back of the neck, another seton in the temple or temples, according as one or both eyes are affected. In the course of eight or ten days, the seton in the temple is to be withdrawn, a common fly blister applied, and the blistered surface sprinkled with strychnia. The bowels to be freely opened with calomel and aloes. The diet to be light, as the farinaceous. The patient should be confined in a large, well-ventilated apartment, and an obscure light.

32. Deafness is not so common a sequence to smoking tobacco as amaurosis. It is to be treated on precisely the same principles, with the difference of applying the blisters and strychnia behind the ears.

33. Nervousness is remarkably common from indulging too much in smoking, snuffing, or chewing tobacco. It is to be treated by "throwing away tobacco forever" by having recourse to the shower-bath in winter, and sea-bathing in summer-by nourishing diet, attention to the bowels, the alterative powder, as prescribed under ulceration of the lips, the tonics, as quassia and gentian, and even quinine; exercise in the open air, and by mixing in quiet, agreeable society, as the nervous system is easily and readily over-excited; and, lastly, by change of air, and ultimately travelling about.

84. Emasculation, as an effect of tobacco, may well astonish the gay Lothario, as he might, unconscious of the cause, have boasted, that "never in my youth did I apply the means of weakness and debility." I have been consulted by fathers of from thirty to forty years of age, who, having married in early life, ave had two or three children soon after marriage onwards thirty

years old, but have been surprised that they had even tually lost all inclination for sexual indulgence. On in. terrogating them, I have invariably found that they were all excessive smokers; and on convincing them that tobacco was the cause of their temporary impotence, they have instantly "thrown away tobacco forever," and in a few months after have returned to me, saying that they had become fathers again. I have found unmarried men similarly affected with the want of the sexual vis et

animus.

35. I have invariably found, that patients addicted to tobacco smoking were in spirit cowardly, and deficient in manly fortitude to undergo any surgical operation, however trifling, proposed to relieve them from the suffering of other complaints. In such cases chloroform is a great boon.

36. When we consider the effect of tobacco in tetanus, and in strangulated hernia in former days, we can readily comprehend its powerful narcotic effects: they are stronger than opium-opium differing from tobacco only in constipating the bowels. The use of tobacco for medical purposes has been long known, but its application has been carried, fundamentally, of late, to the full extent to which the human body can be subjected-a cigar having been actually inserted into the anus, by an American physician, as a medical reagent-thus introducing the poison into every vital passage.

37. The number of people who from twelve years of age are given to smoking, snuffing, plugging, and chewing, or quidding the noxious weed, appears quite incredible By its so general consumption, we must become

changed in both corporeal and mental faculties-we cannot fail to be enfeebled in body and mind, and become a deteriorated race. I once travelled with a gentleman from South America, who first filled his nostrils with snuff, which he prevented falling out, by stuffing shag tobacco after it, and this he termed "plugging" — then put in each cheek a coil of pigtail tobacco, which he named "quidding," in this country called "chewing:" lastly, he lit a Havannah cigar, which he put into his mouth; and thus smoked and chewed, puffing at one time the smoke of the cigar, and at another time squirting the juice from his mouth, as so graphically described by Dickens in the boat story, on the way to the Far West. This gentleman was as thin as a razor, with an olive-colored countenance, and frightfully nervous. The preceding is neither a caricature, nor an exaggerated account of the fearful extent to which the use of tobacco is carried-not merely in Europe, as we know, but, as there is every reason to fear, in every quarter of the globe where it either grows, or is unhappily conveyed.

.38. There can be no doubt, from what has occurred in the war just ended, that had the Turks never indulged in the vicious habit of smoking tobacco, they would not have required the assistance of the French, Sardinians, and British. They would have been as powerful as in the days of the Sultans Othman, Orchan, Amurath the First, and Bajazet, and would have sent such a message through Menschikoff to the Czar Nicholas, as the Sultan Bajazet said to the Count de Nevers, of France, when taken prisoner after his celebrated unsuccessful cavalry charge (like that at Balaklava) near Nicropolis.

39 It is allowed by British and other European offi. cers, hat the Turkish soldier is equal, if not superior, to the private soldier of any other European nation.* But the officers are ignorant, lazy, and indolent, constantly stupefied with tobacco. The late expedition of Omer Pacha from Batoun to Kutais, is graphically described by one of the correspondents of an English journal: while the private soldiers were toiling away in dragging the artillery through forests, their officers were squatted, smoking their pipes or chibouques!

40. It is stated that Abbas the First, Shah of Persia in the beginning of the seventeenth century (he reigned from 1587 to 1629), denounced opium and tobacco; and that, when leading an army against the Cham of Tartary, he proclaimed that every soldier in whose possession tobacco was found, would have his nose and lips cut off, and afterwards be burnt alive. He re-established the Persian empire by his activity and conquests.

41. Amurath the Fourth, of Turkey, denounced the use of tobacco. He ended his reign in 1389.

42. The manner of the embodiment of the Janizaries, and especially their training for soldiers by their founder Ala-ed-deen, the brother of the Sultan Orchan, is well worth the consideration of the Secretary-at-War, the Commander-in-Chief, the Horse-Guards, and, more particularly, of the Army Reform Commissioners.

43. "The Mahrattas, in working a battery, never pointed their cannon so as to mark in a particular spot,

* Vide Le Continent, in 1854. Paris, 1854. Also, General Williams's (the brave defender of Kars) Speech at the Army and Navy Club, June, 1856.

hour; tion.

but aimed at random all round the wall. After loading a gun they sat down, smoked and conversed for half-anthen fired, reloaded, and resumed their conversaTwo hours at mid-day, by mutual consent, were set apart for meals and recreation.” "The English calculated seven years as the period in which a breach might be effected."*

44. It is stated that the Sikhs, now named the Punjabees, never smoke tobacco, it being contrary to their religion. I may ask, are there any soldiers in India equal to the Sikhs? At Chillianwallah, at Moodkee, at Ferozshah, at Aliwur, at Mooltan, at Sobraon, no soldiers behaved better.

45. Mr. Meadows, in an interesting account of the Chinese, states, that "the soldier who smokes tobacco is bambooed, and he who smokes opium is beheaded.”Vide British Quarterly Review, No. 51, for July, 1857, page 49.

46. Rumph, in his Herbarium Amboinense, says, that the Chinese and natives of India used tobacco only as a medicine or medicament. "Neutiquam," he observes, (6 vere ad suctionem sed tantum modo ad usum medicum unanimo enim consensu, Indi assentiunt sese Tabaci suctionem ab Europeis dedicisse."

47. The celebrated French surgeon, Percy, states, that tobacco was as regularly served out to the French soldiers as provisions, and thus comments on the practice: "It had doubtless been calculated that smoking hurt the appetite; and to save daily from four to six

* Murray's British India, vol. ii. p. 127. The author here alludes to the siege of Darwar, occupied by Tippoc in September, 1791.