of Italy is the Austrian Empire, lying above the Gulph of Venice. Below the Austrian Empire is Turkey in Europe; and below this is the Kingdom of Greece. On the Coast, north of France, are Belgium and Holland, formerly called the Netherlands or Low Countries, east of which extending from Switzerland to the German Ocean and the Baltic is a considerable tract comprised under the general name of Germany. North of Germany is the Continental part of the Kingdom of Denmark; eastward, along the south coast of the Baltic, is Prussia, to the south-east of which was formerly the Kingdom of Poland, partitioned in 1793 between Prussia, Russia, and Austria. The remainder of Europe, from the Black Sea upward to the east and north-east, forms a part of the immense empire of Russia. Along the west of the Gulph of Bothnia is Sweden; to the west of which is Norway, now subject to the crown of Sweden.* The principal European Islands are those of Great Britain and Ireland, with the smaller islands adjacent to them, hereafter to be described. Above Ireland are the Feroe Isles, and north-west of them Iceland, both of which belong to Denmark. About midway between Europe and America, off the coast of Portugal, are the Azores (Pl. I.), the most remote of the European islands. At the entrance to the Baltic (Pl. III.) are Funen and Zealand, belonging to Denmark. Within the Baltic, are Oland, Gothland, and Aland, belonging to Sweden. In the Mediter

* Denmark and Norway, which had been sometimes under the same, and sometimes under different sovereigns, were united into one kingdom in 1417, and so continued till 1814, when Norway was ceded to Sweden.

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ranean are Yvica, Majorca, and Minorca, off the coast of Spain. Under Genoa is Corsica, a French dependency, with Sardinia below it. At the foot of Italy is Sicily; and below it the small but celebrated Island of Malta, belonging to the British. West of Greece are the Ionian Islands, under the protection of the British, of which Corfu and Zante are the most important. And to the east of the Morea are the Islands of the Archipelago. Below these is Candia. In the Arctic Sea is Nova Zembla. (Pl. XIX.)

The following are the Capitals of the principal European States, with their latitude and longitude. It has been thought desirable to refer to them again in describing the several countries to which they

* London is in fact 0° 5' 37" W. of Greenwich, from which place the

longitude is measured.

of Italy is the Austrian Empire, lying above the Gulph of Venice. Below the Austrian Empire is Turkey in Europe; and below this is the Kingdom of Greece. On the Coast, north of France, are Belgium and Holland, formerly called the Netherlands or Low Countries, east of which extending from Switzerland to the German Ocean and the Baltic is a considerable tract comprised under the general name of Germany. North of Germany is the Continental part of the Kingdom of Denmark; eastward, along the south coast of the Baltic, is Prussia, to the south-east of which was formerly the Kingdom of Poland, partitioned in 1793 between Prussia, Russia, and Austria. The remainder of Europe, from the Black Sea upward to the east and north-east, forms a part of the immense empire of Russia. Along the west of the Gulph of Bothnia is Sweden; to the west of which is Norway, now subject to the crown of Sweden. * The principal European Islands are those of Great Britain and Ireland, with the smaller islands adjacent to them, hereafter to be described. Above Ireland are the Feroe Isles, and north-west of them Iceland, both of which belong to Denmark. About midway between Europe and America, off the coast of Portugal, are the Azores (Pl. I.), the most remote of the European islands. At the entrance to the Baltic (Pl. III.) are Funen and Zealand, belonging to Denmark. Within the Baltic, are Oland, Gothland, and Aland, belonging to Sweden. In the Mediter

* Denmark and Norway, which had been sometimes under the same, and sometimes under different sovereigns, were united into one kingdom in 1417, and so continued till 1814, when Norway was ceded to Sweden.

ranean are Yvica, Majorca, and Minorca, off the coast of Spain. Under Genoa is Corsica, a French dependency, with Sardinia below it. At the foot of Italy is Sicily; and below it the small but celebrated Island of Malta, belonging to the British. West of Greece are the Ionian Islands, under the protection of the British, of which Corfu and Zante are the most important. And to the east of the Morea are the Islands of the Archipelago. Below these is Candia. In the Arctic Sea is Nova Zembla. (Pl. XIX.)

The following are the Capitals of the principal European States, with their latitude and longitude. It has been thought desirable to refer to them again in describing the several countries to which they belong.

Longitude. 0° 0'*

Latitude.

3 12 W.

* London is in fact 0° 5′ 37′′ W. of Greenwich, from which place the

longitude is measured.

The following are the principal States of Europe, with their most remarkable cities, which may be pointed out in their respective maps:

France (Pl. VII.) is bounded on the north by the English Channel and Belgium, on the east by the Rhine, Switzerland and Italy, on the south by the Mediterranean and Pyrenees, and on the west by the Atlantic. It was formerly divided into 36 provinces, but subsequently to the revolution of 1789 into 86 departments. The principal places are —