our own, since we acknowledge the absolute impossibility of condensing into a reasonable space what is urged by the editor. Concerning that every man will judge for himself, and it is not impossible that the bone thrown down will be gnawed at and mumbled over by many readers of different and conflicting tastes and judgments. Let us premise that, so far as regards the story, the influence of the Greek romancer is to be felt. We have applied no test of comparison, and speak only from vague memories. We seem to trace, moreover, in addition to Heliodorus and Longus, some suggestions of Apuleius and even of Petronius. The teaching, of course, is directly opposite to that of these amorists. Much nearer to the philosophical dreams of More and Bacon is our author, but the adventures with brigands and the tragic love story of Philippina as narrated by Galatea belong to oldfashioned romance. Mr. Begley accounts as best he may for the non-existence of the classical allusions which Milton uses with exquisite felicity; but their absence is remarkable, we may not say suspicious. We must leave the story as strictly alone as the editor's arguments. The profound influence exercised over the book by Virgil all will recognize as a support to the theory that it is Milton's. In some cases resemblances are indicated, as in vol. i. p. 85, that to Barclay's 'Argenis,' where the primary source of obligation is Horace. Physical education for the young, with attention to which Mr. Begley credits Elyot, Mulcaster, and Locke, as well as Milton, was advocated much earlier by Rabelais. When, i. 102, the hymn of Auximus to spring has the phrase "in gladsome livery dight," the resem, blance to "the clouds in thousand liveries dight" is inevitable; but is not the expression intentionally copied? Many eminently Miltonic phrases occur in the translations from the poems. How far imitations of the kind are inevitable is a matter to be investigated at leisure. When, p. 169, the author speaks of the stars "that never fail," we recall in "Comus' how Milton dealt with the stars That Nature hung in heaven, and filled their lamps With everlasting oil. Earlier passages in the same portion concerning the riches in the earth and the sea recall the same poem. Joseph's lamp is placed, after Milton's own aspiration, in a high lonely tower. Can such an utterance come from mortal man?" recalls ...... Can any mortal mixture of earth's mould? Much value must be attached to the passage, i. 279, where the gods of the heathen are declared to be devils, the same view being carried out fully in Paradise Lost,' book i. In book iv., vol. ii. p. 24, are verses recalling slightly the famous description of flowers in Lycidas.' In Cain's soliloquy, ii. 54, we find And still live on-an awful living death Where-saddest thing of all! nor hope nor end Can ever conie, which suggests, from 'Samson Agonistes,' To live a life half dead, a living death, and, from 'Paradise Lost,' Hope never comes. What is said, p. 58, concerning the inducement of our first parents to revolt, and the influence of ambition, also recalls Paradise Lost. The form "Many are the curious conjectures of the learned' is that exactly of Many are the words of the wise in 'Samson Agonistes.' "Chained on the burning lake," p. 94, is from 'Paradise Lost.' "Pollute with shame" is Naked shame Pollute with sinful blame, which occurs in On the Nativity.' The lines that close Cupid's Cradle' convey exactly the idea, and almost the words, of the elder brother in 'Comus,' descriptive of the effects of yielding to lewd blances we note are exhausted, but because our thoughts. Here we stop; not that the resemspace is filled. Many of the Latin poems are Bridal Song' is exquisite. It is, indeed, a thing of extreme beauty, and the closing poem 'The that the world, having once got it, "will not willingly let die. Mr. Begley's task is well discharged. We wish that he had not attributed, almost on the first page, edition of Milton's Minor Poems' in 1791, which to Thomas Wharton, instead of Thomas Warton, the is a chief delight of lovers of the poet, the more so since he knows better, and subsequently writes Warton. He might with advantage have said that the 'Comus' of Erycius Puteanus, on Milton's (born at Gueldres, 1574, died at Louvain, 1640), knowledge of which he insists, is by Henri Dupuy whose pseudonym the name was. The Love Letters of Dorothy Osborne to Sir William Temple. Newly edited from the Original MSS. by Israel Gollancz. (Alexander Moring.) To the "King's Classics," which, issued under the general editorship of Mr. Gollancz, promise to be a most desirable series of reprints, has been added, as the second issue, the love letters of Dorothy Osborne, now, we are told, for the first tim completely and accurately rendered. Since w first made the acquaintance of this divine heroine in the edition of Judge Parry, we have been wildly in love with her. Those interested enough may refer to our raptures (see 7th S. v. 499). Since that time we have not wavered in affection or in faith, but are as much devoted to her as ever. This edition, beautifully printed in a type at once legible and elegant, and carefully edited with a few helpful notes and a facsimile of Dorothy's handwriting, is warmly welcome, the more so since it is exactly the size to be slipped into the pocket, and will not weigh too much on the next excursion. In the full sense Dorothy's letters constitute a classic, though we have known them only a little more than a dozen years. Though proud and content in our intimacy with Lady Temple, we almost envy those who have her acquaintance to make. Not often in a lifetime does the most fortunate of men obtain such an introduction. In appearance, and, indeed, in all respects, this dainty volume is worthy to bear her name. In consequence of legal proceedings by Judge Parry, it seems likely that the sale of the volume will be discontinued. THE lines of the Scottish Antiquary and Historical Review are henceforward to be widened, and the magazine, long recognized as the leading quarterly of Scottish history, archæology, genealogy, and heraldry, will, under the admirably competent editorship of Mr. Stevenson, take a still higher position. Promise of support has been obtained from most of the principal writers on these and cognate subjects. The publishers remain Messrs. James MacLehose & Sons, of Glasgow. BOOKSELLERS' CATALOGUES. INTEREST in other items in the latest catalogue of Mr. Arthur Reader is eclipsed by the presence in it of an edition of Milton's Poems, English and Latin,' 1674, wholly unknown to bibliographers. Upon discovering this item we wished to secure it, but found ourselves an hour too late. It is now in the possession of Mr. W. Aldis Wright, Vice-Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, by whom it will be duly prized. It differs from the 1673 edition in being, so far as we can learn, 12mo instead of small 8vo, and has a portrait. The 1673 edition we possess, and are sorry to have missed that of 1674. Many other items of interest are there, including Annales de la Cour de Paris, 1697-8, which obtained for its author nine years in the Bastille. The author in question is Courtilz de Sandras, to whom is owing the famous 'Vie de M. D'Artagnan,' on which Dumas founded his immortal Trois Mousquetaires.' This and a few other curious items we were fortunate enough to secure. an The latest catalogue (No. 262) of Mr. Francis Edwards is almost entirely topographical, and includes many scarce and costly works. To be specially noted are Boydell's Scenery and History of the Thames,' 1791-6; Kip's Britannia Illustrata,' 1714; a complete set of the Harleian Society publications; a set of publications of the Huguenot Society; a complete set of N. & Q.,' with the indexes (397.): Wood's Athenæ Oxonienses,' ed. Bliss; Lipscomb's Buckingham'; Ackermann's Cambridge University'; Ormerod's Chester'; Hutchins's Dorsetshire; Atkyns's Gloucestershire'; Clutterbuck's Hertfordshire'; Hasted's Kent'; Ackermann's Microcosm of London'; and Sowerby's 'Botany.' Mr. W. J. Smith, of Brighton, has original drawings by Rowlandson, Howitt's 'Northern Heights,' Thoms's Early English Prose Romances,' 3 vols., 1828, interesting to our readers, many startling articles under Charles Lamb, and another long list under London. He has some valuable mezzotint portraits. Under Thackeray, &c., nay be found articles of importance. Messrs. Ellis & Elvey, of Bond Street, preface their admirable catalogue with a history of their firm and its various members. It seems to have been started by John Brindley in 1728. James Robson, publisher of Burney's History of Music,' joined it, and the firm, after other mutations, became Boone & Sons, who disposed of the business in 1872 to Mr. F. S. Ellis, the spirited publisher of Rossetti. Other changes followed, and the house is now Ellis & Elvey, though apparently no bearer of either name is contained in it. Incunabula, with which the catalogue opens, include the first German Mandeville, c. 1475. A Beaumont and Fletcher, 1647, follows, and is succeeded by a Fourth Quarto Shakespeare. In addition to these come Young's 'Night Thoughts,' with the illustrations of Blake, coloured by the artist; a large-paper Bibliotheca Spenceriana'; a MS. on vellum, Glanvilla de Proprietatibus Rerum'; autograph letters of Lord Heathfield, illustrating the celebrated siege of Gibraltar; and a rare collection of books on music. Many reproductions of bindings and plates are supplied. The catalogue of A. Maurice & Co., of Bedford Street, contains a series of Horæ, on vellum, one of the fifteenth century being priced 4007. and others at three figures. Facsimiles of some of the illustra The catalogue of Messrs. Deighton, Bell & Co., of Cambridge, has some rare and out-of-print books, including Le Cabinet de Choiseul' and Le Cabinet de Poullain,' French illustrated books of the eighteenth century; a translation of the Ethiopica of Heliodorus; works of King James I.; a Villon illustrated by Robida; and some works of Uzanne. There are some good entries under Oriental Literature,' Assyriology,' and 'Egyptology,' and a scarce collection of pamphlets. Sonie costly works in art are catalogued on the cover, besides an edition of the works of Martin Luther in 20 vols. In the catalogue of Mr. James Roche, of New Oxford Street, are to be noted many Dickens items, including an extra-illustrated Master Humphrey's Clock,' and other works, first editions; a series of articles contributed by the novelist to Bell's Life; a first series of 'Sketches by Boz,' first edition, uncut and finely bound, with Cruikshank's illustrations; Wilkinson's 'Londina Illustrata'; some Bartolozzi illustrations; H. B.'s Political Caricatures'; coloured Cruikshank plates; a Staunton's Shakespeare, édition de luxe; David Roberts's Views in the Holy Land'; and a collection of works concerning India and the East, together with a large variety of other illustrated works. illustrated catalogue of works of highest mark. A Messrs. J. & J. Leighton issue a large and richly description of the contents of this might well occupy all the space we can devote to the subject. Among items of high interest, mostly in finest The Gardener's Labyrinth'; a series of works by Gerson, printed by Ulrich bindings, are Zell and others; Ghisi's Laberinto'; Gower's Confessio Amantis,' 1554; a thirteenth-century MS. of 'Gratiani Decretum'; Grisone on horsemanship, in fine Lyons binding; a splendid 'Giraldus de Deis Gentium'; some superbly illustrated editions of the Hortus Sanitatis'; many rare books by or concerning Hieronymus; Books of Hours in various languages; early Horaces, &c. The catalogue, for the letters G and H only, has very numerous reproductions of old woodcuts. Mr. Thomas Thorne, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, has a full set of Ballad Society's publications, so far as these have extended (Mr. Ebsworth's fine work keeps up its price); a Bibliotheca Spenceriana' of Dibdin; Gardiner's large-type History of England'; a long set of Archæologia; scarce works of Dickens; a cheap copy of the Encyclopædia Bri tannica'; and another of "The Gentleman's Magazine Library." Messrs. Henry Young & Sons, of Liverpool, announce The Antiquities of England and Wales' some fine books on architecture; Yarrell's 'Birds' a large collection of Burnsiana; Wild's 'Cathe drals; a Japanese-vellum copy, on large paper, of Gardiner's 'Cromwell'; an 1863 record of Herculaneum and Pompeii; a Milman's Horace, 1849; and a unique Whitaker's 'Loidis and Elmete.' LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL 25, 1903. CONTENTS. - No. 278. NOTES:-" Hagioscope" or Oriel ? 321-Notes on Burton's 'Anatomy,' 322-Shakespeariana, 323-"Promotion" Germination of Seeds Henslowe's 'Diary' - Eton and Winchester Colleges, 332-"Tottenham is near the place where the rector or procurator The true name of these apertures was oriel. When we hear of an oriel being made over a cellar doort we may guess that it was a "lattice" intended for ventilation. And if we turn to an English-Latin dictionary of the year 1440, we shall find that our guess Before that time, however, a is right.t change of meaning had taken place. The turn'd French"-Shakespeare's Geography-" Nothing," little room or closet which was ventilated 333-Robert Scot-Hedgehog, 334 - Cope-"Bletheramskite," 335-Parallel Passages-Paucity of Elizabethan by a latticed window, or contained a grated Books, 336-Bacon on Mechanical Inventions-French opening for other purposes, came itself to be "Pillow-ber, "337-Hell-in-Harness- Indigo" in Dante called an oriel, and the same term came also Thackeray and Vanity Fair'-"Cycle- to be applied to a porch or anteroom, containing probably a screen or lattice-work. But we must not conclude from this that "lattice was the original meaning of the word. A poem in Ritson's Metrical Romances 'S appears to show that the true name of the so-called "hagioscope" was oriel : Phrase-Centrifugal Railway-Adelphi Society of London -"Bagman alities "-Map Queries, 338. NOTES ON BOOKS:- Dictionary of National Biography Index and Epitome - New English Dictionary'-Rigg's 'Decameron of Boccaccio'-Dobell's 'Sidelights on Charles Lamb.' Notices to Correspondents. Hotes. "HAGIOSCOPE" OR ORIEL? THE numerous writers who expatiate so confidently about "hagioscopes " and "hagio scopic arrangements" hold themselves well together. But they never produce one jot of evidence from old records. These openings, as I have shown, cannot have been intended to afford "a view of the elevation of the Host," and hence they are wrongly called "hagioscopes." There is no great difficulty in ascertaining what the real purpose of these apertures was. When we remember that the chancel of a church anciently belonged to the lord of the manor, that it was known as gescot (i.e. a shut-off building), that it had a separate door, that entrance thereto from the nave and aisles was barred by screens or lattice-work (cancelli), we may at least conjecture that the openings which we are considering were intended to afford a means of communication between persons outside the chancel and the lord or his deputy sitting within. And this conjecture is made the more probable by the fact that these openings, whether from the inside or outside of the building, are usually in the south, and When ye here the Mas-belle, Y shall hur brynge to the Chapelle, Be the Oryall syde stonde thou stylle, Here it seems as if the man stood by the I have met with a passage in the 'Rotulı Hundredorum' (i. 168 b) which proves that and also gives us the etymology of the word these so-called "hagioscopes were oriels, oriel. It appears that in 1272 certain bailiff of Henbury, in Gloucestershire, about rumours had come to the ears of Philip Bacun, dead woman who had been found floating sent for five men, whose names are given, on the river Severn. Thereupon the bailiff (with the exception of one of the five) clapped including one Roger de Horsinton, and them in the stocks (in ceppis) to inquire con a cerning the woman's death. But they refused causes were exclusively heard, the public being shut off by cancelli and curtains.* An English vocabulary of the tenth or eleventh century mentions "the chancel behind the high altar," and translates the word gesceot, among other names, by secretarium.+ But are we justified in supposing that the aula at Henbury was a church? I would reply to that question by another. If the aula was not a church, what was it; and where else did the court sit in this little village of Henbury if not in the church or chancel? In late Latin a frequent meaning of the word is "church,"‡ and in an English inscription of the year 1056 a parish church is described as regia aula, royal court.§ There is no connexion between the words aula and hall, but even if it should be proved that "the aula of Henbury 66 was a 'hall This Philip Bacun was bailiff, or chief officer, of the hundred of Henbury, and it may be that the aula of Henbury was the church of that village. But what was the oricilum? We need not hesitate to conclude that it was the auricle, or external ear, "wider at the west end than the east," the oriel (French oreille, ear) through which the accused man or defendant confessed his misdeeds to the officer who sat behind the lattice. Du Cange mentions the late Latin oricularius for auri-mote," or court held in a manorial hall, we cularius, a word which, he tells us, means still have to do with a court of justice which one entrusted with secrets, a counsellor." contained an oricilum, at which confession Dr. Russell Sturgis, in the excellent and was extorted from culprits or defendants. comprehensive Dictionary of Architecture' Moreover, this court at Henbury belonged to which he is now publishing, says that the the Bishop of Worcester, and as late as the "hagioscope" is called also Squint, and thirteenth century it is almost impossible more rarely Loricula." Dr. Sturgis does not to distinguish between the civil and the tell us from what source he gets loricula, but ecclesiastical court. It is not likely that the it cannot be the Latin for breastplate." In bishop had two courts in such a place, and if the books to which I have access I have been churches could use the ordeal by fire at this unable to find the word, and think that we period we need not be surprised to find in ought to read l'oricula. them oriels for use in confession-not the confession which the moral delinquent now makes to a priest, but that which a man accused of a legal crime once made to his judge. The oriel in a church is the confessional, and no confessional boxes have ever been found in England. 66 In attempting to extort confession from these men the bailiff was only following the Roman law, for "the main object of the inquisitorial procedure which grew up under the empire was to discover, either by means of torture, or by interrogatories or otherwise, whether the defendant could be induced to confess the charge made against him."§ In the thirteenth century bailiffs were often clerics (Pontefract Chartulary,' ii. 342, 360). The enclosed chancel of a parish church will remind us of the Roman secretarium or secretum, in which from the fifth century * "Idem Philippus predictum Rogerum de Horsinton secum duxit usque ad oricilum aule de Hembur', et ibidem minando dictum Rogerum dixit quod ipsuni poneret in prisona nisi de morte dicte mulieris recognosceret, de qua nil scivit." + Spelman (s.v. aula) refers to certain Rolls of Edward I. which contain the formula "aula ibidemi tenta tali die," &c. This is the only instance which Du Cange can quote of the use of the word in the sense of "Court Baron." But was not the Court Baron itself held in church? Auricularius, secretorum conscius, Consiliarius." He also gives "Auricularius, TakovσTYS .....Auricularius, id est Secretarius, ab auricula, quia secreta solent dici in aure.' § Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities,' s.v. 'Confessio.' Mr. H. V. Baker, of Henbury, tells me that there is no "squint" in Henbury Church. Is the approximate date of the building known, and does it contain transepts, side chapels, or a central tower? S. O. ADDY. [Loricula=breastplate is, we think, sound Latin.] BURTON'S 'ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY. (See ante, pp. 181, 222, 263.) ENOUGH examples have now been given to prove that, quite apart from his neglect to collate the early editions, Mr. A. R. Shilleto was often wanting in care and knowledge in * Smith's 'Dict.,' ut supra, s.v. 'Auditorium.' "Propitiatorium, uel sanctum sanctorum, uel secretarium, uel pastoforum, gesceot bæftan þæm heah-weofode."-Wright-Wülcker, Vocab.,' i. 186. See Du Cange, s.v. $ Archeologia, vol. 1. p. 70. Cf. "Basilica, cinges hof uel cyrce."-Wright-Wülcker, 'Vocab.' Rotuli Hundredorum,' i. 169 a. his treatment of the text of Burton. The following are some further errors contained in the same editor's notes. ་ passage in Rabelais cites the Latin line and refers to Burton, but neither he nor Shilleto mentions its occurrence in Walsingham (see N. & Q.,' 9th S. vii. 74, 75). · Vol. i. (A. R. S.), p. 93, 1. 3 (' Democritus to the Reader"), "Experto crede (saith Saris- Vol. ii. p. 135, 11. 17, 18 (Part. II. sect. ii. buriensis) in manus eorum millies incidi, & mem. vi. subs. iii.), "Homer brings in Phemius Charon immitis, qui nulli pepercit unquam, playing, and the Muses singing, at the Banhis longe clementior est." To Sarisburiensis quet of the Gods." Burton's marginal note the author has the marginal note "Polycrat. to Homer is 'Iliad,' I. Shilleto remarks that lib.," to which Shilleto adds "I. Prologue." Burton is wrong, and substitutes 'Odyssey' The two words experto crede are to be found, for Iliad,' adding the number of the line, it is true, in the prologue to the Poly- 154, in which Phemius is said to have sung craticus,' but the passage which Burton among the suitors. But it is in the first quotes here is taken, with slight verbal alter-Iliad' (1. 604) that the muses sing at the ations, from book v. chap. x., "Experto crede, banquet of the gods. in manus eorum millies incidi, & ut aliquid de fabulis mutuemur, portitorimmitis Charon, qui nemini pepercit unquam, istis longe clementior est.' The words nisi eum præmulseris, which Burton quotes a couple of lines earlier, and to which Shilleto appends no reference, are taken from the same chapter of the 'Polycraticus.' " although in these two places the wand is not SHAKESPEARIANA. Vol. ii. p. 136, i. 2 from bottom (Part. II. sect. ii. mem. vi. subs. iv.), Mercury's golden wand in Homer, that made some wake, others sleep." Shilleto's note to this is "See Homeric Hymns, Mercurio Hymnus." Hermes' golden wand is mentioned in this hymn (ll. 529-30), but not so its power of making some wake and others sleep. The passage to which a Vol. i. p. 156, n. 4 ('Democritus to the reference should be given is Odyssey,' xxiv. Reader'), Shilleto gives the source of quos | 11. 2-4 (cf. Od.,' v. 47-8, and 'Iliad,' xxiv. 343-4, Jupiter perdit, dementat, as "a Fragment in Euripides." This requires correction. The author of the two Greek verses concisely rendered by "Quem Juppiter vult perdere dementat prius" is unknown. See Georg Büchmann, 'Geflügelte Worte' (twentieth edition), pp. 366, 367, and the note and appendix to 1. 622 of Sophocles's 'Antigone' in Prof. Jebb's edition. Dr. Jebb, it may be noticed, gives Duport's Gnomologia Homerica' (1660) as the earliest book known to him that contains this Latin line. Did not Burton see or hear it several years earlier? Vol. i. p. 326, n. 6 (Part. I. sect. ii. mem. iii. subs. xi.), or come down with Sejanus ad Gemonias Scalas" (cf. vol. iii. p. 32, 11. 18, 19; Part. III. sect. i. mem. ii., as so many Sejani, they will come down to the Gemonian scales"). Shilleto is wrong in stating that the Scala Gemoniæ were steps at Rome on the Aventine Hill leading to the Tiber." They were at the foot of the Capitol leading from the Carcer to the Forum Romanum. See Middleton, 'Remains of Ancient Rome,' vol. i. p. 154; Otto Richter, 'Topographie der Stadt Rom' (München, 1901), pp. 81 and 119, &c. 66 66 Vol. i. p. 365, n. 8 (Part. I. sect. ii. mem. iii. subs. xv.), Shilleto says that "De male quæsitis vix gaudet tertius hæres is quoted by Rabelais, Pantagruel,' book iii. ch. ii. Rabelais does not quote the Latin; what he says in the first chapter of book iii. of Pantagruel' is Car vous dictez en proverbe commun: des choses mal acquises tiers hoir ne jouira." Mr. W. F. Smith in his note on this 66 'KING LEAR,' II. iv. 56 (9th S. xi. 162).— MR. WILMSHURST's suggested reading of Hysterica passio, down, thou climbing sorrow, wherein the identity of "hysterica passio" with mother in the preceding line is as obvious as it is in this scrap from Coles's * And the heart; see l. 122 in same scene. |