QUESTIONS. NOTE-The figures in the margin denote the pages in the history to which the questions refer CHAPTER I. Which of the three orders in the Assembly endeavored to bring about a union between 1. Why is the era of Napoleon important the three? in History? With what other great eras is that of Napoleon to be ranked and compared? To what must the extraordinary ferocity and destructiveness of the French Revolution be attributed? For how long a period, previous to the Revolution, had France enjoyed the blessings of peace? 2. Who flew to arms when the insurrection finally broke out? What are the names of the French Philosophers who interfered in politics before the Revolution? Why were not the public authorities alarmed at the speculations of these Philosophers? Who was Madame Roland? What did she do, when but nine years old? Of what class of people were the bishops and the more powerful clergy composed? What were the character and conduct of the humbler clergy? How many classes of people were there in France? How numerous were the aristocracy or privileged class? On whom did the taxes principally fall? 3. Where did the rich landholders usually reside? What was the consequence of their living abroad? What was the state of education among the French peasantry? What was the extent of the royal prerog ative previous to the Revolution? What was the moral character of the court of Louis XV.? What was the immediate cause of the Rev. olution? On what day and year were the StatesGeneral convened? What might that day, strictly speaking, be called? Where was the Assembly of the StatesGeneral convened? 4. Of what members was the Assembly composed? What did the members do when the King seated himself on the throne? Who was King of France at this time? What took place on the 6th of May and for several weeks afterward? How did they propose to accomplish this? What reply was made by the commons? and who was the member that gave the reply? 5. What was the conduct of the Court at this crisis? What should Neckar have done? and what did he? What did the commons finally resolve upon ? What course was pursued by the King? Who, among the nobility, was the first to abandon his principles and his high trust, and join the Revolutionary party? How did the King endeavor to repair the consequences of his own imprudence? Whom did he dismiss and banish? 6. How did the people receive the intelligence of his banishment? Who headed the tumult in the PalaisRoyal? What did he urge the people to do? What body of troops was organized after the mob had broken open the arsenals and armed themselves with muskets and cannon? What took place on the 14th of July? 7. What was done in the French provinces after the capture of the Ba-tile? What was the condition of the inhabitants of Paris after these events? What did they resolve to do? Who was the commander of the National Guard? What did the people do when they arrived at Versailles? What did La Fayette do, after order was partially restored?` What took place, early the next morning, at the Palace? 8. What course was adopted by the mob and by the Assembly, after La Fayette had protected the Palace and its inhabitants from iminediate destruction? How long a time elapsed between the meeting of the States-General and the imprisonment of the King in his own capital? Into whose hands did the real administration of the government fall after the King's imprisonment? 9. What measures were first taken by the Assembly to relieve the embarrassment of the national finances? What was the value of the church lands? What kind of money eventually came into ordinary use in France? What did the nobility do, when they found that the Assembly were determined to ruin the country? When did the National Assembly close its sittings? What was the title of the Assembly that succeeded to the administration of the government? How long had the Revolution now been in progress? CHAPTER II. 10. What was the character of the members composing the Legislative Assembly? When did the Assembly commence its sittings? How were the members divided? What were the names of those three parties? Who were the leaders of the three parties? Wherein consisted the real strength of the Jacobins ? What measures did the Assembly take with regard to the clergy? Did the King approve these measures? Against what nations did the Assembly declare war? 11. How did the people receive this measure? What was the result of the first encounters between the French and their enemies? What was the conduct of the King, after the Assembly disbanded his guard? How did the Girondists proceed after the King had estranged himself from them? What was now the only hope of the King and Court? What proclamation was issued by the Duke of Brunswick? and what was the effect of it on the people of France? 12. What personal danger now threatened the King? By whom was he defended in this extremity? On what day did this take place? What was next done with the royal family? Which party did La Fayette seek to support? What fate overtook him? and what course was pursued toward him by the Assembly? Who now had actual control of the French government? What were they called? What did they first demand of the Assembly? 13. Was the appointment of this Revolutionary Tribunal granted to them? What steps were immediately taken by this Tribunal? How many people, and of what class, were arrested? Who directed the operations of the Tribunal ? Who were assembled around the Hotel de Ville on the morning of the 2d of September? Who were at that time confined in the Hotel de Ville? How were they removed thence? and where were they carried? What was done to them there? What took place immediately afterward in the prison of the Abbaye? Who presided over this prison tribunal? Who was first summoned to appear before him? and what was his fate? What was the fate of those who followed him? What demand was made by the mob after this butchery had proceeded for some time? What is related of Mademoiselle de Sombrieul? 14. How many people were massacred at this period? How long did the massacres continue? What was done with the bodies of the slain? Were the people of Paris capable of resisting these outrages? Why did they not do so? What public body succeeded the Legisla tive Assembly in the government? Who were the leaders of the National Convention? Of what parties was it composed? 15. What was the first measure of the Convention? When was the Republic proclaimed What was done with the Calendar? What amount of assignats had been issued for the expenses of the government during three years? What change was made in the constitution at the instance of the Duke of Orleans? What measure was undertaken by the Gi rondists? For what great event did the Jacobins now prepare? What was the nature of the charges against Louis XVI.? What treatment did he and the other members of the royal family experience while confined in the Temple?" 16. Who undertook to defend the King on his trial? What advice did the King give his son in his Testament? On what day and year did the trial commence? and how long did it continue? What was the result of the trial? By what majority was the King condemned to death? How many of the Girondists voted for his death? What was their subsequent fate? 17. When the King received his sentence, what did he demand? and what was granted to him? Describe the last interview of the King with his family. On what day and year was he conducted to the scaffold? How was he conducted thither? Who attended the King in his last moments? 18. Where was the body removed? Where did the execution take place? Who were afterward executed on the same spot? How is that place now ornamented? What was the character of Louis XVI.? CHAPTER III. What was the effect of the French Revolution on the adjoining kingdoms of Europe? 19. What nations, at this time, were the most prominent and powerful in Europe? For how long a period had Great Britain enjoyed peace before the Revolution broke out? What was the amount of her national debt at this time? How many soldiers can Great Britain muster at one point on the continent of Europe? In what, chiefly, did the strength of Great Britain consist? What were the opinions of the people of Great Britain on the French Revolution? who approved it? and who were alarmed at it? Who was at the head of the party approving it? Who was the leader of the opposite party? What was the character of Pitt? 20. How old was he when he was made Chancellor of the Exchequer? How did he maintain himself in the struggle with his political opponents? Of whom was a third party composed? Who was the leader of this party? Of what great work is he the author? What nation was the most formidable continental rival of France at this time? How many inhabitants did Austria then contain? What was her form of government? What was her military strength at that time? 21. What was the military strength of What had caused a decline of discipline in the French troops? How was this evil remedied? Who ascended the Austrian throne at this time? How old was he when he began to reign? What was the character of his reign? What did he say, when ordering the newspapers to discontinue their praise of him? 24. What measures were taken by the French Jacobins to extend their Revolutionary principles to other countries? What countries were revolutionized by them? What decree was passed on the 19th of November by the Convention? Against whom did the French Convention declare war on the 3d of February, 1793? CHAPTER IV. 25. What generals had command of the French armies at the opening of the campaign of 1792? What was the state of discipline in these armies? What forces were arrayed against the French? Where did the French troops make their first invasion? What was the result of that invasion? What did the Prussians say of the French soldiers? 26. What fortresses had the French on their eastern frontier? What course should the allies have adopted? What course did they adopt? Who took command of the French troops to resist the invaders? What forced Dumourier to retreat to St. Ménéhould? What was the position of the two armies after this retreat? What battle now took place? How does an indecisive action affect an invading army? 27. What effect did this battle have on the minds of the French soldiers? What was the secret cause of the Duke of Brunswick's inactivity? What was Dumourier's motive in negotiating with the allies? What did he propose to the allies? What did the allies do, in accordance to his proposals? 28. What town did the Austrians besiege in the Low Countries? How did that siege progress and terminate? After the repulse of the Austrians from Lisle, what towns did Custine capture? At what place did Dumourier encounter the Austrian forces on the 6th of November? What young French officer distinguished himself in the battle of Jemappes? 29. What was the result of this battle? What were the consequences which fol lowed the defeat of the Austrians? What did the Revolutionary party in Flanders gain by the success of the French? Where did the King of Prussia gain advantage over the French? What was the condition of the French armies at the close of the campaign? CHAPTER V. 30. What difficulties did the people of Paris have to encounter in February and March, 1793? What course did Marat recommend in the newspaper of which he was editor? Did the people follow his suggestion? How did the shopkeepers like the result of their own revolutionary principles when applied to themselves? What Tribunal did the Jacobins now organize? What were the powers of the Revolutionary Tribunal ? Who held the office of Public Accuser in this Tribunal? 31. What did the Girondists propose to do, to counteract the effects of this Tribunal? What was the result of the trial of Marat? What was next proposed by Guadet in behalf of the Girondists? What did Barere propose as a substitute for Guadet's project? Which of the two was adopted? What was first done by the Commission of Twelve? What course did the municipality adopt after the arrest of Hebert? How did Isnard reply to the mob? What did the conspirators next undertake? How many of the Sections joined them? How many Sections could the Commission of Twelve rely on? 32. What report was made by Garat to the Girondists while surrounded by the multitude? What ensued in the Convention? What was done by the Girondists the next morning? Who took command of the Jacobin forces? What measure did he compel the Convention to adopt? Were the Revolutionists satisfied with this triumph? What demonstration did they make on the 2d of June? What announcement was made to the Convention by Lacroix ? What did the members then do, at the recommendation of Danton? 33. What took place between the members and the soldiers? What declaration was made by Marat after the members returned to the hall? What did Couthon propuse? What became of the proscribed members? What party had now the entire control of the Convention? What committees had the management of public affairs? How were opinions divided in the Provinces? What department, in the Provinces, gave the first signal of insurrection against the Jacobins? Why was not the insurrection more suc cessful? What powers were now assumed by the Committee of Public Safety! 34. What was the law in regard to suspected persons? How numerous did the Revolutionary Committees now become? and of what class were they composed? What was the character of their proceedings, as reported by Laplanche? What changes in the division of time were made by the Convention? When did they make the year commence? What female enthusiast distinguished herself at this time? What act did she commit? and how was she punished? 35. How was the royal family treated after the King's death? What was the fate of the young prince? And of the Queen? What followed the execution of the Queen? What measures were taken by the Convention in regard to Christianity? What were the consequences of their thus abjuring the Christian religion? What inscription was placed on the public cemeteries? 36. What leaders among the Jacobins were first led to the scaffold? Whom did Robespierre cause to be arrested? What did Danton and Desmoulins say on their trial? What was their fate? What was the real question before the Convention in all the trials at this period? Who became sole dictator of the Republic after the death of Danton? What was now the number of prisoners in Paris? and in France? What number of these were executed daily in Paris? How many were executed in Arras, by order of Le Brun ? What was done by Carrier, at Nantes? 37. And by Collot d'Herbois, at Lyons? What effects did these continued massacres have, at length, on the people of Paris? What conspiracy did they organize? What was Robespierre's deportment be fore the Convention? Who advocated Robespierre's cause? How did Tallien interrupt St. Just? What was the decision of the Convention? What course was pursued by the partisans of Robespierre after he was arrested? 38. Were the Convention intimidated by Robespierre's partisans? What order was given by Henriot? What took place at his execution? What is the number of victims massacred during the Reign of Terror? CHAPTER VI. 39. What were the character and situation of the inhabitants of La Vendée? What part did they take in the Revolution? Who were the principal Royalist leaders in La Vendée ? 40. What number of troops did the Vendéans muster? What orders did the Convention issue to their own troops? What was the first achievement of the Royalists? What was a remarkable feature of this victory? What towns did the Royalists next capture? What did Lescure do to encourage his soldiers at the attack on Fontenay? What did the Royalists do with their pris oners ? 41. What important town was next taken by the Royalists? Where did the Royalists meet with dis aster? What three Republican generals were successively defeated in their invasions of Vendée ? 42. What was the whole number of regular troops conquered in these battles by the Royalists? What measures were now taken by the Convention to bring the war to a close? How were the proceedings of the Republicans reported to the Convention by Bourbotte and Turreau? What took place on the very day that Bourbotte and Turreau made this Report to the Convention? At what towns were the Royalists again victorious? 43. How did the Royalists treat their prisoners? Why were these numerous victories of so little value to the Royalists? What ensued at the attack of Mons by the Republicans? Who commenced a war of extermination against the Vendeans? What were his troops called? 44. What orders did he give his troops? What was done by Carrier at Nantes? How many children were massacred by Carrier? CHAPTER VII. By what was the year 1793 distinguished? What number of troops were mustered by the allies? And how many by the French? What advantages of position had the French? 45. What quality, essential to victory, was wanting by the allies? Who was the leader of the allies? and how was he qualified to be their leader? What difficulties had the French troops to contend with? How did the French provide money to carry on the war? With what siege did the French open the campaign? What young officer had command of the Austrian grenadiers? Which side had the advantage at the opening of the campaign? Who took command of the French after their retreat to Louvain? 46. Where did he encounter the Austrians in a general action? Who gained the battle? What were Dumourier's political projects at this time? How did he succeed in his plans? What did he do when his plans were discovered and defeated by his countrymen ? What congress of ministers was now formed at Antwerp? What were their opinions as to the condition of the French Convention? What resolution did they adopt? What was the effect of this? What measures were taken by the Convention? 47. What was the result of the war on the eastern frontier of France? What town of importance was there captured by the allies? What was the result of the war on the Flemish frontier? What was the position of the allies after defeating the French at the camp of Cæsar? What might the allies now have done? and what did they do? 48. How did the Convention proceed in preparations for continuing the war? Who was at the head of the French military department? What was his character? and his misfortune? What has he asserted in his defence? What improvement in the military art did he originate? What success did the Austrians gain at Quesnoy? How did the English conduct the siege of Dunkirk ? What French general was sent to relieve Dunkirk? How did he succeed at first? 49. How did he fare at Courtray? How did the Revolutionary Tribunal recompense his services? Who now took command of the French army of the north? How did he succeed? Who had command of the French on the Moselle? What was the result of his attack on the Prussians at Permasin ? Where did the French intrench themselves? 50. What was the result of the allies' attack on the lines at Weissenberg ? What did the inhabitants of Strasburg propose to Wurmser? What was Wurmser's reply? What was done by the Republicans to the inhabitants of Strasburg? |