ALI BEG, a man of extraordinary learning and attainments, b. in Poland of Christian parents, but who was kidnapped in his infancy by a horde of Tartars, and sold to the Turks, in whose language and religion he was educated. His skill in languages procured him the post of chief interpreter to the grand signior; while his leisure hours were employed in translating the Bible and the catechism of the Church of England into the Turkish language. D. 1675.

ALI BEY, a Greek, son of a Natolian priest. B. 1728. He fell, when a child, into the hands of robbers, who carried him to Cairo, and sold him to Ibrahim, lieutenant of the Janizaries, who adopted him. Ali soon rose to the rank of sangiak, or member of the council; and when his patron was assassinated by Ibrahim, the Circassian, he avenged his death, and slew the murderer with his own hand. This action raised him numerous enemies, and he was obliged to fly to Jerusalem, and thence to Acre; but in time he was recalled by the peo

roads. His great council, consisting of bishops, earls, aldermen, and thanes, was, by an express law, called together twice a-year in London, for the better government of the realm. The state of learning in his time was so low, that, from the Thames to the Humber, scarcely a man could be found who understood the service of the church, or could translate a single sentence of Latin into English. To remedy this evil, he invited men of learning from all quarters, and placed them at the head of seminaries in various parts of his kingdom; and, if he was not the founder of the university of Oxford, it is certain he raised it to a reputation which it had never before enjoyed. Alfred himself wrote several works, and translated others from the Latin, particularly "Orosius's History of the Pagans," and "Boethius's Consolations of Philosophy." England is indebted to him for the foundation of her naval establishment, and he was the first who sent out ships to make the discovery of a northeast passage. To crown his great public character, Alfred is de-ple, and, being placed at the head of the scribed as one of the most mild and amiable men in private life; of a temper serene and cheerful, and not averse to society, or to innocent recreation; he was also personally well-favored, posBeing a handsome and vigorous form, and a dignified and engaging aspect. D. 900.- The Philosopher," an Englishman, was greatly esteemed at the court of Rome, and wrote five books on the "Consolations of Boëthius." D. 1270.An English bishop of the 10th century; anthor of a "History of the Abbey of Malmsbury," a treatise "De Naturis Rerum," &c.

ALGARDI, ALEXANDER, a Bolognese sculptor of the 17th century.

ALGAROTTI, FRANCIS, an eminent Italian writer. B. at Venice, 1712; d. 1764.

ALHAZEN, an Arabian mathematician, who was the first that showed the importance of refractions in astronomy. D. at Cairo, in 1038.

ALI, cousin, son-in-law, and vizier of Mahomet, and one of the main pillars of the new faith. He obtained the name of the Lion of God, always victorious; but was opposed in his succession to the caliphate by Omar and Othman, and retired into Arabia, and made a collection of the savings of the prophet. There he laid the foundation of a new sect, and, after the death of Othman, he was declared caliph, 655: but was murdered four years afterwards in the mosque.

government, Egypt began to recover its former splendor." In a battle fought against the troops of a rebellious Mameluke, Ali was cut down, after defending himself with a degree of desperate valor, and d. of his wounds eight days after, in 1773.

ALI PACHA, an Albanian, born at Zepelina, 1744, who, by fifty years of constant warfare, brought under his sway a large extent of territory, which the Porte sanctioned. He took the title of Pacha of Jannina, and received agents from foreign powers. But the Porte was made jealous by his intrigues with England, Russia, and France, and finally had him shot.

ALIAMET, JAMES, a French engraver of the last century.

ALIPAC, J., a French minor poet. B. 1796.

ALISON, ARCHIBALD, a clergyman of Edinburgh, educated at Oxford, and afterwards preferred to various livings in the church of England. In 1780 he published his famous "Essay on the Nature and Principles of Taste." He subsequently published two sermons, and a memoir of Lord Woodhousie. B. 1757; d. 1839.-There is another of the same name, distinguished for his "Treatise on Population," and his "History of Europe," still living.RICHARD, one of the ten composers who set the psalms to music, at the order of Queen Elizabeth.

ALIX, PETER, a French abbot and author, of the 17th century. ALKEMADE, CORNELIUS VAN, a Dutch antiquary and writer. D. 1676. ALKMAAR, HENRY D', a German poet of the 15th century, the reputed author of that exquisite satire called "Reynard the Fox.'

ALLAINVAL, LEONOR SOULAS D', a
French abbot and dramatic poet. D. at
Paris, 1753.

ALLAINE, DE LA COURTIERE, J., a
French author. B. 1750.
ALLAIS, DENUS VAIRASSE, a French
author of the 17th century.

he returned to Rome, where he applied
himself to physic, in which he took a
degree, but literature was his favorite
pursuit, and as his erudition was great,
he distinguished himself as a teacher in
the Greek college at Rome. He was af-
terwards employed by Pope Gregory
XV. to remove the elector palatine's
library from Germany to the Vatican,
in reward for which service, though for
a while neglected, he was appointed li-
brarian. Though bred and employed
among ecclesiastics, he never entered
into orders because, as he told the pope,
he wished to retain the privilege of
marrying if he pleased. His publica-
tions were numerous but chiefly on di-
vinity, and, though full of learning and
good sense, remarkable for unnecessary
digressions. In the controversy of the
gentlemen of the Port Royal with
Claude concerning the eucharist, he
greatly assisted the former, for which
he was severely abused by their bold
antagonist. It is said by Joannes Pa-
tricius that he wrote Greek for forty
years with the same pen, and that when
he lost it, he expressed his concern
even to the shedding of tears.
Rome, in his 83d year, 1669.
ALLEGRÆIN, CHRISTOPHER GABRIEL,
a French sculptor. D. 1795.

D. at

ALLAN, DAVID, a Scotch painter, born at Edinburgh. B. 1744; d. 1796. He was called the Scottish Hogarth.GEORGE, Son of David, a literary man, who was elected to parliament for the city of Durham. B. 1768; d. 1828.GEORGE, an attorney and antiquary. D. 1800. Sir WILLIAM, an eminent historical painter, was born at Edinburgh in 1782. Of humble parentage, he at an early age evinced a decided predilection for art; and, when still a young man, he pursued his favorite study with equal enterprise and ability, visiting Morocco, Greece, and Spain, and penetrating the remote and semi-barbarous territories of Russia and Turkey, that he might familiarize himself with the rude and picturesque aspects there presented. The Polish Captives," "The Slave Market at Constantinople," and various kindred subjects, testify to his skill in this department of art; but he did much also to illustrate the historic lore of his own land, as his vivid representation of Mary and of Rizzio, the murder of Archbishop Sharpe, and the Battle of Waterloo, amply testify. He was an old and attached friend of Sir Walter Scott; and his amiable, unassuming manners, and his vast fund of anecdote, procured him general love and esteem. In 1841 he succeeded Sir D. Wilkie as president of the Royal Scottish Academy, and was soon after-ed the injunction, and it has since been wards knighted. D. 1850.

ALLEGRI, ALEXANDER, an Italian satirical poet, who flourished at Florence at the end of the 16th century.— GREGORIO, an eminent composer, whose works are still used in the pope's chapel at Rome. His "Miserere" is always used on Good Friday, and is much admired. Clement XIV. sent a copy of this beautiful composition to George III. in 1773. To his extraordinary merit as a composer of church music, he is said to have joined a devout and benevolent disposition, and an excellent moral character. His famous Miserere was at one time thought so sacred, that it was forbidden to be copied on pain of excommunication. But Mozart disregard

published. B. at Rome, 1590; d. 1652.

ALLARD, GUY, a French_writer on geological history. D. at Dauphiny, 1716.-JEAN FRANCOISE, a French general officer, distinguished during the emperorship of Napoleon, who after-lished. B. at Devizes, 1623; d. 1688. wards entered the Egyptian and Persian service, and finally became an aid of Runjeet-Singh. B. 1785; d. 1839.

ALLEIN, JOSEPH, a non-conformist minister, who wrote the celebrated "Alarm to Unconverted Sinners," which has been so frequently repub

ALLATIUS, LEO, a native of the island of Scio, who studied belles lettres and the languages at Rome. After visiting Naples and his native country,

ALLEN, ETHAN, one of the most distinguished of the generals of the American revolution. He was born at Salisbury, Connecticut, and educated in Vermont. He early took a part with the "Green Mountain Boys," against the royal authorities. In 1775, soon

ALLOISI, BALTHAZAR, a Bolognese | Justice Dana, of Cambridge, where he historical and portrait painter, who obtained the name of Galanino. D. 1638. ALLORI, ALEXANDER, a Florentine painter, who excelled in naked figures. D. 1607.-CHRISTOPHANO, the son of the above, was also an eminent painter. D. 1619.

then took up his residence, and began the largest and most ambitious of his pictures, the Feast of Belshazzar. This work, owing to various hindrances, was never finished, but what was done of it will remain for ever a monument of his surpassing genius and skill. In 1836 Mr. Allston was asked by congress to fill two of the four vacant panels in the Rotunda at Washington, but he declined the request, in order that he might devote his undivided energies to the completion of his Belshazzar. His friends, in 1839, made a collection of more than fifty of his pictures, which were publicly exhibited in Boston, and gave to all who saw them the rarest delight. Never before, we venture to say, on the continent of America, had there been such an exhibition. Two years afterwards Mr. Allston published a highly successful tale, called Monaldi, and thus, amidst days passed in the exercise of his beautiful art, and evenings of refined social enjoyment, he enjoyed a happy old age, rich in the possession of the highest

most accomplished friends. His character was without reproach, his feelings tender, his conduct dignified, and his attachments, as well as his opinions, profound and sincere. He d. suddenly, on 9th of July, 1843.

ALLSTON, WASHINGTON, the greatest historical painter that America has produced, was a native of Charleston, S. C., but at the age of 7 was sent, by the advice of physicians, to Newport, R. I. He early discovered a taste for imitative art, a taste which was fostered by his acquaintance with Malbone, who became a distinguished miniature painter. In 1796 he entered Harvard College, where he was noted for the elegance of his compositions; but his leisure hours were chiefly devoted to the pencil. An old rich-toned Italian landscape, some pictures by Pine, and a copy of Vandyke's head of Cardinal Bentivoglio, were his models. He went to London in 1801, and entered as a student in the Royal Academy. He there made the acquaintance of West and Fuseli, and ex-genius, and in the attachment of the hibited some of his pictures at Somerset House in 1802. He next visited France, and afterwards Italy. He pursued the study of art at Rome for four years, where he distinguished himself by his coloring, which acquired for him the name of the American Titian, and also entered into relations of intimate friendship with Thorwaldsen, Coleridge, and other men of note. In 1809 he visited America, and married the sister of Dr. Channing. In 1811 he resumed his residence in London, where his first historical picture, the "Dead Man Revived," obtained for him the first prize of the British Institution. A small volume of poems, called the "Sylph of the Season, and other poems," was published by him in 1813. His wife died in 1815, and three years after he came home, bringing with him the "Elijah in the Wilderness," having disposed of several large and fine pictures before he quitted England, such as Uriel in the Sun, Jacob's Dream, and St. Peter liberated by the Angel. The Elijah was after wards purchased and taken back to England. During the next 12 years, while he resided in Boston, he painted several of his finest works, among others his Jeremiah, Saul and the Witch of Endor, Miriam, singing the song of triumph, Dante's Beatrice, and the Valentine. In 1830 he was married a second time to the daughter of the late Chief

ALLY, Vizier, ex-nabob of Oude, was the adopted son of the former nabob of Oude, Yusuf ab Dowlah, who declared him successor. The English government, however, deposed him in favor of the brother of Yusuf, but settled on him a pension of £25,000. While engaged with the agents of the East India Company, who had been sent to meet him at Benares for the purpose of making arrangements for his future residence, he gave a signal, on which his armed followers rushed in and treacherously murdered the Company's officers. For a time he made his escape, but surrendered on condition that his life should be spared. D. in prison, 1817, aged only 36.

ALMAGRO, DIEGO D', a Spaniard of low origin, who accompanied Pizarro in the expedition against Peru, in which his vafor, profligacy, and cruelty were equally displayed. In 1525 he took Cuzco, the capital of Chili, by storm, and put Atahualpa, the last of the Incas, to a most horrid death; but quarrelling with the brothers of Pizarro about the division of their spoil, a schism ensued, and Almagro was eventually taken prisoner and strangled, 1533.