2. The PARTHENON OF HECATOMPEDON, 50 feet larger (longer) than an older one whose site it occupied, Hesych. Built by Ictinus and Callicrates, a work on it by Ictinus and Carpion. Peript. hexast. hypæth. in the Doric order, on a high platform, entirely of Pentelic marble. Substruction, Ross Kunstbl. 1835. No. 31. Consists of the encircling colonnade; the go at each end, formed by columns with railings between, the hecatompedon strictly so called, that is the cella 100 feet in length [breadth rather, calculated after Stuart p. 8. and Le Roy p. 5. by Ideler in the Schr. der Berl. Akad. 1812. S. 186] with 16 (or 23?) columns round the hypæethron; the parthenon properly so called, or chamber for the virgin, a square enclosed space around the statue; and the closed opisthodomos with 4 columns, to the west. The front was to the east. Entire dimensions 227 × 101 English feet, height 65 feet. The height of the columns 12 mod., the intercol. almost 24, diminution of the shaft ; the swell ; corner columns 2 inches thicker. Shields hung on the architrave; regarding its riches in statuary §. 118. The triglyph frieze ingeniously composed with the greatest possible saving of stone, Klenze Aphorist. Bem. S. 368. Tf. 1. Fig. 2, 3. The pure splendour of the marble was enhanced by the gold and colours used in ornamenting the smaller fillets and mouldings. The temple suffered particularly on the 28th of Sept. 1687, from the Venetians, and more recently from Elgin; but it always still. excites a wonderful enthusiasm. J. Spon (1675) Voy. de Grèce. Stuart ii. ch. i. Wilkins, Atheniensia, p. 93. Leake, Topography, ch. 8. Böckh C. I. p. 177. The new editors of Stuart in the German translation (Darmstadt 1829) i. p. 293, where there is also given at page 349 an account of the vestiges of the old Parthenon. Cockerell's plan in Bröndsted, Voy. dans la Grèce ii. pl. 38. On Heger's Investigations, Gött. G. A. 1832, s. 849. The Parthenon measured anew by J. Hoffer, Wiener Bauzeit. 1838. N. 40 ff. [There is a model of the restored Parthenon in the gallery of the Bodleiana at Oxford, 6 feet in length.] One also in the Brit. Museum.

3. The PROPYLEA, built by Mnesicles. They formed the access to the acropolis as to the court of a temple, and stood in connexion with a road leading up from the market. Carriage road to the Propylæa of Pentelic marble slabs. L. Ross in the Kunstbl. 1836. N. 60. A grand gate, with four subordinate doors, an Ionic portico on the outside, and on each side a Doric frontispiece, the architecture of which was very skilfully combined with the Ionic in the interior. Comp. N. 5, c. At the şides project wings, the northmost of which served as a poikile; in front of the one to the south stood a small temple to Nike Apteros. Stuart ii. ch. 5. Kinnard, Antiq. of Athens, Suppl. (on the ascent). Leake, Topogr. ch. 8. p. 176. Le temple de Victoire sans ailes, restauré par R. Kousmin décrit par V. Ballanti R. 1837 fo. Bull. 1837. p. 218. [Kunstbl. 1835. N. 78 f. L. Ross u. E. Schaubert Die Akropolis von Athen, 1 Abth. der T. der Nike Apteros. B. 1839. fo.]

4. The Temple of ATHENA POLIAS and Poseidon Erechtheus. A very ancient sanctuary which was renewed after the Persian war, but (according to the Record C. I. n. 160) not completed till after 92, 4, full of sacred monuments, by means of which the plan of the building received peculiar modifications. A double temple (vaos dios) with a separate apartment to the west (Pandroseion) a prostyle to the east, and two porticoes (gooάo) on the N.W. and S.W. corners. The edifice stood

on two different foundations, inasmuch as a terrace extended along on the north and west sides, and stopped short towards the north and west (on which side stood the roixos ó exrò; in the inscription). Size without the porticoes 73 × 37 feet. Caryatids (zóga, Athenian maidens in the full Panathenaic costume) [§. 330, 5] around the portico in the south-west corner (in which the Erechtheian salt spring and the very old olive-tree appear to have been); windows and engaged columns in the Pandroseion. The frieze of the whole was of Eleusinian lime-stone with reliefs (of metal) fixed on (). [Seventeen pieces stand in the Erechtheion, a list of them in Ann. d. I. xv. p. 309 sq.] The Ionic architecture presents much that is peculiar, especially in the capitals (§. 276); the care in execution is unsurpassed. Stuart ii. ch. 2. Wilkins, p. 75. The author's Minervæ Poliadis sacra et ædis. 1820. Rose, Inscript. Græcæ Vetustissimæ, p. 145. C. I. i. p. 261. New Edition of Stuart, p. 482. Fragments of a second inscription referring to this temple. Kunstbl. 1836. St. 60 [39 f. Complete in the 'Epnusçi: agxarλ. 1837. p. 30. in Rangabis Antiqu. Hellén. p. 45. and Ann. d. I. xv. p. 286-327. An architect Archilochus of Agryle therein]. Inwood The Erechtheion of Athens, fragments of Athenian architecture, and a few remains in Attica, Megara and Epirus. L. 1827. [Von Quast Das Erechtheum zu Athen nach dem Werk des Hr. Inwood B. 1840.-Temple of Athene Ergane on the acropolis. See Ulrichs in the 'Avä 1841. 4th June, and in the Abhd. der Münchner Akad. philos. philol. Kl. iii, 3. S. 627.]

5. ELEUSIS. Uned. Antiq. of Attica. ch. 1-5 (Traduct. par M. Hittorff Ann. d. Inst. iv. p. 345). a. The great temple (uiyagov, ávánтogov) erected under the superintendence of Ictinus of Corobus, Metagenes, and Xenocles, and planned for the celebration of the mysteries. Departure in the Eleusinian building from the pure style. Kugler S. 43. A large cella with four rows of Doric columns running across in two tiers; between them a large opening for light, which was arched by Xenocles (τὸ ἐπαῖον ἐκορύφωσε Plut. Pericl. 13. comp. Pollux ii, 54), as this temple must not be hypæthral. Portico of 12 Doric columns (by Philo in the time of Demetrius Phalereus) which have already thin fillets between the flutings. 212. 10. 2 × 178. 6. the measurement of the square within 167 × 166. 6. Beneath the cella a crypt, undiminished cylinders supported the upper floor. The material mostly Eleusinian lime-stone, little marble. The size of the whole 220 × 178 f. Statements somewhat at variance, Ionian Antiq. ch. 6, 19-21, new ed. b. The smaller Propylaa in the inner peribolos, with enigmatical disposition of the door. We have here the capital of a pilaster with the leaves of the acanthus. c. The larger Propylæa in the outer court. Entirely similar to those on the acropolis; only without the side buildings. The pannelled ceiling (42077) praised there by Pausanias is here more distinct (whether Appii propylæum, Cicero ad Att. vi, 1?). d. A small temple of Artemis Propylæa, a templum in antis, Doric. e. A small temple on the rock above the Megaron, in the inner peribolos. None of the buildings at Eleusis were completely finished.

OTHER ATTIC TEMPLES.

6. At RHAMNUS. The larger temple of Nemesis, hexast. peript., Doric, 71 X 33 f. was probably begun in the time of Pericles (comp. §. 117), but not finished till later (fillets with the flutings). Rich paintings and

gildings are observable on the external cornice, and on the cornice over the frieze in the interior, the outlines of which are carved. Beautiful lacunaria, Un. Antiq. ch. 6.

7. Temple of PALLAS ON SUNIUM, hexast. peript. with propylæa of the same order, the Doric. Also of the age of Pericles. Ionian Antiq. ii. ch. 5. pl. 9-14. Un. Antiq. ch. 8.

8. STOA AT THORICUS (7 columns in front, 14 on the side. Comp. §. 80. Rem. ii, 3). The columns (11 mod. high) have received but the beginning of the flutings. Un. Antiq. ch. 9.

II. CHIEF PELOPONNESIAN TEMPLES.

9. Temple of ZEUS AT OLYMPIA, built with the spoils of Pisa (which fell about the 50th Ol.) by Libon the Elean, completed about the 86th Ol. Of poros stone. Hexast. peript. hypæthral. The pronaos closed with grated doors (Júga: xañxai) between columns, so likewise the opisthodomos corresponding to the pronaos; the cella rather narrow with upper galleries (σToni úжsgão). Size 230 × 95 Greek feet, height 68. On the ruins, especially Stanhope's Olympia, p. 9. Cockerell, Bibl. Italiana 1831. N. 191. p. 205. Expédition Scien. de la Morée Livr. 11. pl. 62 sqq. Comp. Völkel's Nachlass i.

10. 11. Temple of HERA at ARGOS by Eupolemus after Ol. 89, 2. The OLYMPIEION AT MEGARA before 87. No ruins of these temples. [Discovery of the foundation. W. Mure Ann. d. Inst. x. p. 308 tav. H. The same author's Tour in Greece ii, 177.]

12. Temple of APOLLO EPICURIUS AT PHIGALIA, built by Ictinus the Athenian (Eustath. on the Od. p. 1825. R.), therefore perhaps before Ol. 87, 2 (according to the supposition of Pausanias, after the plague, 88). Size 126 × 48 f. Without, a Doric pteroma; within, Ionic columns form niches (probably for Donaria) and an hypæthron. A Corinthian column stood at the end of the hypæthron behind the statue. On the ruins Combe, Brit. M. iv. pl. 25-28. Stackelberg, Apollotempel Tf. 1-5. Donaldson, Antiq. of Athens, Suppl. p. 1. pl. 1—10.

13. Temple of ATHENA ELEA AT TEGEA, built by Scopas after the 96th Ol. the largest and most beautiful in the Peloponnesus. The combination of Ionic columns externally, and Doric and Corinthian above one another within, is important for the history of architecture. Paus. viii, 45. Slight remains. Dodwell, Tour ii. p. 419. Klenze Aphorist. Bem. S. 647.

14. The very slender Doric columns (more than 13 mod. high) of the temple of Zeus at Nemea appear to belong to the end of this period. Ionian Antiq. ii. ch. 6. pl. 15—18. Descr. de Morée iii. pl. 72. [Clarke Trav. ii, 2. chap. 18. p. 714. 4to Ed.]

III. IONIA [AND CARIA].

15. DIDYMEON AT MILETUS, after its destruction rebuilt Ol. 71, principally by Pæonius and Daphnis of Miletus, but never entirely completed. Dipteral decast. hypæthral, 163 feet broad, in magnificent Ionic style, with engaged Corinthian columns in the pronaos. The columns

6 feet thick, 634 high, more slender than those at Ephesus, Samos, and Sardis (§. 54, 80), with lighter entablature. Ionian Antiq. i. ch. 3. p. 27. Choiseul Gouffier, Voy pittor. i. pl. 113, 114. Hirt, Gesch. ii. p. 62. pl. 9, 11.

16. Temple of PALLAS POLIAS AT PRIENE, built by the learned architect Pytheus, about Ol. 110. According to an inscription, Alexander had the glory of consecrating it. C. I. No. 2904. Peript. hexast. of beautiful Ionic order with propylæa which instead of Ionic columns have pilasters inside whose capitals are enriched with griffins in relief. Ionian Antiq. i. ch. 2. new ed. Choiseul Gouffier, pl. 116.

17. Temple of DIONYSUS AT TEOs by Hermogenes, probably built about the time of Alexander. Peript. hexast. and eustyle, according to Vitruvius (who principally follows Hermogenes). Ionian Antiq. i. ch. 1. Choiseul Gouff. pl. 124. Comp. besides Hirt, Gesch. ii, 66.

18. Temple of ARTEMIS LEUCOPHRYNE AT MAGNESIA on the Meander, built by Hermogenes, pseudodipteral, according to Vitruvius 198 × 106 f. Leake, Asia Minor, p. 349. To it belongs the elevation, Ionian Antiq. i. ch. 1. pl. 2. first ed. [R. Rochette after the labours of the architect Clerges in the Journ. des Sav. 1845. Oct. Nov.]

19. Ruins of a temple of APOLLO AT DELOS in the Doric order (the height of the columns 12 mod.), Stuart iii. ch. 10. p. 57. [A friese tablet from the temple of Esculapius, the most important in Cos. See Ross in Gerhard's Archäol. Zeit. 1846. Tf. 42. S. 281. Temple of Dionysus at Aphrodisias, octast. peript. probably by Hermogenes; panther and crater alternately on the architrave, Ion. Antiq. iii. ch. 2. pl. 13 sqq. cf. Fellows Lycia p. 33. and Texier. The beautiful Ionic temple of Azani in Phrygia in Fellows' Asia Minor p. 136. 141. and in Texier.]

IV. SICILY.

20. 21. ACRAGAS. Comp. above §. 80. The great Doric temple of Zeus Olympius was incomplete when Acragas was conquered by the Carthaginians Ol. 93, 3, and also remained so after the renovation of the city. Diod. xiii, 82. Size according to Diod. 340 X 160 f. (369 × 182 English f. according to the latest measurements). Height 120, without the substruction (gridμx). The cella has within pilasters 12 feet broad, and half-columns without, 20 feet in circumference, but porticoes at the ends according to Diodorus, according to Cockerell however there were here also pilasters and half-columns. The columns under 10 mod. high. In the interior there stood on columns or pillars, gigantic figures in antique severe style as supporters of the roof [§. 279]. Nic. Maggiore, Opusc. Archeol. 1834. cf. Bull. 1836. p. 62. There are many things about this temple still in the dark. See Wilkins, Mag. Gr. ch. 3. pl. 14— 17. Hirt ii, 90. pl. 9, 12. Klenze, Tempel des Olymp. Jupiters 1821, and in the Kunstblatt 1824. N. 36 (comp. 28, 39). Cockerell. Antiq. of Athens, Suppl. p. 1. pl. 1-8. Not far from the above stands the socalled temple of HERCULES. Cockerell, pl. 9. More recent excavations at the [so-called] temple of Hercules, Bull. 1836. p. 97. 129. Theron's monument, the pyramid of a victor horse (Plin. viii, 42), according to Göttling in the Kunstbl. 1836. N. 7.

22-24. SELINUS. Comp. §. 80. Its large and rich temples are mentioned in Thucyd. vi, 20, and in connection with its destruction by the Carthaginians (92, 4). The chief Doric temple was at that time still incomplete, as only the eight columns of the east front were fluted (with fillets), and some others begun. Dipteral according to Wilkins, pseudodipt. according to Hittorff and Serradifalco with large columnar pronaos and hypäthron, 331 X 161 feet according to Wilkins, 367 × 161 according to Göttling in the Hermes xxxiii. p. 248. The columns about 10 mod. high. South from this one in the same castern portion of the city stand two other temples, all together called i piliere die Giganti, 186 × 76 and 232 × 83 f. large; both hexastyle peripteral, and on the whole they appear to belong to the same period. The middle and smallest temple is constructed almost in the same way as the middle temple of the acropolis, but at a later period however when more slender (about 10 mod.) and at the same time greatly tapering (about mod.) columns made their appearance in Sicily; somewhere about the 80th Olymp. Comp. on the sculptures §. 90 and 119. Wilkins, ch. 4. pl. 1-11. Hittorff and Zanth, Archit. de la Sicile. Livr. 5, pl. 30 sqq.

25. EGESTA. Hexast. peript. 190 × 77 f. the columns not yet flute. Wilkins, ch. 5. Gärtner's Ansichten der Monumente Siciliens. Hittorff, pl. 2-6. [SYRACUSE. Hexast. peript. Serradifalco i. tav. 3—8. Canina in the Bullett. 1836. p. 91.] The cella 86, 6. x, 47, 4. Palm, entire length 218, 2. P. Cavallari in Serradifalco iv. tv. 5—8. p. 120. [CORFU. Not far from the city Hexast. peript. W. Railton, §. 253. R. 1.]

110. Luxury in private buildings, houses, and monuments, did not begin at Athens especially till towards the end of this period (§. 104, 2). It began sooner with the rich and haughty Agrigentines who built, according to the well-known saying, as if they expected to live for ever.

See the marvellous accounts in Diodor. xiii, 81 of Gellias' palace and colossal wine-cellar, of the public piscina, the monuments to victorious horses and favourite birds. The so-called sepulchre of Theron (Wilkins ch. 3. pl. 19) is remarkable on account of its Ionic engaged columns with Doric entablature, and the cross-vault in the interior. A similar mixture has been observed in the so-called Heroön of Empedocles on the acropolis of Selinus.

1 111. The greatest problem likewise of the architect, the construction of entire cities, fell at this period principally to Hippodamus of Miletus who, by his improvements in the Peiræus, which Themistocles had rather designed as a place of refuge in time of war, converted it into a splendid city. He laid out Thurii (Ol. 83, 3) with large streets at right angles, and likewise rebuilt Rhodes (Olymp. 93, 1) in a highly symmetrical and regular manner, and in the form of a theatre. 2 Through him as well as Meton the regular (Ionic) method of building seems to have gained the ascendancy over the narrow and angular construction of cities which prevailed in early Greece.