must receive as authoritative and conclusive all that is taught in their Talmuds, and Mishna, and Gemara-all their vain traditions of men.

It is true that Rome possesses some of the oldest and best of the Greek manuscripts, such as that in the Vatican library; but, so far from giving facilities for the examination of these originals, the Roman priesthood put every possible obstacle in the way. Dr. Tregelles went to Rome on purpose to examine the Vatican MS., and obtained an order from the Pope to that effect. But, after five months weary waiting, he left Rome without accomplishing his object-" It is true (says he) that I often saw the MS.; but they would not allow me to use it, and they would not let me open it without searching my pockets, and depriving me of pen, ink, and paper; and at the same time two prelati kept me in constant conversation in Latin; and if I looked at a passage too long, they would snatch the book out of my hand. So foolishly did the Papal authorities seek to keep this precious manuscript to themselves" (85).

Rome thus impedes the learned in the use they would make of the original MSS. in her possession; and it also rigorously prohibits the unlearned from the use of the Scriptures in their own native language. This she strictly prohibits, and, by means of the confessional, endeavours to find out all those who transgress by procuring the Scriptures in their own tongue. The mere fact of possessing such a copy of the sacred volume is held to be sufficient warrant for persecution little less severe than that of Diocletian. Dust is endeavoured to be thrown into the eyes of the English by the Roman Catholic bishop, Milner, and others, who say "Vulgar translations of the whole Scripture are upon sale, and open to every one, in Italy itself, with the express approbation of the Roman pontiff." But this is a mere mockery; for none but "discreet Catholics, who have the permission of their confessors and who will read under their direction," are allowed to purchase at all. There is but one edition published which is in four large volumes with notes, and its price is about twenty Roman crowns, or more than four guineas. The price alone renders it a mere mockery. Dr. Tregelles says "I never saw a copy of this edition of the Bible; for, although they did not ask an Englishman for the written permission of a confessor, yet they refused to produce a copy unless I promised to purchase " (89).

'

But Rome not only withholds, it also falsifies the Scriptures, and it withholds them from the people that they may not detect these falsifications. An instance came under our knowledge of a man justifying his worship of angels by the catechism he had

been taught, in which the question being asked, "Why do you worship angels?"-the answer is, "Because it is written, 'Then I fell down at his feet to worship the angel.' The catechism stopped here; and on the man's being told that the Scripture went on to say, "See thou do it not" (Rev. xix. 10; xxii. 9), the discovery of this deception which had been practised became the means of delivering the man, and he soon after renounced the errors of Romanism. Dr. Tregelles gives some examples of this which show to what a ludicrous extent they practice upon the ignorance of the people in Roman Catholic countries :

"For instance, in the Church of Sta. Maria Maggiore at Florence, I saw over the altar of St. Joseph the text, ITE AD JOSEPHUM' (Gen. xli. 55), Go unto Joseph! Thus applying the words of Pharaoh to the Egyptians, to the honours which they pay to Joseph, the husband of Mary, whom they style the patron of the dying, 'possessed (they affirm) of the singular privilege that no one who is devoted to him shall fail of having a happy death......... At Rome, near the Vatican, stands the church of our Lady the Mother of Grace. In the porch is this inscription-Let us come boldly unto the throne of MARY, that we may obtain mercy.' I asked, 'How dare you thus alter and pervert the Scripture?' 'Oh (the answer was)-this is no perversion; it is only putting our Lady's name instead of the word that describes her: our Lord said to our Lady, No grace shall flow forth to any one except through thee. These are but specimens of the perverted use which Rome makes of fragments of Scripture to support her delusions; and how are the people, without Bibles, to detect the imposture ?" (90).

An English lady at Rome was remonstrating with her servant on the folly as well as falsehood of some legend about the Virgin Mary which she had been repeating with all the simple credulity of ignorance. The girl felt ashamed when the folly was pointed out to her, and said in self-justification-"But what can we do? We must believe what we are told, or else believe nothing. We are not allowed to have books that would teach us."

The practical admonitions of Dr. Tregelles are too valuable to be omitted :—

"In conclusion, let me ask you not to be surprised if difficulties, as to portions of Scripture, are brought before you, such as you may not be prepared to answer. No difficulty connected with a proved fact can invalidate the fact itself. Objectors are pertinacious in repeating the same cavils. Well did Bishop Horne say, Pertness and ignorance may ask a question in three lines, which it will cost learning and ingenuity thirty pages to answer; and, when this is done, the

same question shall be triumphantly asked again the next year, as if nothing had ever been written on the subject.' God has unfolded before you two books-the book of Creation and the book of Revelation. In Creation you see testimony to the Creator; so that those who learn not his eternal power and godhead, as witnessed by the things that are made, are without excuse (Rom. i. 20). Many difficulties might be raised as to points in which we do not see the wisdom and goodness of God; but these things do not shake our confidence in the testimony born by the book of Creation. So, too, as to the book of Revelation seeming difficulties cannot invalidate its authority: they should only teach us how finite are our minds, and lead us the more with patience and humility to seek the instruction of the Holy Spirit of God, who can cause all seeming difficulties to vanish. Who is wise, and he shall understand these things: prudent, and he shall know them? For the ways of the Lord are right, and the just shall walk in them; but the transgressors shall fall therein (Hos. xiv. 9).

The appendix to this "Lecture" contains two important papers-one on "the Text of the New Testament "—the other on "Some of the Results of the Genuineness of the New Tesment." These, as well as the "Introduction," will be interesting to a class of readers who may be supposed to possess a greater amount of critical acquaintance with the subject than the " Young Men's Christian Association" to whom the lecture was first delivered. In these dissertations it is shown that the authority of a disputed reading does not depend upon the number, but upon the antiquity and general accuracy, of the manuscripts; and as very few of the best manuscripts had been collated when the first editions of the New Testament were printed, the earliest printed editions are in general the worst. Even Griesbach often retains in his text readings which the MSS. he refers to in the notes ought to have led him to correct; and thus "passages have been habitually quoted for what they do not contain, if read properly" (103). An instance is given in a note from Acts xiii. 19, which is supposed to be contradictory of 1 Kings vi.; whereas, in the oldest MSS., the passage in the Acts stands-" He destroyed seven nations in the land of Canaan, and gave them their land by lot about four hundred and fifty years; and afterwards he gave unto them judges," &c. This transposition of afterwards gives quite a different sense to the passage, making the 450 years to apply to the time between the birth of Isaac, the heir, B.c. 1896, and the putting the Israelites in possession of the inheritance by lot, B.C. 1446 (Josh. xiv. 10).

The Hexaglott Pentateuch, or Five Books of Moses in the Original Hebrew, with the Corresponding Samaritan, Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic. The History of Adam. Edited by ROBERT YOUNG.. Edinburgh: R. Young. 1852. 8vo.

ONE of the most pleasing signs of the times is the increasing attention which is now given to the study of the original languages of Scripture; and Mr. Young, the learned editor and printer of this work, has conferred a great boon on Hebrew students by the publication of this elegantly executed volume. It contains the first five chapters of the Book of Genesis, which are printed interlinearly in Hebrew and in the several cognate languages specified in the title. We sincerely hope that the success of this publication may be such as will encourage and justify Mr. Young in proceeding with the publication of the entire "Hexaglott Pentateuch."

Codex Claromontanus, sive Epistolae Pauli omnes Græce et Latine. Ex Codice Claromontano celeberrimo, sexti ut videtur post Christum sæculi. Nunc primum edidit CONSTANTINUS TISCHENDORF, Theologiæ et Philosophiæ Doctor, Theologiæ in Academia Lipsiensi, Professor Publicus Honorarius, etc. Londini: Williams et Norgate. Lipsiæ: F. A. Brockhaus, 1852. Royal 4to.

THE "Codex Claromontanus," which is preserved in the Royal or National Library at Paris, for the last three hundred years has been justly considered as one of the most valuable monuments of the sacred Text. With the exception of a few verses, it contains the whole of St. Paul's epistles: it is the most complete document among the most ancient manuscripts for the original text of these epistles; since there are considerable lacunæ in the "Codex Vaticanus" at Rome, and in the palimpsest "Codex Ephraemi" at Paris; and more than half of the second epistle to the Corinthians is wanting in the "Codex Alexandrinus," now in the British Museum. It is therefore nearly, if not quite, as old as those three celebrated Greek manuscripts; while there is no Latin version of the Pauline Epistles extant which is of equal antiquity: at the same time it is the most ancient of all the Greek-Latin manuscripts, being mest probably of the sixth century. It is written on 533 folios of very thin vellum, in two columns, each consisting of twentyone lines, and in uncial or capital letters, without accents or spirits à primâ manu; those which are now found in this manuscript having been added by another hand, but of great antiquity: and it has the usual contractions found in all the most ancient manuscripts. Professor Tischendorf is of opinion that theCodex Claromontanus" was written in the Proconsular

Africa, most probably at Alexandria, and in the sixth century. The Pauline Epistles are disposed in the following order To the Romans, of which the first six verses and part of the seventh are wanting in the Greek text; and in page six the Latin, as in page seven the Greek, of Romans i. 27-30, has been supplied by a very ancient hand, but subsequently to the date of the original writing of the manuscript. Of the first epistle to the Corinthians the Latin is wanting in chap. xiv. 8-18. Next succeed the second epistle to the Corinthians, and the epistles to the Galatians, Ephesians, Colossians, Philippians, Thessalonians (one and two), Timothy (one and two), Titus, and Philemon. These epistles are followed by a stichometry, or catalogue of the several books of the Old and New Testament, with the number of stichoi (verses or lines) which they contain. The manuscript concludes with the epistle to the Hebrews, in which the Latin portion of chap. xiii. 21-25 is wanting. In pp. xix.-xxvi. of his Prolegomena, Professor Tischendorf has copiously discussed the various corrections which the manuscript underwent at different times, and has detected the emendations of not fewer than eleven different persons. The work concludes with an Appendix, in which he examines upwards of three thousand emendations, which have been made at various times; and offers explanations concerning the original writing of the first hand by which the "Codex Claromontanus was written.

This manuscript was first collated by Beza for his edition of the Greek Testament, published in 1582; and subsequently by Morin in his "Exercitationes Biblica," published in 1653; and by Archbishop Usher for Bishop Walton's Polyglott Bible, published in 1657. Usher's collations were reprinted by Curcellæus or Courcelles in his edition of the New Testament in 1658, and again by Dr. Mill in his celebrated edition printed at Oxford in 1707. Wetstein minutely collated this manuscript anew for his edition published in 1751; and his collations, which were highly esteemed, were adopted by Griesbach. Errors, however, have been found even in Wetstein's labours; so that Biblical students are greatly indebted to Professor Tischendorf for this beautifully executed fac-simile edition of the Clermont Manuscript, by which its actual readings may readily be ascertained.

After forty pages of Prolegomena, of which we have endeavoured to present a necessarily brief abstract to our readers, the text of St. Paul's epistles follows in Greek and Latin, in two columns: it is copied most exactly from the original manuscript, which was three times examined by the editor in order