Butterflies and Climate Change

activity adaptations adult altitude aposematic areas atmospheric baskers basking behaviour biological Brakefield British butterflies butterfly biology butterfly populations butterfly species cent climatic change CO₂ Coenonympha tullia Colias colour correlations crypsis Dennis & Shreeve depends Devensian diapause distribution diversity dorsal drought Ecology effects Entomologist's Gazette environmental environments evolution evolutionary extinction factors fauna fecundity flight forest global gradients habitats heat hindwing Holocene hostplants increased influence insects Journal Kingsolver larvae latitude Lepidoptera levels life-history Lycaena Lycaenidae macroevolution male Maniola jurtina melanization migration morphology nectar northern Nylin Nymphalidae occur Oecologia overwintering Papilio Papilionidae Pararge aegeria phenotype Pieridae Pieris Pivnick & McNeil plant Pollard Polygonia c-album Polyommatus icarus polyphenism potential predators Pullin range rates regional Satyrinae seasonal selection Shapiro southern Britain species e.g. substrate summer surface T₁ taxa temperatures thermal thermoregulation tropical univoltine variables variation ventral voltinism warming weather Wickman wing pattern