General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications

according action activity animals appears applied approach aspects basic become behaviour Bertalanffy biological body called cell certain characteristics chemical classical closed complex components concept concerned consequence consideration considered constant contrast cultural defined definition depends determined differential discussed dynamic elements energy entities entropy equations equilibrium essentially evolution example existence experience expressed fact factors fields final follow formulation functions growth human important increase individual interaction language laws lead levels limited living machine mathematical matter means mechanisms mental metabolism nature observed open systems organism phenomena physics possible present principle problems processes progressive psychology question reaction reality reason recent regulations relations represent respect scientific sense similar simple social society space specific steady structure symbolic system theory theoretical thermodynamics tion true universe various weight whole