B. C.

306 Alexander s successors assume the title of kings.

301 Battle of Ipsus, in which Antigonus is defeated and killed by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. Age of Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Crantor.

291 Age of Euclid the mathematician, Epicurus, Bion, &c.

284 Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint translated about this time. 281 Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. Romans begin the TarenAchæan league begins. 280 Pyrrhus king of Epirus goes to Italy to assist the Tarentines.

tine war.

278 The Gauls cut to pieces near Delphi. Age of Sostratus, Theocritus, Aratus, Lycophron, &c.

274 Curius defeats Pyrrhus, who retires to Epirus.

269 Silver first coined at Rome.

264 First Punic war begins, and continues 23 years.

260 Duillius gains the first naval victory
with a Roman fleet over the Cartha-
ginians.

256 Regulus defeated by Xanthippus.
251 Age of Aratus, Cleanthes, Manetho,
Timæus, Callimachus, Zoilus.

244 Citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus.
242 Carthaginians defeated by Lutatius Ca-
tulus. End of the first Punic war.
241 Agis king of Lacedæmon put to death.
240 Plays of Livius Andronicus first acted
at Rome.

237 Amilcar passes into Spain with his son
Hannibal.

235 Temple of Janus shut the first time
since the reign of Numa.
233 Original manuscripts of Eschylus,
Sophocles, and Euripides, lent to
Ptolemy on a pledge of fifteen talents.
231 First divorce known at Rome. Sar-
dinia and Corsica conquered.
224 Colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an

cxl. 1. 534

cxl. 2. 535

cxl. 3. 536

cxl. 4. 537

cxli. 1. 538

cxli. 3. 540

cxlii. 1. 542

cxliii. 2. 547

cxliv. 3. 552

exlv. 1. 554

cxlv. 4. 557

cxlvii. 1. 562

cxlix. 2. 571

clii. 2. 583 cliii. 1. 586

civii. 4. 605 clviii. 1. 606 clviii. 3. 608

earthquake. Romans first cross the Po in pursuit of the Gauls. Age of Chrysippus, Archimedes, Valerius Messala, C. Nævius, Aristarchus, Apollonius Rhodius, Fabius Pictor the first Roman historian, &c.

220 Social war between the Etolians and
Achæans assisted by Philip, the last
Macedonian king of that name.

219 Hannibal takes Saguntum, which is the
cause of the second Punic war.
218 Second Punic war begins, and continues
17 years.
Battles of Ticinus and
Trebia.

217 Battle of Trasymenus.
216 Battle of Cannæ.

214 Romans begin the war against Philip in
Epirus.

212 Syracuse taken by Marcellus after a
siege of three years.
Death of Ar-
chimedes.

207 Asdrubal defeated by Claudius. Age
of Plautus, Ennius, &c.

202 Battle of Zama, which put an end to the second Punic war.

200 First Macedonian war begins, and continues four years nearly.

197 Philip defeated at the battle of Cynoscephale, which puts an end to the first Macedonian war.

192 Romans begin the war with Antiochus the Great, which continues near three years. Age of Lælius, Massinissa, the Scipios, the Gracchi.

183 Death of Hannibal and Philopomen ; Scipio died the year preceding.

171 Second Macedonian war.

168 Battle of Pydna, in which Perses is defeated by Paulus Æmilius, and Macedonia reduced to a Roman province. Age of Terence, Poly

bius, Pacuvius,

neades, &c.

Hipparchus, Car

149 Third Punic war begins.

148 Romans make war upon the Achæans. 146 Viriatus defeated by Lælius in Spain.

а

(A. U. C. 609

613

B. C.

145 Carthage destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by

Mummius.

141 Numantine war begins; continues eight years. 618 136 The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and Panatius into Egypt, Syria, and Greece.

619 621

135 The history of the Apocrypha ends.

133

Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire. Tiberius Gracchus killed. 633 121 Caius Gracchus killed. Age of Lucilius. 643 111 Jugurthine war begins, and continues five years. 102 Teutones defeated by Marius.

652 653

101 Teutones and Cimbri defeated by Marius and

Catulus.

657 97 Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans. 663 91 Social war begins, and continues three years till finished by Sylla.

665 666

89

88

672 82

Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years.
Civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue

six years.

Sylla defeats the younger Marius, and is made dictator.

676 78 Death of Sylla.

679

681

683

685

688

689

691

694

75 Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans.
73 Servile war begins under Spartacus.

71 Spartacus defeated by Crassus and Pompey.
69 Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus.
66 Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night
battle. Crete subdued by Metellus, who obtains
the surname of Creticus.

65 Pompey conquers Syria, which puts an end to the
reign of the Seleucida.

63 Catiline's conspiracy defeated by Cicero. Mithridates kills himself.

60 First triumvirate of Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus. Age of Cicero, Catulus, Lucretius, Sallust, &c. 58 Cicero banished, and recalled in sixteen months. 699 55 Cæsar invades Britain.

696

701 53 Death of Crassus.

704 50 Civil war between Cæsar and Pompey.

706

707

708

709

48 Battle of Pharsalia.

47 Alexandria taken by Cæsar.

46 War of Africa. Cato kills himself. Cæsar corrects the calendar by the advice of Sosigenes:

the year of confusion, consisting of 15 months, or 445 days.

45 Battle of Munda.

A. U. C. B.C. 710 44 711 43

712 42

715 39

718 36

722 32 723 31 724 30 727 27

Cæsar killed in the senate-house.
Battle of Mutina. Second triumvirate of Octavius,
Antony, and Lepidus. Cicero proscribed and
put to death. Age of C. Nepos, Diodorus Si-
culus, Trogus Pompeius, Varro, &c.

Battle of Philippi.

Ventidius defeats Pacorus general of the Parthians on the same day 14 years after the death of Crassus.

Pompey the younger defeated in Sicily by Oc-
tavius.

Octavius and Antony prepare for war.
Battle of Actium.

Alexandria taken, and Egypt reduced to a Roman
province.

Title of Augustus given to Octavius. The Augustan age-of Virgil, Manilius, Asinius Pollio, Mecænas, Agrippa, Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy, Tibullus, Ovid, Varius, Tucca, Vitruvius, Dionysius Halicarnassensis, and Dionysius Periegetes.

734 20 Tiberius recovers the Roman standards from the

755

2

762 9

763 10

767 14

Parthians.

Secular games celebrated at Rome.

Rhæti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus.
Pannonians defeated by Tiberius.
Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years.

Our Saviour born, four years before the vulgar

æra.

Tiberius returns to Rome.

Ovid banished to Tomos.

Varus defeated in Germany by Arminius.

Augustus dies at Nola, and is succeeded by Tiberius. Age of Phædrus, Asinius Gallus, Paterculus, Cornelius Celsus, &c.

770 17 Twelve cities in Asia Minor destroyed by an earth

quake.

Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch.
Tiberius retires to the island of Capreæ.

Sejanus disgraced and put to death.

Our Saviour crucified.

Conversion of St. Paul.

Tiberius dies, and is succeeded by Caligula. Age of Valerius Maximus, Columella, Philo Judæus, &c.

JA. U. C. A.D.

792

793

794

796

797 804

807

812

817

818

819

820

821

822

823

832

834

848 849

851

855

856

859

860

867

39 St. Matthew writes his Gospel.

40 The disciples first called Christians at Antioch.
41 Caligula killed by Chærea and succeeded by Clau-
dius.

43 The expedition of Claudius into Britain.
44 St. Mark writes his Gospel.

51 Caractacus brought a prisoner to Rome.

54 Claudius poisoned by Agrippina and succeeded by
Nero.

59 Agrippina put to death by her son Nero.
64 First persecution of the Christians.

65 Seneca and Lucan put to death by Nero.

66 Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins.
Age of Persius, Q. Curtius, Pliny the naturalist,
Josephus, Frontinus, &c.

67 St. Peter and St. Paul put to death.
68 Nero killed and succeeded by Galba.
69 Galba killed and succeeded by Otho.

Otho

defeated by Vitellius, kills himself. Vitellius defeated, and killed, and succeeded by Vespasian.

70 Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus, Saturday, Sept. 8.

79 Death of Vespasian: succession of Titus. Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stabiæ destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, in which Pliny the elder lost his life. Age of Josephus.

81 Death of Titus and succession of Domitian. Age of Sil. Italicus, Martial, Apollonius of Tyana, Valerius Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, Quintilian, Agricola, &c.

95 Second persecution of the Christians.

96 Domitian killed by Stephanus and succeeded by Nerva. Age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c. 98 Death of Nerva and succession of Trajan. 102 Pliny, proconsul of Bithynia, writes his famous letter to Trajan giving an account of the Christians.

103 Trajan reduces Dacia to a Roman province. 106 Trajan's expedition to Parthia. Age of Florus, Suetonius, Pliny the younger, Plutarch, &c. 107 Third persecution of the Christians. 114 Trajan's column erected at Rome. 117 Death of Trajan: succession of Hadrian. 871 118 Fourth persecution of the Christians. 874 121 Hadrian builds his wall in Britain.

870