Egypt.-The Arian a revisal of Homer's poems with ceedingly to criticism; and made of Athens, contemporary with Pla. to, Socrates, and Euripides. Most of his plays were written during the Peloponnesian war. His imagination was warm and lively, and his genius particularly turned to raillery: he had also great spirit and resolution, and was a declared enemy to slavery, and to all those who wanted to oppress their country. He described the affairs of the Athenians in so exact a manner, that his comedies are a faithful history of that people. He wrote above 50 comedies; but there are only 11 extant which are perfe&t; these are, "Plutus, The Clouds, The Frogs, Equites, The Acharnenses, The Wasps, Peace, The Birds, The Ecclesiazusæ or female Orators, The Thesmophoriazusæ or Priestesses of Ceres and Lysistrata." ARISTIDES (ÆLIUS) a very famous sophist of antiquity, was born at Adriani, a town of Mysia, and flourished under Adrian and the two following emperors. He spent his life in travelling and declaiming he went all over Egypt four times," The Clouds," which he wrote in and penetrated even to Ethiopia. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, in the year 178, he wrote so affecting a letter to Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered it to be rebuilt immediately: upon which the inhabitants erected a statue to Aristides, as to the restorer of their city. He died about the age of 60. His works were pub-lished, with a Latin version and notes, by Dr. Samuel Jebb, at Ox-" Thesmophoriazuse." He wrote ford, 1723, in two volumes 4to. 1. ARISTIDES, surnamed the Just, a celebrated Athenian general, flou rished about 480 years B. C. ridicule of Socrates, is the most celebrated of all his comedies: Madam Dacier tells us she was so much charmed with this performance, that, after she had translated it, and read it over 200 times, it did not become the least tedious to her. Aristophanes having conceived some aversion to the poet Euripides, satirizes him in several of his plays, particularly in his " Frogs" and his "The Lysistrata" when all Greece was involved in war; in which comedy the women are introduced debating upon the affairs of the ARISTIPPUS, the founder of the commonwealth, when they come to Cyrenaic set of philosophy, flouphilosophy, flou-a resolution not to go to bed with rished 392 B. C. He asserted their husbands till peace should be pleasure to be the ultimate end in concluded. He invented a peculiar which all happiness consists; and kind of verse, which was called by his manner of life was agreeable to his name, and is mentioned by Cihis philosophy, for he indulged cero in his "Brutus ;" and Suidas -himself in all the luxuries of dress, says, that he also was the inventor wine, and women. of the tetrameter and clameter ARISTOPHANES, a comic poet verse.-Aristophanes was greatly admired among the ancients, espe-years taught him rhetoric, natural cially for the true Attic elegance of philosophy, ethics, politics, and a his style; and there have been seve-certain sort of philosophy, according ral editions and translations of this poet. The time of his death is unknown. to Plutarch, which he taught nobody else. Philip erected statues in honour of Aristotle; and for his sake ARISTOTLE, the chief of the rebuilt Stagyra, which had been al Peripatetic philosophers, born at most ruined by the wars.-Aristotle Stagyra, a small city in Macedon, having lost the favour of Alexander in the 99th Olympiad, about 384 by adhering to Calisthenes, his kinsyears before Christ, was the son of man, who was accused of a conNichomachus, physician to Amyn-spiracy against Alexander's life, retas, the grandfather of Alexander moved to Athens, where he set up the Great. By the advice of the his new school. The magistrates Delphic oracle he went to Athens received him very kindly, and gave when about 18, and studied under him the Lycæum, so famous afterPlato till he was 37. He followed wards for the concourse of his dis his studies with most extraordinary ciples; and here it was, according diligence, so that he soon surpassed to some authors, that he composed ali in Plato's school. He ate little, his principal works. When Aristoand slept. less; and, that he might tle was accused of impiety by one not oversleep himself, Diogenes Eurymedon, a priest of Ceres, he Laertius tells us, that he lay always wrote a large apology for himself, with one hand out of the bed, having addressed to the magistrates: but a ball of brass in it, which, by its knowing the Athenians to be exfalling into a bason of the same tremely jealous about their religion, metal, awaked him. When he had and remembering the fate of Sostudied about 15 years under Plato, crates, he was so much alarmed he began to form different tenets that be retired to Chalcis, a city of from those of his master, who be- Euboea, where he ended his days. came highly piqued at his behaviour. Some say he poisoned himself, to Upon the death of Plato, he quitted avoid falling into the hands of his Athens, and retired to Atarnya, a enemies; others affirm, that he little city of Mysia, where his old threw himself into the Euripus, be friend Hermias reigned. Here he cause he could not comprehend the married Pythias, the sister of this reason of its ebbing and flowing; prince, whom he is said to have and there are others who tell us he Joved so passionately, that he of died of a colic, in the 63d year of fered sacrifice to her. Some time his age, being the third of the after, Hermias having been taken 114th Olympiad, two years after prisoner by Meranon, the king of Alexander. The Stagyrites carried Persia's general, Aristotle went to away his body, and erected alcars to Mitylene, the capital of Lesbos, his memory. where he remained till Philip, king of Macedon, having heard of his great reputation, sent for him to be tutor to his son Alexander, then about 14 years of age. Aristotle accepted the offer, and in eight ARIUS, a divine of the fourth century, and the head and founder of the Arians, a sect which denied. the eternal divinity and consubstan tiality of the Word. He was born in Lybia, near Egypt.—The Ariaa perty to the amount of near half a million sterling. principles, according to Spanheim, were, that Christ was only called God by way of title; that he was ARMINIUS (JAMES) the foundless than the Father, who only was er of the sect of Arminians, or Re. eternal and without beginning; that monstrants, was born at Oude-water, he was a creature, having a begin in Holland, in 1565." The Arminining of existence, created out of ans hold (says Mr. Broughton) that things, having no being before the God creates men free, and will deal beginning of all things: hence he with them according to the use they was made God, and the Son of God make of their liberty: that, foreby adoption, not by nature; and that seeing how every one will use it, the Word was also subject to change; he does therefore decree all things that the Father created all things by that concern them in this life, tohim as an instrument; and that he gether with their salvation or damwas the most excellent of all crea- nation in the next: that Christ died tures; that the essence of the Father for all men: that sufficient assistwas different from the essence of ance is given to every man; and the Son; neither was he co-eternal, that every man being left to his own co-equal, nor con-substantial with the option, his salvation or damnation Father; that the Holy Ghost was is to be imputed only to himself. not God, but the creature of the In defence of this opinion, they alSon, begot and created by him, in-ledged, in the first place, the divine ferior in dignity to the Father and attributes: they contended, that the Son, and co-worker in the creation. justice of God will not permit him As to his death, it is said that Arius, to punish men for crimes they can. being pressed by a natural necessity, not avoid; which must be the case retired to a house of convenience, upon the Calvinist scheme of prewhere he died instantly on the spot, destination. Secondly, they argued all his entrails bursting out with his from the freedom of man's will, liver and spleen. This happened in which the doctrine of irresistible the year 536. grace absolutely overthrows. ARKWRIGHT (SIR RICH. like manner, reprobation in ScripARD, knt.) a man who, in one ture has no relation, they think, of the lowest stations of life, being to any absolute decree concerning literally a penny barber at Man- man's damnation, but only to such chester, by uncommon genius and actions of men as cannot but be dispersevering industry invented and approved by God." Broughton's perfected a system of machinery Religion of all Nations, p. 82. Ar for spinning cotton, that had in minius died Oct. 19, 1609. vain been attempted by many of the ARMSTRONG(DR. JOHN) born first mechanics of the last and pre-in Castleton parish, Roxburghshire, sent centuries, and which, by giv-where his father and brother were ing perpetual employment to many ministers; he completed his educathousand families, increased the po- tion in the university of Edinburgh, pulation, and was productive of great commercial advantage to his country. The machine is called a "Spinning Jenny." Sir Richard Aug. 3, 1792, leaving pro In where he took his degree in physic, Feb. 4, 1732. Like Akenside, another poet and physician, he never arrived at much practice. In 1735 he published a little humorous fu |