ALLISON, Patrick, D. D., a native of Penn-nent persons of the present age; never before sylvania, and a distinguished preacher, settled printed," 3 vols. 8vo. 1797. He died in Hertfordat Baltimore; he died 1802. shire, Dec. 12, 1085.

ALLIX, Peter, a French protestant, of eminent ALOMUYÁDAD, Ismael, an Arabian histo learning and piety, who lived in England, where rian, who gave a chronological account of the he was greatly esteemed, and honoured with the Saracen affairs in Sicily from 842 to 904. title of D. D. He wrote "reflections on the ALOADIN, a Mahometan; prince of the asScriptures," &c., and died 1717. sassins. He lived in a castle between DamasALLOISI, Balthazar, an able historical pain-cus and Antioch, where he promised future hapter, born at Bologna; he died 1638.

piness to young men who would stab his enemies. The word assassin is derived from this

ALLORY, Alexander, a painter of Florence, famous for his skill in the representation of na-circumstance. ked figures. His figures are preserved at Rome and Florence; he died 1607.

ALMAGRO, Diego, one of the conquerors of Peru, who accompanied Pizarro in 1525; he was infamous for his cruelties.

ALMAIN, James, a famous logician and divine, who defended Lewis XII. against pope Julius II. He died at Paris, 1515.

ALONZO, John, an eminent architect of Spain.

ALPAGO, Andrew, an Italian physician who resided some time at Damascus. He translated Avicenna, Averroes, &c., and was made professor at Venice in 1555.

ALPAIDE, the beautiful wife of Pepin, and mother of Charles Martel; she died in a convent.

ALMAMON, or ABDALLAH III., a caliph, who had the Greek writers translated into Arabic, and was famous for his protection of learn-Seljuk in 1063. ing, died 833.

ALP-ARSLAN, second sultan of the race of ALPHANUS, Benedict, archbishop of PalerALMANSOR, or ALMANZOR, king of Cor-mo, known as a physician and poet, and author dova, in Spain, 976. He rendered himself very of the lives of some saints, died 1086. formidable to the Christians.

ALMANZOR, the victorious; he rose to the sovereignty in 753, and then murdered the general to whom he was indebted for his power. ALMANZOR, Joseph, king of Morocco, defeated by the Spaniards, 1158.

ALMANZOR, Jacob, son of Joseph, obtained a celebrated victory over the Spaniards in Castile, about 1200.

ALPHERY, Mekepper, Nicephorus, a native of Russia, descended from the imperial family. He became a parish priest in England, 1618, and preferred his place to the throne of Russia.

ALPHESIUS, a rabbi who abridged the Talmud, died 1103.

ALPHIUS, Avitus, a Roman poet of the 3d century.

ALPHONSO, or ALPHONSUS, king of AstuALMARUS, Elmerus, abbot of St. Augus-rias, took 30 towns from the Moors, and died tin's monastery, in Canterbury, 1011. His me-757. mory was held in the highest veneration.

ALMEIDA, Francis, a Portuguese, who was distinguished in the wars of Grenada, and was sent out by Emanuel, in 1505, as viceroy of India.

ALMEIDA, Lawrence, son of the above, a desperate warrior, who visited Ceylon, and made it tributary to Portugal; he was killed in battle.

ALPHONSO II., surnamed the Chaste, king of Asturias, signalized himself against the Moors in Spain; he died, 842.

ALPHONSO III., or THE GREAT, king of Asturias in 866.

ALPHONSO VI., king of Leon and Castile, made war against the Moors; he died, 1109. ALPHONSO VIII., king of Leon and Castile, surnamed the Noble, came to the throne 1158. ALPHONSO X., king of Leon and Castile,

ALMEIDA, Apollinarius d', a Portuguese bishop, of the Jesuit order, who went as mis-surnamed the Wise, succeeded his father, Fersionary to Ethiopia, and was murdered by the natives, 1568.

ALMEIDA, Manuel d', a Portuguese Jesuit, who, after a residence of forty years as a missionary in India, died at Goa, 1646. He published historical observations on Ethiopia.

ALMEIDA, or ALMEYDA, Theodore d', a celebrated Portuguese priest and philosophical writer, born 1722. His original works amount to 40 volumes; and he published, besides, five volumes of translations. He died at Lisbon, May, 1805.

dinand III. in 1252, and died of a broken heart in 1284.

ALPHONSO II., king of Leon and Castile in 1312. He killed in battle 200,000 Moors.

ALPHONSO V., king of Arragon, surnamed the Magnanimous. He made himself master of Naples and Sicily, and died 1458.

ALPHONSO I., king of Portugal. He de feated five Moorish kings at the battle of Ourique, 1139.

ALPHONSO II., king of Portugal; he also engaged in war with the Moors, died 1223. ALPHONSO III., king of Portugal; his reign

clergy; he died 1279.

ALMELOVEEN, Thomas Jansen d', a Dutch physician, who wrote a description of the Ma-was disturbed by dissensions with the pope and labar plants, published 1678, in 13 vols. folio. ALMELOVEEN, Theodore Jansen d', professor at Hardwick, in Holland, died 1742. ALMICI, Peter Camillus, an ecclesiastic in Italy, who published critical reflections on Febronius, died 1779

ALPHONSO IV., king of Portugal, succeeded to the throne 1325. He was an able prince, and much beloved.

ALPHONSO V., king of Portugal, surnamed the African, came to the throne 1438. He took ALMON, John, a bookseller, author, and edi-many places from the Moors. He was a patron tor, born at Liverpool, about 1738. In 1763 he of learning. commenced bookseller in Piccadilly, and published a great number of political pamphlets. His best known works, however, are" anecdotes of the life of the earl of Chatham," 2 vols. 4to 3 vols. 8vo., and "biographical, literary, and Political anecdotes of several of the most emi

ALPHONSO VI., king of Portugal. His conduct displayed the tyrant and the madman; he abdicated the throne, and died 1683.

ALPHONSO, duke of Ferrara, and Modena, died 1534.

ALPHONSUS, Peter, a Jewish writer of

Spain, who was converted to Christianity in for the prodigious ascendancy which he gained 1106.

over that prince, and for the punishment which at length overtook him. Of the 45 years he phy-spent at court, he enjoyed for 30 of them so absolute a power over the king, that nothing could be done without his express orders; nay, it is related by Mariana, that the king could not change an officer or servant, or even his clothes or diet, without the approbation of Alvares. At length he was seized, tried, and condemned to lose his head, on a charge of having madly invaded the rights of kingly majesty, reduced the whole court into his power, and made himself master of the state in general, &c. &c. He was executed the 4th of June, 1453.

ATTILIUS, Gabriel, a Neapolitan poet, a favourite with the court, and bishop of Policas-in 1434, the order of the secular knights of the tro in 1471.

Annunciation. He was elected pope, by the council of Basil.

AMADEUS IX., duke of Savoy, a brave and charitable prince, whose subjects surnamed him the Blessed; he died 1472.

AMADEUS, a Franciscan monk in Portugal, who pretended to some mystical revelations at Rome, died 1482.

AMADEUS, bishop of Lausanne, died 1158. AMAJA, Francis, a Spanish professor of civil and afterwards professor of Hebrew at Gronin-law, whose commentaries are highly valued, gen. His works were printed in five volumes folio, at Amsterdam 1687.

died 1640.

AMAK, a much admired Persian poet of the 5th century.

AMALARIC, or AMAURY, king of the Vsigoths, killed by one of his soldiers, 531.

AMÁLARIUS, Fortunatus, ambassador u. Charlemagne to Constantinople. He died 814, and left a treatise on baptism.

AMALARIUS, Symphosius, a priest of Mentz, and author of a book on the antiquities of the church, died 837.

AMALASONTHA, daughter of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, a woman of virtue for the times. She was cruelly murdered by her husband, 534.

AMALEK, son of Eliphaz, was the founder of a nation which settled Idumea, and made war against Saul and David.

AMALRIC, Augeri, author of a history of the popes, flourished in the 14th century.

AMALRIC, Arnold, archbishop of Narbonne, who animated the princes of Spain against the Moors, and wrote an account of a battle which he witnessed, died 1225.

AMBROSE, born at Portico, in Romania, war distinguished by his fluency in the Greek tongue at the councils Basil, Ferrara, &c. He died 1439. AMBROSE, de Lombez Pere, a capuchin. author of a tract on inward peace, died 1778. AMBROSE, Isaac, a descendant from the Am

AMALTHEA, the name of the Sybil of Cu-brose family in Lincolnshire, who, during th ina, who sold her books to Tarquin.

AMALTHEUS, Jerome, John Baptiste, and Cornelius, three brothers, born at Ôderzo, in Italy, equally celebrated for their poetry. They all three died in 1574.

civil wars, became a presbyterian. He pub lished several tracts, which were much es teemed.

AMBROSINI, Bartholomew, professor of me dicine at Bologna. He published several learn AMAMA, Sixtinus, a Hebrew professor ofed books on medicine, and died 1657. great learning and piety in Germany, who began a work called "Antibarbarus Biblicus," but died before it was finished, in 1629.

AMBROSINI, Hyacinth, brother and succes sor of the preceding, wrote a treatise on the plants discovered in the 17th century. AMBROSIUS, Aurelianus, a prince of Ar

AMAND, Mark Anthony Gerard Sieur de St., porn in Normandy, a comic poet of some fame:||morica, went to Britain 457, to assist the Britons he died 1661.

in the expulsion of the Saxons.

AMBROSIUS, Catharinus Politus, archbishop of Compsa, Naples. He wrote some religious

AMAND, St., a bishop of Bordeaux, 404. AMARAL, Andrew d', a Portuguese of the order of Malta, who betrayed Rhodes to Soly-works, and died 1552. man. He was put to death 1522.

AMASEUS, Romulus, professor at Bologna,| and author of a translation of Pausanias, died 1855.

AMASIS, a king of Egypt, who died about 525 B. C.

AMATUS, de Portugal, a physician, who wrote Commentaries on Disoscorides, Avicenna, &c., about 1550.

AMEDEUS, see AMADEUS.

AMELIUS, Gentilianus, a Platonic philosopher of the third century, disciple to Plotinus. AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE, Abraham Nicholas, a native of Orleans 1634, sent as se cretary to the French ambassador at Venice. He wrote much, but was sent to the Bastile for his sentiments.

AMELOT, Denis, a French writer, author of translation of the New Testament, and other works. He died 1678.

AMAURI, de Chartres, professor of philoso-a phy, born at Bonne, in the 13th century. He formed a new system of religion on the metaphysics of Aristotle.

AMAURI, king of Jerusalem in 1162; he died 1173.

AMAURI II., king of Cyprus and Jerusalem in 1164.

AMAZIAH, son of Joash, king of Judah, was put to death by his subjects, 810 B. C.

AMBOISE, Francois d', son of the surgeon to Charles IX., of France, rose to the rank of counsellor of state by his learning and industry. He died 1600.

AMERBACH, John, a native of Swabia, eminent for his learning, died 1515. His son, John, was professor of law at Basil, and the friend of Erasmus. He died 1562.

AMERBACH, Vitus, a Bavarian, professor of philosophy at Ingoldstadt, and a writer of eminence, died 1550.

AMERICUS, Vesputius, a Florentine, a dis coverer in the continent called, after him, Ame ||rica, died 1526. See COLUMBUS.

AMES, Fisher, a distinguished statesman and eloquent orator, born in Dedham, Mass., author AMBOISE, George d', born in 1460, and be-of a celebrated speech in Congress on the British came archbishop of Narbonne, and afterwards treaty in 1776. He possessed a mind of a great prime minister to Lewis XII., of France. He and extraordinary character, and died in 1808. was famed for his firmness and energy.

AMES, William, of Norfolk, Eng., a learned AMBOISE, Michael d', author of several epis-divine, professor of the university of Franeker, tles, ballads, &c., flourished in the 16th century. Holland, died at Rotterdam, on his way to New AMBOISE, Aimery d', was famous for the England, 1633. naval victory he obtained over the Sultan of Egypt, 1510.

AMBOISE, Frances d', wife of Peter II., duke of Britanny. She was famed for the improvement she introduced in the manners of the Bretons. She died 1485.

AMES, Joseph, a celebrated typographical historian, and secretary to the society of Antiquaries, was originally a ship-chandler at Wap ping. Late in life he took to the study of antiquities; and, besides his great work on "Typographical Antiquities," containing accounts of AMBROGI, Antony Marie, professor of elo- our earliest printers and their works, he publishquence at Rome, published various works, anded a list, in 8vo., of English heads, engraved died 1788.

AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, an eminent father of the church, born in Gaul, 333. The birth of Ambrose is said to have been followed by a remarkable presage of his future eloquence, for we are told, that a swarm of bees came and settled upon his mouth as he lay in his cradle. He died at Milan 397, and was buried in the great church there. The most considerable of his numerous works is that "De Officiis." Ambrose carried the esteem of the virginity and celibacy Bo far, that he seemed to regard matrimony as an indecent thing.

and mezzotinto, and drew up the "Parentalia," from Mr. Wren's papers. He was born at Great Yarmouth, 1689, and died Oct. 7, 1759.

AMHERST, Jeffrey, lord, commander-in-chief of the British army at the conquest of Canada, 1760; born in England 1717; captured Louisburg 1758; succeeded Abercrombie in the command of the army of North America; returned to England, where he was created field marshal, and died 1798, aged 80.

AMHURST, Nicholas, born at Marder, in Kent, but in what year is uncertain. He received his grammatical education at Merchant Tay AMBROSE, deacon of Alexandria, was the|lors' School, in London, and thence was remov patron of Origen, by whose eloquence he was led to St. John's College, Oxford, but expelled converted to Christianity. He died 250. for irregularity of conduct. Soon after Mr

Amhurst quitted Oxford, he seems to have set-usury, and be complaisant to every body. tled in London as a writer by profession. He Have always two strings to your bow. Feign published a volume of miscellanies; but the that you are solicited by many from abroad, and principal literary undertaking of Mr. Amhurst get every thing ready for your departure. Show was, "The Craftsman," which was carried on letters inviting you elsewhere, with great profor a number of years with great spirit and suc-mises." Fortune, at length, began to smile cess, and was more read and attended to than upon Ammonius, for he was appointed secreany production of the kind that had hitherto tary to Henry VIII., and honoured by Pope Leo been published in England. Ten or twelve X. with a public character at the court of that thousand were sold in a day; and the effect prince; and, in all appearance, he would have which it had in raising the indignation of the soon risen higher, had not death carried him off people, and in controlling the power of admi-when he was but of a middle age. He died of nistration, was very considérable. He died at the sweating sickness in 1517. Ammonius wrote Twickenham, April 27, 1742, of a broken heart, several Latin poetical pieces. and was buried at the charge of his printer, Richard Franklin.

AMMONIUS, Livinus, a Carthusian Monk, esteemed by Erasmus for his learning and piety.

AMICONI, Giacomo, a Venitian, was a suc-died 1556. cessful portrait and historical painter in England, and afterwards painter to the king of Spain. He died 1752.

AMONTONS, William, was born in Normandy, the last day of August, 1663. He was in the 3d form of the Latin school at Paris, when, AMICUS, Antony, an ecclesiastic of Palermo, after a dangerous illness, he contracted such a and historiographer royal to Philip IV. of Spain. deafness as obliged him to renounce almost all He died 1641. conversation with mankind. In this situation, AMIN-BEN-HAROUN, son of Aaron Ras-he began to think of employing himself in the chid, was the sixth caliph of the house of Abas-invention of machines. He applied, therefore, sides, a cruel and imprudent prince, who was to the study of geometry; and it is said that he put to death after a reign of 5 years, 822. would not try any remedy to cure his deafness, AMIRAL, Henry, a native of France, noto-either because he thought it incurable, or berious for his attempt to assassinate Collot d' cause it increased his attention. He studied Herbois and Robespierre, and rid France of her with great care the nature of barometers and tyrants, was executed 1792. thermometers; and, in 1687, presented a new AMMAN, Paul, of Breslau, professor at Leip-hygroscope to the Royal Academy of Sciences, sic, died 1600.

AMMAN, John Conrad, a Swiss physician, who succeeded in teaching the deaf to speak in France, died about 1730.

which was very much approved. Amontons found out a method to acquaint people at a great distance, in a very little time, with whatever one pleased. This method was as follows: Let AMMANATI, Bartholomew, an eminent there be people placed in several stations, at such sculptor and architect of Florence, died 1586. a distance from one another, that, by the help AMMANATI, Laura Battiferri, wife of Bar-of a telescope, a man in one station may see a tholomew, celebrated for her genius and learn-signal made by the next before him; he must ing. Her poems are highly esteemed by the immediately make the same signal, that it may Italians. She died 1589.

AMMIANUS, Marcellinus, a Latin historian, died about 390.

AMMIRATO, or AMMIRATI, Scipio, born in Naples in 1531, wrote a history of Florence in two vols. folio, and many other works of less importance, and died at Florence, 1600.

be seen by persons in the station next after him, who are to communicate it to those in the following station, and so on. [Hence certainly originated the modern Telegraph.] When the Royal Academy was newly regulated in 1699, Amontons was admitted a member of it, and read there his "New Theory of Friction," in which he happily cleared up a very important part of mechanics. He died the 11th of October,

AMMON, the son of Lot, and progenitor of the Ammonites, lived about 1900 B. C. AMMONIUS, a peripatetic philosopher, pre-1705. ceptor to Plutarch.

AMORT, Eusebius, a Bavarian ecclesiastic, AMMONIUS, Saccus, a philosopher of the and writer on theological subjects, died 1775. 3d century, and founder of the Eclectic sect, AMORY, Dr. Thomas, a dissenting minister died 243. of considerable note, born at Taunton, Jan. 28, AMMONIUS, a surgeon of Alexandria, who 1701, died in London, June 24, 1774. His serirst adopted the present operation of lithotomy.inons chiefly tended to illustrate the perfections AMMONIUS, Andrew, a learned native of and providence of God; the evidences of a fuLucca, who came and settled in England. He ture state; the truth and excellency of the Gosfived some time in Sir Thomas More's house, pel; the great duties of a Christian life, &c. and afterwards in St. Thomas' College, for he AMORY, Thomas, esq., an intense student, was not in circumstances sufficient to hire aand a writer of some merit, of Westminster, house of his own. There subsisted a strong died 1789. friendship and close correspondence between him and Erasmus. The advice which Erasmus gives him, in regard to pushing his fortune, has a good deal of humour in it, and was certainly intended as a satire on the artful methods generally practised by the selfish and ambitious part of mankind. "In the first place (says he) throw off all sense of shame; thrust yourself into every one's business, and elbow out whom-1687. soever you can; neither love nor hate any one; measure every thing by your own advantage; let this be the scope and drift of all your actions. Give nothing but what is to be returned with

AMOS, a prophet in the reign of Jehoram, king of Israel, and Uzziah, king of Judah, died 785 B. C.

AMOUR, William de St., a doctor of the Sorbonne, canon of Bouvais, author of several works, died 1272.

AMOUR, Louis Govin de St., a doctor of the Sorbonne, from which he was expelled, died

AMOUREUX, N. L', an eminent sculptor of Lyons, was drowned in the Soane, in the be ginning of the 19th century.

AMPHIBILUS, a Briton, was said to have

AMPHILOCHUS, bishop of Iconium, the friend of Basil, and opposer of the Arians, died 394.

been bishop of Anglesea, and to have suffered and at length destructive to himself. For en martyrdom about 291. tering one day a thick wood, to perform his vOW to Cybele as secretly as might be, he was dis covered in the midst of the solemnity, and shot dead with an arrow by the king himself. There AMPHINOMUS and ANAPIUS, were two are many beautiful apothegms of this philosopher brothers, who heroically saved their aged pa-preserved by Lærtius, Plutarch, and other writers rents on their shoulders during an eruption of Ætna.

AMPSINGIUS, John Assuer, professor of physic, at Rostock, in the beginning of the 17th century.

ANACLETUS, bishop of Rome, suffered mar tyrdom 92.

ANACLETUS claimed the papacy in oppo sition to Innocent II., but not succeeding, died in obscurity, 1138.

ANACOANA, queen of Xiragua, in the island

AMRU EBN-AL-AS, a Mussulman, was first the enemy, and afterwards the friend of Maho-of St. Domingo, was cruelly put to death by met; he died governor of Egypt, 663. Ovando.

AMSDORF, Nicholas, a follower of Luther, and bishop of Nuremburgh, died 1541.

AMURATH I., an Ottoman emperor, and a successful warrior, notorious for his cruelty, died 1389.

AMURATH II., successor to Mahomet as Ottoman emperor; he was the first Turk who used cannon in battle; he resigned his crown to his son, but afterwards resumed it, and died

ANACREON, a Greek poet, born at Teos, a seaport of Ionia, flourished about the 62d Olympiad. This poet had a most delicate wit, but was certainly too fond of pleasure; for love and wine had the disposal of all his hours. The manner of his death, which happened at Abdera, is said to have been very extraordinary; for they tell us, he was choked with a grape-stone. which he swallowed as he was regaling on some new wine. A small part only of Anacreon's AMURATH III. succeeded Selim II., and im-works remain; and these consist chiefly of Bacmediately murdered his five brothers; he was achanalian songs, and love sonnets. The odes valiant and successful warrior, and died 1595. of Anacreon," says Rapin, "are flowers, beauAMURATHI., successor to Mustapha, a cruel ties, and perpetual graces." prince, who put 30,000 inhabitants of Bagdad to the sword, died 1640.

1451.

AMY, N., an advocate of the parliament of Aix, and a writer on natural science, died 1760. AMYRUTZES, a philosopher of Trebizond, who renounced Christianity for Mahometanism, and became a favourite of Mahomet II.

AMYOT, James, bishop of Auxerre, and grand almoner of France under Henry III., and Charles IX., and a writer on several subjects; but chiefly known as the translator of" Plutarch's Lives and Morals." He was born at Melun, 1514, and died 1593.

ANAGNOSTA, John, a Byzantine histo

rian.

ANASTASIUS I., the silentiary, who, from obscure birth, became emperor of the east, by marrying the widow of the emperor Zeno, died 518.

ANASTASIUS II. was raised from a private station to the throne of Constantinople by the voice of the people. He abdicated the throne for a religious habit, and afterwards, in attempting to regain it, was put to death, 719.

ANASTASIUS I., pope of Rome, succeeded Siricius; he reconciled the eastern and western churches, and died much respected for his sanc tity and virtue, 402.

ANASTASIUS II., pope after Gelasius, died

AMYRAULT, Moses, an eminent French divine, born 1596, at Borgueil, a small town of Touraine. He was a man of such charity and compassion, that, during the last ten years of his life, he bestowed his whole salary on the ANASTASIUS III., pope after Sergius III., poor, without distinction of Catholic or Protes-eminent for his wisdom, died two years after his tant, and died 1664. election, 913.

496.

ANASTASIUS IV., pope, a charitable and humane man; he died 1154.

ANASTASIUS, contested the papacy with Benedict III., and not succeeding, he died in ob scurity.

Tyher.

ANASTASIUS, Sinaite, a monk of Mount Sinai, in the 7th century.

ANACHARSIS, an illustrious Scythian philosopher. He travelled to Athens in the time of Solon, with whom he contracted an intimate friendship; and Solon not only instructed him, but sought all opportunities of doing him ho nour. He had a quick and lively genius, a strong ANASTASIUS, Bibliothecarius, a learned and masterly eloquence; and there was some-Greek of the 9th century, librarian of the church thing so determined and resolute in his manner, of Rome, and abbot of St. Mary beyond the that those who imitated him were said to speak in the Scythian style. He was extremely fond of poetry, and wrote upon certain laws of the Scythians and Greeks. Croesus invited him to ANASTASIUS, Theopolitanus, bishop of Sardis, and offered him money; but the phi-Antioch; he was banished from his see, and losopher answered, "that he was come to restored 593; he died 6 years after. Greece to learn the laws and manners of that ANATOLIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, country; that he had no occasion for gold or died 458. silver; and that it would suffice for him to return to Scythia a wiser and more intelligent man than he came from thence." After staying long in Greece, he prepared to return home; and passing through Cyzicum, he found that city celebrating very solemnly the feasts of Cybele, and vowed to do the same if he should get home in safety. Upon his arrival in Scythia, he attempted to change the ancient customs of his country, and to establish those of Greece; which proved extremely disagreeable to the Scythians,

ANATOLIUS, bishop of Laodicea, about 269; eminent for his knowledge of arithmetic and geometry.

ANAXAGORAS, one of the most celebrated! philosophers of antiquity, born at Clazomena. in Ionia, about 450 B. C. He placed the supreme good of human life in contemplation.

ANAXANDRIDES, king of Sparta, abou 550 B. C., father to Cleomenes and Leonidas. ANAXANDRIDES, a comic poet of Rhodes about 350 B. C.