the age of Augustus, who starved himself to death.

ALBUTIUS, Titus, a Roman philosopher, banished for corruption.

ALCEUS, a famous lyric poet, born at Mitylene, in the island of Lesbos. Horace seems to think that he was the first author of lyric poetry. He flourished in the 44th Olympiad.

ALCASAR, Louis d', a Jesuit of Seville, who wrote on the apocalypse; died in 1613. ALCENDI, James, an Arabian physician, who made himself famous by his writings, as a peripatetic philosopher, about 1145.

ALDERETTE, Bernard and Joseph, Jesuits of Malaga, at the beginning of the 17th century. They were authors of " Antiquities of Spain." and a book on the Castilian language.

ALDEROTI, Thaddeus, a Florentine physician of great skill. Princes and prelates only were admitted as his patients; he died 1295.

ALDHELM, or ADELM, (St.) an English divine and historian, and bishop of Shireburn, in the time of the Saxon heptarchy. He is said to have been the first Englishman who ever wrote in Latin, and who introduced poetry into England. William of Malmesbury tells us, that ALCHABITIUS, an Arabian astrologer, au- the people in Aldhelm's time were half barbathor of many works on astronomy and optics, rians, and little attentive to religious discourses; printed at Venice, 1491. wherefore the holy man, placing himself upon ALCHINDUS, an Arabian physician and as-a bridge, used often to stop them, and sing baltrologer of genius and learning before the 12th lads of his own composition: he thereby gained century. His works are often quoted. the favour and attention of the populace; and ALCIAT, Andrew, a native of Milan, cele-insensibly mixing grave and religious things with brated for his knowledge of the law, and ad-those of a jocular kind, he by this means sucvanced to the professor's chair at Avignon.ceeded better than he could have done by ausFrancis I. knew his merit and prevailed on him tere gravity. Aldhelm lived in great esteem till to remove to Bourges, where his law lectures his death, which happened May 25, 709. were much admired. The duke of Milan in- ALDHUN, a famous bishop, who built the vited him back to his native town, and bestowed cathedral at Durham; died 1018. many honours on him. Philip, king of Spain, gave him a gold chain as a mark of his favour. He died 1550.

ALDINI, Tobias, author of a botanical work printed at Rome, 1525.

ALDOBRANDIN, Sylvester, professor of law

ALCIBIADES, a celebrated Athenian gene-at Pisa; died at Rome, 1558. ral, slain 404 B. C.

ALDRED, bishop of Worcester, crowned ALCIDAMAS, a Greek rhetorician about 420||Harold king, and was raised to the see of York;

B. C.

ALCIMUS, called also Jachim, was made high-priest of Judea, and died about 165 B. C. ALCIMUS, Alethius, a historian and poet of Agin, in the 4th century. Most of his works are lost.

ALCINOUS, a Platonic philosopher, who flourished about the 2d century.

ALCIPHRON, a Greek philosopher in the age of Alexander the Great.

ALCMEON, a disciple of Pythagoras, who dwelt at Crotona.

he died 1068.

ALDRICH, St., bishop of Mans, distinguished for his learning, enjoyed the favour of the nobles; he died 856.

ALDRICH, Robert, Master of Eton, and bishop of Carlisle. He wrote epigrams, &c.; and died at Hornecastle, 1555.

ALDRICH, Henry, an eminent scholar, divine, architect, and musician, born at Westminster, 1647. The three sides of the quadrangle of Christ Church, Oxford, called Peck water square, were designed by him; as was ALCMAN, a lyric poet, who flourished in also the elegant chapel of Trinity College, and the 27th Olympiad, at Saris, in Lydia. He is the church of All-saints in the High-street. His accounted the father of love verses, is said to abilities also as a musician have caused him to have first introduced the custom of singing them be ranked among the greatest masters of the in public, and to have died a very singular death; science: he composed many services for the viz. to have been eaten up with lice. church, which are well known, as are two ALCOCK, John, bishop of Ely, and lord chan-catches of his; the one, "Hark the bonny Christ cellor of England, under Henry VII., founded Church bells," the other entitled "A Smoking Jesus College, in Cambridge, for a master, six catch;" for he himself was, it seems, a great fellows, and as many scholars, and died Octo-smoker. He died at Christ Church, 1710. ber 1, 1500. ALDRINGER, a native of Luxembourg, was ALCUINUS, or ALBINUS, Flaccus, abbot of raised by Ferdinand II. from a common soldier Canterbury, a famous English orator, philoso-to a general; he died 1634. pher, and divine, of the 8th century. ALDROVANDUS, Ulysses, professor of phyALCYONIUS, Peter, an Italian, author of sic at Bologna, and a most voluminous writer some learned publications. During the insur-on natural history, died blind, in a hospital, at rection at Rome, in 1527, he joined the pope, and Bologna, 1603. abandoned him again when the siege was raised. He had many accomplishments, but was fickle, self-conceited, and inconstant.

ALDANA, Bernard, a Spaniard, governor of Lippa, which place, in a fit of panic, he set on fire in 1552.

ALDEBERT, an impostor in France, who, by bribes and pretended visions, raised himself to a bishopric. His opinions being condemned by the councils in 744 and 746, he died in prison. ALDEGRAFF, Albert, a painter and graver, was born in Westphalia, in 1502.

ALDRUDE, countess of Bertinoro, celebrated for her courage and her eloquence. She headed an army, and was victorious; she died about 1200, in Italy.

ALDUS. See MANUTIUS

ALEANDER, Jerome, archbishop under Pope Leo X., and celebrated for his attack on the doctrines of Luther, died at Rome, 1542.

ALEANDER, Jerome, great nephew to the above, distinguished as a poet, antiquarian, and en-lawyer, died at Rome, 1631.

ALEGAMBE, Philip, a native of Brussels, ALDEN, John, magistrate of Plymouth colo-professor of divinity, and a favourite of princes. ay one of the first settlers in New-England; He wrote several esteemed works, and died at ne died 1687, aged about 89 years.

B

Rome, 1652.

2*

17

ALDGRE, Yves d', an able officer in the ser-||roy in Macedonia, he passed the Hellespont, in vice of France, killed at Rasenna, 1512.

ALEGRINUS, John, cardinal and patriarch of Constantinople, died 1240.

ALEMAN. Lewis Augustine, a lawyer of Grenoble, author of several works, was born in

1653.

ALEMAN, Lewis, archbishop of Ailes, and cardinal, was born 1390. He died in 1450, and was canonized.

ALEMAN, Maeto, a Spaniard. He wrote the History of Guzman, a romance, which went through 30 editions in Spain.

the third year of his reign, with an army of no more than 30,000 foot, and 4,500 horse; and with these forces, brave and veteran it is true, he overturned the Persian empire. His first battle was at the Granicus, a river of Phrygia, in which the Persians were routed. His second was at Issus, a city of Cilicia, where he was also victorious in an eminent degree; for the camp of Darius, with his mother, wife, and children, fell into his hands; and the humane and generous treatment which he showed them is justly reckoned the noblest and most amiable passage of his life. While he was in this country, he caught a violent fever by bathing, when hot, in the cold waters of the river Cydnus; and this fever was made more violent from his impatience at being detained by it. The army was under the utmost consternation, and no physician durst undertake the cure. At length, one Philip of Acarnania desired time to prepare a poALEN, John Van, a Dutch painter of land-tion which he was sure would cure him; and scapes, birds, and still life, born at Amsterdam while this potion was preparing, Alexander re1651, and died 1698. ceived a letter from his most intimate confidant, ALENIO, Julius, a Jesuit, who went as a Parmenio, informing him that this Acarnanian missionary to China, where he preached 36 was a traitor, and employed by Darius to poison years, and built several churches; he died 1698. | him, at the price of one thousand talents and his ALEOTTI, John Baptist, an Italian, who, sister in marriage. What a situation for a sick from the occupation of carrying bricks and mor-prince! The same greatness of soul, however, tar, became a celebrated mathematician; he died 1630.

ALEMBERT, John Le Rond d', secretary to the French academy, &c., and one of the ablest mathematicians of the age, died October 27, 1783. He was one of the principal editors of the "Encyclopedia ;" and besides his numerous mathematical works, produced seven volumes of "Melanges Literaires," containing various tracts on different topics.

ALES,or HALES, Alexander d', a native of England who became a celebrated teacher of divinity and philosophy at Paris, died 1245.

ALES, Alexander, of Edinburgh, first opposed, and then embraced the tenets of Luther. He suffered much persecution, and having retired to Germany, was appointed professor at Frankfort. He died 1565.

ALESIO, Matthew Perez d', a native of Rome, and a skilful painter and engraver. His greatest piece is the Colossial St. Christopher at Seville. He died 1600.

ALESSI, Galeas, an architect who decorated nany towns in Spain, France and Germany, tied 1572.

ALETINO, Benedetto, professor at Naples. He undertook to refute the Cartesian philosophy, and to establish that of Aristotle. He died in J719.

which accompanied him upon all occasions, did not forsake him here. He did not seem to his physician under any apprehensions; but after receiving the cup into his hands, delivered the letter to Philip, and, with his eyes fixed upon him drank it off. The medicine at first acted so powerfully as to deprive him of his senses, and then, without doubt, all concluded him poisoned: however, he soon came round, and, by a cure so speedy that it might almost be deemed miraculous, was restored to his army safe and sound. From Cilicia he marched forwards to Phoenicia, which all surrendered to him except Tyre; and it cost him a siege of seven months to reduce that city. The vexation of Alexander, at being unseasonably detained by this obstinacy of the Tyrians, occasioned a mighty destruction and carnage; and the cruelty he exercised here is quite inexcusable. After besieging and taking Gaza, he went to Jerusalem, where he was received by the high-priest, and, making many ALEXANDER THE GREAT, son of Philip, presents to the Jews, sacrificed in their temple. King of Macedon, was born at Pella, the first He told Jaddus (for that was the priest's name,) rear of the 106th Olympiad, and the 365th before that he had seen in Macedonia a god, in appearthe birth of Christ, and at 15 years of age was ance exactly resembling him, who had exhorted delivered to the tuition of Aristotle. He dis-him to this expedition against the Persians, and covered very early a mighty spirit, and symp-given him the firmest assurance of success. Aftoms of that vast and immoderate ambition terwards entering Egypt, he went to the oracle which was afterwards to make him the scourge of Jupiter Ammon; and upon his return, built of mankind and the pest of the world. At 20 the city of Alexandria. It was now that he took years of age he succeeded his father as king of it into his head to assume divinity, and to preMacedou: he was also chosen, in the room oftend himself the son of the said Jupiter Ammon. his father, generalissimo in the projected expe-Policy, however, was at the bottom of this: it dition against the Persians; but the Greeks, was impossible that any such belief should be agreeably to their usual fickleness, deserted from really rooted in his breast; but he found by exhim, taking advantage of his absence in Thrace|perience, that this opinion inclined the barbaand Illyricum, where he began his military en-rous nations to submit to him; and therefore he terprises. He hastened immediately to Greece, was content to pass for a god, and to admit, as when the Athenians and other states returned he did, of divine adoration. His object now was to him at once; but, the Thebans standing out, to overtake and attack Darius in another battle; he directed his arms against them, slew a pro-and this battle was fought at Arbela; when vicdigious number of them, and destroyed their tory, granting every thing to Alexander, nut an city, sparing nothing but the house and the de- end to the Persian empire. Darius ha scendants of Pindar, out of respect to the memo- his daughter in marriage, and part of m ry of that poet. This happened in the second nions to Alexander; and Parmenio advised him year of the 3d Olympiad. Having settled the to accept the terms, saying, "I would if I were affairs of Greece, and left Antipater as his vice-Alexander." "And so would I, (replied the

ed

ALEXANDER III., pope, a native of Sienna, Parmenio counselling the prince to take advan- was raised to the papal chair in 1159. He died tage of the night in attacking Darius, " No, (said at Rome, much beloved by his subjects, and reAlexander,) I would not steal a victory." Da-spected by the world.

rius owed his escape from Arbela to the swift- ALEXANDER IV., bishop of Ostia, was made ness of his horse; and, while he was collecting pope in 1254. He bestowed the crown of Sicily forces to renew the war, was insidiously slain on Edmund, son of the King of England; and by Bessus, governor of the Bactrians. Alexan-tried to unite the Greek and Latin churches. der wept at the fate of Darius, and, afterwards ALEXANDER V., pope, was originally a begprocuring Bessus to be given up to him, punished gar, but found means to cultivate his mind, so the inhuman wretch according to his deserts. that he was distinguished both at Oxford and From Arbela, Alexander pursued his conquests Paris. He was elected pope in 1409, but soon eastward; and every thing fell into his hands, died by poison. even to the Indies. Having ranged over all the east, he returned to Babylon, where he died in the 33d year of his age, some say by poison, others by intoxication.

ALEXANDER, Neuskoi, grand duke of Russia, born 1218, signalized by a victory he obtained over the northern powers, on the banks of the Neva. He was sainted, and an order of knighthood instituted in his honour.

ALEXANDER, James, a Scotchman, secretary of the province of New-York, and for many years one of the council; came to this country 1715; died 1756.

ALEXANDER, William, commonly called Lord Stirling, from his supposed title to a Scotch earldom, a major general in the American army; was in the battle of Long Island, and was wounded; he was a brave officer, and died 1783,|| ged 57.

ALEXANDER, Nathaniel, a member of Congress from (and governor of) the state of North Carolina; he died 1808.

of the house of Stuart. He died at Florence, in 1803; and his remains were interred in the church of St. Croix, where his widow erected a monument to his memory, which was executed by Canova. He wrote his own life, which has been printed in two volumes.

ALFONSO, vid. ALPHONSUS.

ALFORD, Michael, author of Brittania illustrata," and other works, was born in London, but educated in Spain and Rome, and became a Jesuit; he died 1652.

ALFRED, or ALURED, son of Ethelred, tried to expel Harold from the throne, but was murdered, 1037.

ALFRED, bishop of Exeter, wrote several learned works, as "Adelmus," "History of Malmesbury Abbey," &c.; 10th century. ALFRED, vid. ÆLFRED.

ALFRED, an Englishman, surnamed philo

ALEXANDRINI, Julius de Newstain, a native of Trent, physician and favourite of Maxi-sopher, left four books on the meteors of Aristomilian II., died 1590. tle, one on vegetables, and five on other subjects. He died 1270.

ALEXIS, William, a benedictine monk of Lyra, and author of poems of some merit, lived in 1500

ALEXIS, a Piedmontese, who applied himself to study, with a resolution not to reveal his discoveries. He however published some medical tracts, called "the Secrets," at Basil, in 1536.

ALEXIUS, Michaelovitch, czar of Russia, and father to Peter the Great. He was distinguished for his wars, his munificence, and his improvements in the state; he died 1677.

ALEXIUS, Petrovitch, only son to Peter the Great, born 1690, an unfortunate and intemperate man. He was tried and condeinned, by secret judges, in 1719.

ALEXIUS, or ALEXIS I., Commenus, usurp ed the throne of Turkey in 1081, and distinguished himself by his wars against the Turks. ALEXIUS II., Commenus, succeeded to the throne of Constantinople 1180; he was murdered by Andronicus.

ALEXIUS III., Angelus, dethroned his brother, 1195, and put out his eyes. He was himself dethroned in turn, and his life sacrificed to the fury of the populace

ALEXIUS IV., son of the king deposed by Alexius III.; he restored his father to the throne and reigned with him.

ALFRIDE, or Elfrid, natural son of Osery, king of Northumberland, came to the throne in 686.

ALGARDI, Alexander, an architect and sculptor of Bologna, died 1654.

ALGAROTTI, Francis, count, an Italian, eminent as a connoisseur and critic in every branch of the belles-lettres, and an author of repute, born at Venice 1712, died 1764.

ALGAZALI, an Arabian author, who died in the 504th year of the hegira.

ALGER, a monk of Liege, author of a book on the sacraments, died 1131.

ALGHISI, Thomas, an eminent surgeon and lithotomist of Florence, author of Lithotomita, 4to. 1708.

ALGIERI, Peter, a Venetian, who decorated the opera at Paris, died 1760.

ALHAZEN, an Arabian, who wrote on optics about 1100.

ALI, cousin and son-in-law of Mahomet, and caliph of Egypt and Arabia. He was assassinated in 660. His memory is still held in veneration by the Persians.

ALI-BASSA, a distinguished general of the Ottoman empire, died 1663.

ALI BEG, a Pole, who was educated in the Mahometan faith, but employed himself in transALEXIUS V., usurped the throne of Con-lating the bible into Turkish. He also wrote on stantinople, and was killed by the crusaders, after a reign of 3 months, in 1264.

ALEXIUS, an impostor, who nearly succeeded in placing himself on the throne of Constantinople, but was killed by a priest, in 1200.

ALEYN, Charles, an English poet, who published in 1631, two poems on the battles of Cressy and Poictiers.

AL-FARABIA, a mussulman philosopher of the 10th century. His works are in the Leyden library; he was murdered in Syria, in 954. ALFARGAN, Ahmed Ebn Cothair, an Arabian astronomer, of the 9th century.

the religion of Mahomet, and died in 1675.

ALI BEG, son of a Greek priest, but sold while young by some robbers to the Janissaries. His military talents gained him the supreme power of Egypt. He was humane, possessed an elevated mind, and died about 1775.

ALI BERG, a learned Turk in the 17th century, acquainted with seventeen languages. He translated the bible into the Turkish.

ALICE, daughter of Theobald IV., married Lewis VII., king of France. For a time, she was appointed queen regent, and reigned with great prudence and justice. She died 1206. ALIGRE, Etienne, who rose by his merit to

ALFENUS VARUS PUBLIUS, a native of Cremona, who rose from the occupation of cob-be chancellor of France, died 1635. bler, to be counsel.

ALFES, an eminent rabbi, who epitomised the Talmud, died 1103.

ALFIERI, Vittorio, an Italian dramatic poet, born at Asti, in Piedmont, 1749. Within less than seven years he produced fourteen dramas, besides various other works in prose a verse, including a translation of Sallust, and a treatise on tyranny. His lady was the princess of Schomberg, widow of Charles-Edward, the last prince

ALIMENTUS, Cneius, a Roman historian, 150. B. C.

ALIPIUS, a bishop of Tagaste in Africa, 394 He was baptised by St. Ambrose at Milan."

ALIPUS, a geographer of Antioch, commis sioned by Julian to rebuild the temple of Jeru salem.

ALKMAAR, Henry d', a German, author of the fable of Reynard, a poem, which lashes the vices and foibles of mankind. He died 1503.

ALLAINVAL, Leonor Jean Christine Soulas author of several strange and absurd religious d', a native of Chartres, and author of several doctrines. He died in 173. His followers were comedies of merit. He died 1753. few. He published a voluine of hymns, and seALLAIS, Denys Vairasse d', a native of Lan-veral sermons. guedoc, who served in the Duke of York's fleet ALLEN, Ethan, a brigadier general in the in 1665. He wrote several books, not much es-war of the revolution. He captured Ticondeteemed. roga and Crown Point, was taken prisoner near ALLAM, Andrew, a learned classical scholar, Montreal, sent to England, and after. having exborn in Oxfordshire, died 1685.

perienced much cruelty, was exchanged, 1778. histori-He died in Vermont, 1789. He sustained the character of an infidel, and in his writings ridiculed the Scriptures.

ALLARD, Guy, author of several cal works, and a romance called Zizim, died 1715.

ALLATIUS, Leo, a native of Scio, who studied physic at Rome, but distinguished himself chiefly as a teacher in the Greek College, died 1669.

ALLECTUS, prefect of Britain, murdered Carausius 294, and made himself emperor.

ALLEGRAIN, Christopher Gabriel, a French sculptor, who executed some masterly figures, died 1795.

ALLEGRI, Antonio, an illustrious painter, better known by the name of Corregio, from the place where he was born. He lived at Parma, where, without any instruction, he executed some of the most perfect pictures in the world. His Virgin and Child, and Mary Magdalen, are his finest pictures. He died poor in 1534.

ALLEGRI, Gregorio, an eminent musical composer, born at Rome. His compositions, the chief of which is the "Miserere," are stil! performed in the pontifical chapel. He died 1640.

ALLEIN, Richard, born in Somersetshire, a puritan of great learning. His writings are mostly on theology. He died 1681.

ALLEIN, William, son of the above. His "Millenium," among his other theological tracts, was much admired. He died 1677.

ALLEIN, Joseph, a puritan of great learning and piety. His "Alarm" to sinners has been often published. He died at Taunton, Eng., 1668.

ÄLLEN, John, archbishop of Dublin, and chancellor of Ireland, was murdered in 1586.

ALLEN, Samuel, proprietor oy purchase, and governor of New-Hampshire, died 1765.

ALLEN, William, chief justice of Pennsyl vania before the revolution.

ALLEN, Ira, a brother of Ethan, removed early in life to Vermont, where he held various lices, and possessed the confidence of the peo ple. He wrote the "Natural and Political History of Vermont." He died 1814.

ALLEN, Sir Thomas, illustrious as an Eng lish admiral, made the first attack on the Dutch in 1665.

ALLEN, Thomas, a learned divine, who wrote observations on St. Chrysostom's book on Isaiah, died 1638.

ALLEN, Thomas, a native of Staffordshire, illustrious for his knowledge of mathematics. and philosophy. He published among other works, the second and third books of Ptolemy on the judgment of the stars; he died 1632.

ALLEN, John, first minister of Dedham, Mass., author of some controversial writings. He died 1671, aged 75.

ALLESTRY, or ALLESTREE, Richard, born in Shropshire, in 1619, joined the royal party, and on the restoration of Charles, was made king's chaplain. He published 40 sermons, and other works.

ALLESTRY, Jacob, an English poet, nephew to the above. Some of his pastorals were much admired; he died 1686.

ALLETZ, Pons Augustin, native of France, who published some works of celebrity, died at ALLEN, Thomas, minister of Charlestown,||Paris, 1785. Mass., author of a work entitled "an Invitation ALLEY, William, an English writer, author to Sinners to come to Christ," and a "Scripture of "the poor man's library," and a translation Chronology." This last is a learned work, and of the Pentateuch, died 1570.

is preserved in the New-England Library. ALLEYN, Edward, an actor of great reputaALLEN, James, minister in Boston, came totion in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I., and this country 1662, and was the occasion of much difficulty in the colony of Mass. He died 1710, aged 78.

ALLEN, James, first minister, of Brookline, Mass., was born in Roxbury; settled 1718. He died aged 56. He was a pious and judicious divine; he published several sermons.

founder of Dulwich college in 1619, which he named "the college of God's gift." An idle tra dition hath assigned the following as his motive for endowing it: that once, personating the devil, he was so terrified at seeing a real devil (as he imagined) upon the stage, that he soon after totally quitted his profession, and devoted the reALLEN, James, member of the house of mainder of his life to religious exercises. He representatives and counsellor in Mass., died founded this college for a master and warden, 1755, aged 58. He was expelled for reflections ||who are always to be of the name of Alleyn or gainst the governor, was re-elected, but refus-Allen, with 4 fellows (3 of whom are to be di-. ed a seat till the following year. vines, and the fourth an organist;) and for six ALLEN, William, chief justice of Penn. be-poor men, as many poor women, and twelve fore the revolution, the friend and patron of Sir Benjamin West, the painter. He published the American crisis, London, 1774, in which he suggests a plan for restoring the dependence of America.

ALLEN, Moses, minister of Midnay, Georgia, and a distinguished friend to his country. He was born in Northampton, Mass., was taken prisoner when Savannah was reduced, and put on board a prison-ship, whence, in attempting to escape, was drowned, aged 31.

ALLEN, Henry, preacher in Nova Scotia,

poor boys, to be educated in the college. He was born in London 1566, and died in 1626, and was buried in the chapel of the college.

ALLIOSI, N., a civil officer of eminence in the service of Stanislaus, king of Poland, died 1779.

ALLISON, Francis, D. D., a distinguished minister and teacher, native of Ireland, came to this country in 1755, was settled in Philadelphia, and became vice-provost of the college in that city; he died 1777, much respected for his talents and learning.