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The western bank of the Rhine has already been described, as containing several German nations in the three Gallic provinces along the Rhine. On its eastern bank on the coast, among the Ingævones, are the Frisii, in part of Holland, Friesland, and Groningen; their country was intersected by a canal, made by Drusus, called Flevo, the waters of which, having in time increased, now form the Zuyder Zee, or Southern Sea, one of whose channels, the Vlie, still retains traces of the original name. North-east of the Frisii were the Chauci Majores and Minores, a Suevic race, distinguished by Tacitus as the most noble and just of all the German nations. The Majores were situated on the coast of Oldenburg, between the Amisia, or Ems, and the Visurgis, or Weser; the Minores in Bremen, between the Visurgis and the Albis, or Elbe. Towards the mouth of the Albis and the Chersonesus Cimbrica, in Jutland, Sleswic, and Holstein, were the Angli and Saxones, our English progenitors. The Teutones and Cimbri had their original settlements here. Below the Chauci were the Angrivarii, who gave name to Angria, the kingdom of the Saxon Witikind. The Chasuarii were also in this district; about Paderborn and Lippe.

South of the Frisii among the Istævones were the Bructeri, the western part of whose country was occupied by the Chamavi, till they were driven out by the Usipetes, and settled considerably further east. North-east of the Bructeri were the Marsi or Marsaci about Munster. On the east bank of the Rhine, south of the Usipetes, were the Sicambri, about Cleves, who were driven over it by the Catti, in the time of Augustus, and settled in Germania Prima, under the name of Gugerni. The Tencteri inhabited a district south of the Sicambri about Berg.

East of these was the great and powerful nation of the Catti, called by Cæsar the Suevi, an Hermionic tribe who were seated in Hesse. A fortress of the Catti, called Castellum,

still bears the name of Cassel, but their capital, Mattium, is Metz near Gudensberg. Above these, between the Visurgis and Albis, were the Cherusci, in Luneburg, Brunswick, and part of Brandenburg, who, under the conduct of Arminius, defeated and slew the three Roman legions commanded by Varus, A. D. 10, in the Saltus Teutobergiensis, or Bishoprick of Paderborn. They were afterwards defeated by Germanicus, and never recovered their former eminence. South of the Catti along the Rhine, were the Mattiaci, about Hesse Darmstadt, a nation in firm alliance with the Roman empire; and south of these was thought to be the original settlement of the Marcomanni*, who afterwards migrated into Bohemia. South-east of these was Mons Abnoba, or the Black Forest, in which the Danube rises; the adjoining district was called the Decumates Agri, in Suabia, because the inhabitants were subject to a tax of the tenth of their produce. Here the Alemanni settled, from whom Germany was called, in the middle ages, Almagne, and now Allemagne by the French. East of these, the Hermunduri, the greatest of the Hermionic tribes, were a powerful nation in Bavaria, and Saxony, attached to the Romans. East of them, on the bank of the Danube, were the Narisci, in part of Bavaria, where is Regina, now Ratisbon; north-east of whom, were the Boii, or Boiohemi, in Bohemia, whose country was seized by the Marcomanni, under their king Maroboduus, in the reign of Augustus. South-east of the Boii, or Marcomanni, were the Quadi, who occupied Moravia. North-east of the Marcomanni and Quadi, in Silesia, were the Gothini, Osi, and Burii. North-west of whom were the Marsigni and Silingi; and still north-west the Semnones, a powerful people about Dresden.

* It has been supposed that the Marcomanni and Alemanni were not distinct tribes, but a military contingent from various Germanic nations. It is clear, however, that the Romans considered them in the former light. See Schlegel's Philosophy of Hist. Cæs. Bell. Gall., Statius's Silv., &c.

Among the Lygian tribes between the Viadrus and Vistula, it may be sufficient to notice the Diduni, Naharvali, and Omani or Manimi.

It remains only to mention the Vandal tribes on the south shores of the Baltic, and in the adjacent district. On the west bank of the Albis, were the Langobardi, or Lombards, about Magdeburg, who were driven over to the east bank by Tiberius, but afterwards returned, and subsequently migrated into Italy, and founded the kingdom of Lombardy: the Varini, Viruni or Pharodeni were probably one people, and were supposed to have been in Mecklenburg. The name of the Rugii is still preserved in Rugenwald; south of the Rugii were the Burgundiones, who afterwards migrated to France, and possessed the province of Burgundy. Above these were the Helvecones, a tribe of Lygian origin; and still north the Lemovii, about Dantzic. East of the Vistula were

the Gothones, or Goths.

We should not omit, in our account of Germany, to notice the immense forest called the Hercynia Sylva, the whole extent of which was unknown; but it took Cæsar nine days to cross it, and it had been travelled longitudinally sixty days journey, without coming to any boundary. It extended from the Black Forest in Suabia to the Hartz in Saxony*, and along the Danube as far as Transylvania, and in a north-easterly direction to the Vistula, and probably far beyond it into the interior of European Russia. An account of it is to be seen in the sixth book of Cæsar's Gallic wars.

That part of the Baltic which washes the shores of Ger

*The Bructeri are mentioned by Claudian as adjacent to it.

Venit accola sylvæ

Bructerus Hercyniæ.

Cons. Honor. 451.

mania was called Sinus Codanus; and above it (Pl. I.) was Scandinavia, comprising Sweden and Norway, but very imperfectly known to the antients. They seem to have considered it as consisting of a number of islands. Of the two nations mentioned by Tacitus, the Suiones are thought to have been the inhabitants of Sweden, and the Sitones of Norway. Eastward of Germany the whole of the remainder of Europe above Dacia was comprised under the name of Sarmatia, and will be briefly described at the end of the next chapter.

CHAPTER VIII.

COUNTRIES NORTH AND NORTH-EAST OF THE ADRIATIC.

A. G. Plates I. VI. X.

THE remainder of Europe, not yet described, consisting of countries to the east of the Adriatic, up to the Danube, and beyond it, with the exception of Greece, and its immediately adjacent country, will form the subject of the following chapter.

Immediately below the Danube (Pl. VI.), from its sources on Mons Abnoba, was Vindelicia; and south of it was Rhætia, bounded on the west by the Helvetii or Swiss, on the south by Cisalpine Gaul and the upper part of Italy, and on the east by Noricum. It more than comprised the country of the Grisons. The Rhæti were a colony of the Tuscans, who degenerated into the barbarism of the surrounding Gallic and Germanic tribes, and were subdued by Drusus, under the reign of Augustus, B. C. 15, A. U. c. 739. His victory is celebrated in the fine and well-known Ode of Horace, Book IV. 4.* The Vindelici and Rhæti, thus subdued, formed one province, whose subsequent divisions we need not enter into. It is hardly necessary in a treatise like the present, which is a mere Compendium of Classical Geography, to enumerate the names of all the barbarous tribes which formed these nations.

* Videre Rhæti bella sub Alpibus
Drusum gerentem et Vindelici.

Hor. Od. IV. 4.

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