as were also the Phoenicians, from whom they derived their origin. In Majorca was Palma, which still retains its name. In Minorca was Portus Magonis, so called by the Carthaginians, from Mago, one of their Generals, now slightly corrupted into Port Mahon. South-west of these were the Pityusæ, or Pine Islands, comprising Ebusus, corrupted into Yvica; and below it, the small Island called by Strabo and Ptolemy Ophiusa, now Formontera, a name which perhaps rather belongs to the little group of Colubraria off the coast near Saguntum.

CHAPTER VI.

GALLIA.

A. G. Plate IV.

GALLIA was originally divided between three great nations, the Belgæ, the Celtæ, or Galli, properly so called, and the Aquitani. The Belgæ extended along the southern shore of the lower Rhine nearly to the Sequana or Seine, and were intermixed with Germanic tribes. The Celtæ extended from the Sequana to the Garumna, or Garonne; and from the Atlantic to the Rhine, the Alps, and the Mediterranean. They were the most extensive and indigenous people, and their name is that under which the whole nation was known to the Greeks; the word Galli being the latinised native term Gael: that portion of the Celtæ lying along the shores of the Mediterranean was called Gallia Provincia, from having been the first province possessed by the Romans, a term which may be still traced in Provence. This part of Gaul was antiently called also Gallia Braccata*, from the braccæ or breeches, worn by its inhabitants, while the remainder of the country of the Celta was called Gallia Comata, from the

*Breac is the Celtic word for a stripe. Hence we need not doubt that these breeches were made of striped materials. Hence also we may understand what is meant by the virgati Dahæ, having a reference to their striped garments. Traces of this early apparel may yet be observed in the Scotch plaid, the patterns of which are always longitudinal and transverse stripes. The Highlanders are a Gaelic (i.e. a Celtic) race.

long hair worn by the natives. Below the Garumna, bordering on the Pyrenees, were the Aquitani, much intermixed with the Spanish tribes. These earlier distinctions are of use as prevailing in the time of Julius Cæsar. The above great divisions, however, were subsequently altered by Augustus, B. C. 27, a. U. c. 727, who extended the province of Aquitania into Celtica, as far as the river Liger, or Loire. The remainder of Celtica above the Liger was called Gallia Lugdunensis, from the colony of Lugdunum; and the part towards the Rhine was added to the Belgæ, under the title of Belgica. Lastly, the south of Gaul took the name of Narbonensis.

These four great provinces, in later ages, were called the four Gauls, and were by degrees subdivided into seventeen others. Of these, Narbonensis contained five: Narbonensis Prima, Viennensis, Narbonensis Secunda, Alpes Maritimæ, Alpes Graiæ et Penninæ. We shall very briefly mention some of the principal tribes, or cities, in each of these. Narbonensis Prima was at the western bend of the Sinus Gallicus, and nearly corresponded with Languedoc. The principal tribes were the Volca Arecomici, towards the Rhodanus, or Rhone, and the Volcæ Tectosages, south-west of them. Among the former was the city of Nemausus, or Nismes, which still possesses some fine remains of antiquity; among the latter, Tolosa, now Toulouse. On the coast was Narbo, now Narbonne, which gave name to this division of Gaul. On the east bank of the Rhone, was Viennensis, so called from Vienna, now Vienne*, in Dauphiny. In the north of this province were the Allobroges, among whom was Caluro, afterwards called Gratianopolis, now Grenoble; in the south the Vocontii. A little north of the mouth of the Druentia, or Durance, we may notice Avenio, Avignon, and

*Not to be confounded with Vindebona, now Vienna, in Germany.

below it Arelate, Arles, and Massilia, or Marseilles, a celebrated colony founded by the Phocæans* B. C. 600. In Narbonensis Secunda, the Salyes were the principal people, who were descended from the Ligurians, and stretched along the south bank of the Druentia, almost to the Alps. The capital was Aquæ Sextiæ, or Aix. South-east on the coast, was Telo Martius, now Toulon; but the celebrated Roman port was north-east of this, at Forum Julii, now Frejus, the birth-place of Agricola. North-east of Narbonensis Secunda was the province of the Alpes Maritimæ, whose metropolis was Ebrodunum, or Embrun. The most considerable people were the Caturiges. They were situated at the foot of the Cottian Alps, or Mount Genevre, over which, some have thought, Hannibal passed in his way to Italy, and which were so called from a prince named Cottius, who was protected by Augustus. Above the Alpis Cottia is the Alpis Graia, or Little St. Bernard, probably the real scene of Hannibal's passage; and above it the Alpis Pennina, or Great St. Bernard. These formed the fifth province into which Gallia Narbonensis was subdivided.

Aquitania was subdivided into Prima, Secunda, and Novem Populana. The Bituriges Cubi were the principal people of Aquitania Prima; their capital, Avaricum, afterwards took the name of the people, and is still called Bourges. The Arverni also were very powerful in the time of Cæsar, who occupied the district still called Auvergne; their capital was Augustonometum, now Clermont, a little north of Gergovia, which so long baffled the arms of Cæsar. Below them were the Gabali, whose capital was Anderitum, or Mende; and the Ruteni, whose capital was Segodunum, or Rhodez. Their country was bounded on the east by the Mons Cebenna, whose name still remains in Cevennes. West of the Ruteni were

Phocæorum

Velut profugit execrata civitas.

Hor. Epod. XVI. 11.

the Cadurci, whose capital was Divona, or Cahors; above it was Uxellodunum, besieged by Cæsar. The Lemovices, whose capital was Augustoritum, still give name to Limoges.

The capital of Aquitania Secunda was Burdigala or Bourdeaux, near the mouth of the Garumna, among the Bituriges Vivisci. The Petrocorii gave name to Perigeux, the former name of which was Vesunna, still retained in that quarter of the city, called La Visone. Above the mouth of the Garumna, the Santones gave name to the province of Santogne, and their chief city, Mediolanum, afterwards Santones, is now Saintes. Uliarus, above the mouth of the Garonne, is the Isle of Oleron. Above the Santones, the Pictones, or Pictavi, extend to the southern bank of the Liger, or Loire; they still give name to their capital Poitiers, antiently called Limonum.

The third province of Aquitania is that which was originally comprehended under that name, but which it exchanged for that of Novem Populana, as consisting of nine principal nations, of whom the Elusates and Ausci appear to have been the chief. The Sotiates were a small tribe, above them, mentioned by Cæsar. Among the Tarbelli was Lapurdum, or Bayonne, and west of it Beneharnum upon one of the chief passes into Spain.

Gallia Lugdunensis was subdivided at first into two, and subsequently into four divisions, called Prima, Secunda, Tertia, and Quarta, or Senonia. It extended from the city of Lugdunum, or Lyons, on the Rhone, to the western Ocean, being bounded on the south by Aquitania, and on the north by Belgica. The capital of Lugdunensis Prima was Lugdunum, in the small tribe of the Ambarri, between the Arar and Rhodanus, or the Saone and Rhone. Lugdunum was the birth-place of the Emperor Claudius. The great nation of the Ædui were in this district, whose capital was called Bibracte in the time of Cæsar, Augustodunum under Augustus, and is now corrupted into Autun. North of it was