sentinel's funeral parade began. A certain number of the regiment, according to the rank of the deceased, are ordered on such occasions to attend, with arms reversed and muffled drums. This number alone attended, and gave the private soldier three irregular feu de joies after shedding the manly tear alone over their General."

N.B. From this it would appear that General Carruthers was in command of the whole Garrison. Feu de joies at a Funeral seems to be rather a remarkable proceeding.

It is to be regretted that in the re-building of the Parish Church at Chatham, the exact position of Captain Carruthers' tomb has been lost.

NOTE VI.-ADMIRAL KEPPEL'S REPORT ON THE MARINES.

Reporting the storming of the Palais Redoubts, Admiral Keppel writes to the Admiralty, on the 17th May,

"And I have the pleasure to inform their Lordships that the Marines had their share in this service. Enclosed is a return of their killed, wounded and missing. I must beg to recommend to their Lordships that there are two volunteers serving with the Marines, Mr. John Hadden and Mr. William Patterson, the former though young, I cannot help recommending for a commission, as his father who is Adjutant to the Corps of Marines here has exerted himself in a particular manner during the whole service and the young lad himself has shewn good spirit." This is endorsed at the Admiralty on the back:

.. The Behaviour of the Marines has given their Lordships great satisfaction, and they may expect all the encouragement in their Lordships' power."

Return of Killed, &c.-Killed, 1 Sergt., 9 R. and F., Wounded, 1 Drummer, 20 R. and F., Missing, 5 R. and F." It appears also that it was the custom to recommend oneself for promotion in these days as there are four or five letters from Subalterns of Marines to Admiral Keppel, to the effect that they had served three, four or five years principally at sea, and in the present service in which they had conducted themselves as far as they knew to the satisfaction of their superior officers, and humbly begging that the Admiral would accord them his gracious protection and would recommend them to the Admiralty for promotion. Fr. Admiralty Letters. No. 91. Public Records Office.

REFERENCES TO PLAN OF THE SIEGE OF PALAIS, 1761.

Drawn from a contemporary MS. Plan with Notes in the Royal United Service
Institution.

D.-Battery begun 7th, opened 12th May. 6 Brass 24 prs.

E.-16 Coehorn Mortars.

F.-Mortar Battery 660 yards from the Citadel ... 2-13 inch Mortars.

J.-Battery opened 30th May. 10 24 Prs. (380 yards from Citadel).

K.-Sixteen gun Battery, opened 23rd May

L.-Battery. (230 yards from Citadel).

...

10-32 Prs.

M.-Howitzer Battery. Opened 25th May. 8-8 inch Howitzers.
N.-Battery. 6 12 Prs.

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.—Redoubts erected by the French after the attempt of the British
to land on the 8th April, at Loc Maria was defeated. Redoubts 1, 2 and 3
were all taken by storm at daybreak, on the 13th May, by the Marines and
30th Regiment, supported later by the 69th. The Town of Palais was
captured at the same time.

THE DETACHMENT OF MARINES IN THE LIVERPOOL PRIVATEER MENTOR. From the painting of the Mentor capturing the Carnatic, 28th October, 1778 (in the Liverpool Public Library).

CHAPTER IX.

DUTIES AND DISCIPLINE OF MARINE DETACHMENTS WHEN
EMBARKED IN THE 18TH CENTURY.

"That their cause is but one, and they both can unite,
Needs no other example than this to be seen;

Who is bolder in danger, experter in fight,

Than that Maritime Soldier, the Honest MARINE?

But, when the fray's o'er,

With his Dolly on-shore,

Drinks The Navy and Army of Britain for ever."

CHORUS: "But, when the fray's," etc.

Fr. old song, "The Navy and Army of Britain." Published in "Britannic Magazine," 1795.

HILE there is, naturally, but a small amount of information available as to the special performances of the Marine detachments in naval actions, apart from those of their shipmates, we have an interesting insight into the general duties of the corps when afloat in a couple of handbooks written by officers about the middle of the eighteenth century. From the extracts from these works which are given below, we are able to form a fairly good idea of what was expected of a Marine detachment at that period. And if we take into consideration the conservatism which has always,

1 "A Military Treatise on the Discipline of the Marine Forces when at Sea, etc.," by John MacIntire, Lientenant of Marines: London, 1763; and "The Marine Volunteer," by Lieutenant Terence O'Loghlen: London, 1766.

in a greater or less degree, characterized our naval service, we shall not go far wrong if we consider that what obtained in 1766 held good also in 1700 and 1800, and, indeed, for many years afterwards probably till the advent of steam propulsion.1

and evolutions.

In the first-published of these two little books, we find, almost at the beginning, an extract from the "Prussian Regulations," which runs as follows: "The first thing to be taken care of in the disciplining of men, is to dress them, to teach them the air of a soldier, and to drive out the clown." If we read between the lines it is evident from this that as in Commodore Anson's Marine detachmentsmen were still embarked to do duty as marines before they had mastered the rudiments of soldiering ashore. Indeed, Lieutenant O'Loghlen, the author of the companion work, distinctly says that this was the case. "An encampment in the neighbourhood of an enemy, or a rolling ship of war in the Bay of Biscay, are," he says with justice, " very improper places to teach the men their firing It cannot be expected that soldiers will perform in action what they never saw in a field of exercise. He goes on to say that, so great was the number of sudden demands made upon the corps by the Navy at the beginning of the "last war," "that the commanding officers at the different divisions were under a necessity of embarking recruits before they had time to learn the manual exercise. I belonged to two line of battleships, in the first of which we embarked 92 raw recruits, who never burned a grain of powder before they came on board; in the second, we got 76 who came from Ireland, but a few days before, and were still more awkward, if possible. Very providentially for us, we met no enemy of force either cruise; if we had, the marine officers might have been severely aspersed by the public, without being culpable, for it is impossible for officers, let them be ever so alert, to make men fight who do not know how to handle their muskets. Another grievous inconvenience attends the embarking recruits before they are seasoned by mounting guards and other shore duties, which is, that they generally die like rotten sheep. I remember in one of the ships I belonged to, we buried thirteen Marines in less than two months, and sent 63 to hospital at Plymouth, the greater number of whom died." The author cannot be accused of using superlatives when he stigmatises such a state of affairs as an "inconvenience."

As for proficiency in musketry, unless things had greatly improved since 1755, very little could have been expected, since by an Admiralty Order of 26th June of that year only "one barrel of powder a year was allowed for each Company, and of ball "such proportion as the Field Officers desire for training men to fire at a mark." Without sufficient powder ball was of little use for this purpose. But in consequence of representations by the senior officers of the Corps rather more latitude was afterwards allowed as regards the supply of powder.

1 Prior to 1755, however, the difficulties of embarking detachments as and when required must have been greatly increased by the division of the Marines into different regiments. Thus, in 1740, it was found necessary to issue the following order- To observe as much as possible to place them (Marines) so that every Marine Lieutenant may have all his men together in the same ship, and that the Detachments to a ship be of the same regiment so far as can be conveniently done." In completing the complements of Anson's ships on his departure on his famous voyage round the world, details were taken from no less than six different regiments.