lyptus, melons, Wislizenia refracta, Hemizonia fasciculata, and Trichostema lanceolatum. In the Imperial Valley cotton yields a large amount of honey. (5) The mountain-plateau region, which has been little explored. Alfalfa is the chief honey plant, and sweet clover and Eriogonum fasciculatum are important in the fall. Chrysothamnus nauseosus yields a dark, illflavored honey. The Owens Valley in Inyo County is an excellent location.-J. H. Lovell.

3877. RICHTER, M. C. The California orange flow. Gleanings in Bee Culture 50: 76-78. Fig. 1-3. 1922.-Comparatively cool nights followed by warm days, the temperature rising to 85-95°F., results in very rapid nectar secretion; 15–20 pounds of honey may be stored daily. The orange flow may last only 10 days or extend over a month.-J. H. Lovell.

3878. S., G. L. Honey plants of Oregon. Western Honey Bee 10: 313-314. 1922.Several species of Vaccinium are abundant in Oregon, but their relative value as honey plants is unknown. V. parvifolium yields a light amber honey of mild peculiar flavor, very thick and waxy, and difficult to extract.-J. H. Lovell.

3879. SKLENAR, GUIDO. Götterbaum. [Tree of heaven.] Leipziger Bienenzeitg. 37: 49. 1922. The conditions governing the production of honey by the flowers of this tree are explained. It has been highly praised as desirable in Germany for both shade and nectar.— M. G. Dadant.

3880. SLATTERY, J. J. Sourwood an uncertain yielder. Gleanings in Bee Culture 50: 440. 1922.-At Hendersonville, North Carolina, 100 strong colonies stored 1,100 pounds of honey from Oxydendrum arboreum. Every few years this tree yields an enormous amount of honey, but the flow never lasts more than 5 weeks.-J. H. Lovell.

3881. SOUTHARD, A. E. Palestine honey production. Beekeepers' Rev. 36: 8-9. 1922.There are only 4-5 weeks annually for honey-gathering in Palestine; the dry season lasts from April to October, and the rainy season from November to March. Orange, lavender, mint, wild thyme, Acacia, and cactus flowers are the chief sources of nectar.-J. H. Lovell.

3882. SUTER ~E. MOORE. Stream pollution studies. 34 p., 7 pl., 37 fig. New York State Con Vation Commission: 1922. [Also in: State of New York Conservation Commission, eleventh annual report, for the year 1921. Legislative Document No. 29.]— Certain common and easily recognized plants and animals of streams are recommended for practical use as indicators of intensity of pollution. A stream polluted by organic wastes is conveniently divided into 3 zones: zone of recent pollution, septic zone, and zone of recovery, all occurring if the volume of waste is excessive.-Typical indicators of these zones are listed. In the zone of recent pollution may be found Thiotrhix sp., Saprolegnia sp., Leptomitus lacteus Agardh, Sphaerotilus natans Kütz., and tubifex worms (Tubifex tubifex). Green plants disappear as the lower limit of the zone is reached.-The septic zone, in which the oxygen supply is practically nil, is characterized by Eristalis tenax (L.), Psychoda alternata Say, Erioptera sp. Green plants reappear and reoxygenate the water at the lower limits of this zone. The zone of recovery is characterized by the presence of sludge in which bloodworms multiply excessively, a common form being Chironomus decorus Johann. The following fish regarded as tolerant forms frequent this zone, growing fat on the bloodworms: Catostomus commersonii Lace., Ameiurus nebulosus Les., Semotilus atromaculatus Mitch., Campostoma anomalum Raf. Other tolerant animals are: Arctocorixa, Pisidium abditum Hald, Simulium venustrum Say, Asellus communis Say, Cambarus immunis Hagen, and such plants as Potamogeton pectinatus L. and P. americanus C. & S.-Typical plants of the clean waters are markedly green, including green algae, as Hydrodictyon reticulatum (L.) Lagerh., and water mosses, as Hypnum riparium. Game fishes appearing in these waters are: Micropterus dolomieu Lace., Salvelinus fontinalis Mitch., Salmo salar sebago Gir, Micropterus salmoides.-A brief general discussion is given of the energy and food relations of plants and animals followed by a consideration of their requirements in the different zones of pollution.-The limits of tolerance of fish to trade wastes are compiled in a table. Authorities are cited.-E. Moore.

3883. WEIPPLE, THEODOR. Unter welchem Bedingungen empfielt sich die Einbürgerung der Goldrute? [What conditions are necessary for the introduction of the golden rod?] Illus. Monatsbl. Bienenzucht. 23: 25-26. 1923. Further particulars are given as to methods of growing goldenrod in America with notes on the possibilities of its introduction into Continental Europe.-M. G. Dadant.

3884. WILDER, J. J. Chinaberry. Dixie Beekeeper 310: 24. 1922.-Sapindus Drummondii blooms in southeastern Georgia late in March but yields no surplus as the nectar is used as soon as gathered in stimulating brood-rearing.—J. H. Lovell.

3885. WILDER, J. J. Mexican clover. Dixie Beekeeper 44: 10. 1922.-Richardia scabra in southeastern Georgia furnished a heavy honey flow during June and July of 1922. The bloom yields heavily only in the morning, from dawn until 10 o'clock; during the heat of the day nectar secretion nearly ceases. The honey has a pleasant flavor and a large surplus is obtained.-J. H. Lovell.

3886. WILDER, J. J. Partridge pea. Dixie Beekeeper 44: 20-21. 1922.—The flowers of Cassia chamaecrista are nectarless, but extra-floral nectaries on the petioles secrete nectar freely. An average per colony of about 40 pounds of comb honey and 50 pounds of extracted honey is often obtained.-J. H. Lovell.

3887. WILLSON, H. B., J. C. DICKMAN, and W. C. BARNARD. Nectar from velvet bean. Gleanings in Bee Culture 50: 774. 1922.-In Mississippi Mucuna utilis is reported to secrete nectar freely, but bees do not gather it because of its repulsive taste. In southern Georgia a small surplus is gathered from this source; the honey has a peculiar acid flavor. Richardia scabra is a most valuable summer and fall honey plant in Georgia.-J. H. Lovell.

3888. WOODS, D. C. The honey industry of Haiti. The Beekeepers' Rev. 37: 7. 1922.— Beekeeping in Haiti is favored by abundant nectariferous plants. Honey from Haematoxylon campechianum is nearly white and has a delicate flavor. It may become cloudy in 2-3 months and granulate.-J. H. Lovell.

3889. ZEISS. Die einjährige Riesenhonig―(Hubam)-Klee. [The eat annual honey plant-Hubam clover.] Bienenpflege 44: 6. 1922.-The discovery of annual white sweet clover and its value to the beekeeper and agriculturist are briefly recounted. The high price of seed has prevented testing in other countries than that in which it was discovered (U. S. A.).— M. G. Dadant.

FOREST BOTANY AND FORESTRY

J. S. ILLICK, Editor

(See also in this issue Entries 3728, 3822, 3823, 3847, 3852, 3873, 4031, 4130, 4290, 4370, 4392, 4484, 4618, 4631, 4670, 4673, 4679, 4702)

3890. ANONYMOUS. A drill for the tree-dentist. Sci. Amer. 126: 259. 1 fig. 1923.A motor driven tree-drill, with a burr made up of 11 tool-steel circle-saw blades is described.-Chas. H. Otis.

3891. ANONYMOUS. Baling trees. Sci. Amer. 127: 340. 1 fig. 1922.-A mechanical packer or baler, as employed by the U. S. Forest Service, is described. It is used preliminary to transporting seedlings from the seed bed to the place of planting.-Chas. H. Otis.

3892. ANONYMOUS. Brennstoffmangel und Forstwirtschaft. [Fuel shortage and forestry.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 37: 730. 1922.-The fuel shortage has led to heavy cutting of fire wood and use for fuel of timber needed for constructon, etc. The entire timber cut in Germany

BOTANICAL ABSTRACTS, VOL. 12, No. 6

would supply only a small fraction of the needed fuel. To save the forests and the wood-using industries, cities and industrial plants must the provided with coal.-W. N. Sparhawk.

3893. ANONYMOUS. Determining the penetration of wood preservatives. Sci. Amer. 127: 11. 1922. The tests used by the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory for determining the depth to which wood preservatives penetrate are given.—Chas. H. Otis.

3894. ANONYMOUS. Giant trees in the olden days. Sci. Amer. 126: 379. 1922.

3895. ANONYMOUS. Introduction of exotics into jarrah forests. Australian Forest. Jour. 5: 281-282. 1922.-The propagation of certain valuable exotics in mixture with indigenous species has been successful. Wattles (Acacia pycnantha, A. decurrens, and A. dealbata), Pinus pinaster, and P. halepensis are noted.-C. F. Korstian.

3896. ANONYMOUS. New tanning material. Australian Forest. Jour. 5: 219–223. 1922.— The manufacture of mixed tanning extracts, suitably blended, is advocated to relieve the world shortage of vegetable tanning materials. Average tannin content and particulars of distribution are given for several species of Acacia and Eucalyptus and Callistris calcarata. Some are not sufficiently plentiful to be a regular source of tanning extracts but considered collectively they may yield appreciably, incidental to the regular logging operation.-C. F. Korstian.

3897. ANONYMOUS. Paper from Australian timber. Agric. Gaz. New South Wales 34: 57. 1923. A good quality of paper has been made from pulp, 60 per cent of which was made from Eucalyptus regnans, E. sieberiana, and E. delegatensis, and 40 per cent being imported sulphite pulp.-L. R. Waldron.

3898. ANONYMOUS. Spraying trees from the air. Sci. Amer. 126: 333. 1 fig. 1922.— A grove of 500 caterpillar infested catalpa trees was successfully dusted with lead arsenate from an airplane.-Chas. H. Otis.

3899. ANONYMOUS. The baobab or bottle-tree. Australian Forest. Jour. 5: 279–281. 1922.-Adansonia Gregorii is described as one of the characteristic yet unique trees of the savannah, attaining a height of 30-40 feet and a thick barrel- or bottle-shaped trunk 10–18 feet high and 6-20 feet in diameter.-C. F. Korstian.

3900. ANONYMOUS. The West Australian red gum. Australian Forest. Jour. 5: 203-206. 1922. Eucalyptus calophylla, containing a high percentage of tannins, is suggested as a new tanning material to supplement the waning supply of tan-bark of the 2 wattles, Acacia pycnantha and A. decurrens.-C. F. Korstian.

3901. ANONYMOUS. Timbers of the north Kimberleys. Australian Forest. Jour. 5: 130-132. 1922.-Brief descriptions are given for some of the trees occurring as scattered specimens in the "savannah forest."-C. F. Korstian.

3902. BADOUX, H. Dégâts par le charançon du sapin. [Depredations of the fir weevil.] Jour. Forest. Suisse 73: 68-69. 1922.-The author describes the characteristics and habits of Pissodes piceae Ill., which appeared during 1921 in white fir stands. It is not of economic importance unless followed by Sirex gigas, a trunk borer. Where this combination is feared, all branches infested with the weevil should be removed and barked, or burned.-G. Kempff.

3903. BARBEY, A. Le charançon des aiguilles du sapin. (Polydrosus pilosus Gredl). [The fir needle weevil.] Jour. Forest. Suisse 72: 186-189. 1 pl. 1921.-The insect and its activities in partially defoliating white fir during the spring of 1921, representing its first serious invasion into Swiss forests, are described. All damage is caused by the adult, mainly during the first 3 weeks in June. The result is a loss of volume increment.-G. Kempf.

3904. BAUST. Durchforstung (Läuterung) von Fichtenschonungen. [Thinning of young spruce stands.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 37: 580-582. 1922.-Volunteer pine frequently invades spruce plantations; the former, growing more rapidly and having spreading crowns, may injure the spruce. Such pines should be removed while small; if delayed, too sudden removal may subject the spruce to injury from wind, sun-scald, and snow-breakage.-W. N. Sparhawk.

3905. BINDER. Die Benutzung des Pfluges zur Begründung von Kiefernkulturen auf schlecten Sandböden. [The use of the plow in establishing pine plantations on poor, sandy soils.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 44: 249-252. 1922.-Contrary to the assertion of Möller, great value is claimed for plowing in establishing pine (or spruce) on poor sandy soils, especially where heather is liable to menace the young trees. Results obtained from plowing and from hacking the soil by hand are compared.-W. N. Sparhawk.

3906. DIEDERICH, EUGEN. Die niederländische Forstwirtschaft. [Forestry in the Netherlands.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 44: 420-424. 1922.-The forests originally covering most of the Netherlands were early destroyed; by the 13th century it was necessary to import timber from Danzig. In 1833 the forest area was only 169,026 hectares; it gradually increased to 260,923 hectares in 1911, and since then has again decreased, being 247,785 hectares in 1920, or 7.59 per cent of the total land area. The areas of forest are given for individual provinces and by kinds of forest. Conifer high forest covers 134,222 hectares, broadleaf high forest 20,412 hectares, and coppice and willow-holts the remainder. Large areas have been planted since 1889, principally to Pinus silvestris, with occasional hardwoods, and along the coasts to the more resistant P. laricio vars. austriaca and corsica.-W. N. Sparhawk.

3907. EBERHARD, J. Neue und alte Betriebsformen. [New and old cutting systems.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 44: 326–342. 1922.-Characteristics of the various methods of cutting are discussed, with especial reference to the "wedge shelterwood" system (Schirmkeilschlag) developed by Eberhard at Langenbrand. The writer emphasizes the fact that no system can be applied schematically, and that silvicultural methods must be adapted to the multitude of varying conditions met in any forest.-W. N. Sparhawk.

3908. FUNKE, G.-L. Sur les pousses supplémentaires estivales. [On the supplementary shoots of trees in summer.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 901-904. 1922.—A study was made in the forest of Fontainebleau on the following species: Carpinus betulus, Quercus robur, Celtis australis, Wistaria sinensis, Ligustrum vulgare, and Evonymus europeus. It is concluded that in determining the age of trees by the number of annual rings, the "august shoots" have not usually constituted a source of error.-C. H. Farr.

3909. GILL, WALTER. Annual progress report upon state forest administration in South Australia for the year 1921-22. Ann. Prog. Rept. Woods and Forests Dept. South Australia. 13 p. Adelaide, 1922.-This routine administrative report discusses general conditions and progress. The area of Forest Reserves is reported as 190,474 acres; 748,033 trees were planted, with a survival of 91 per cent. The revenue for the year amounted to £11,234.-C. F. Korstian.

3910. HASTINGS, A. B. Fighting the forest-fire menace. Virginia Geol. Comm. Office of State Forester Bull. 20. 16 p. 1920.-This popular bulletin is designed to aid in the organized campaign against the fire menace.-C. F. Korstian.

3911. HASTINGS, A. B. Forest wardens' manual. Virginia Geol. Comm. Office of State Forester Bull. 22. 81 p. 1921.-The manual is a handbook of instructions and information for the forest wardens of Virginia.-C. F. Korstian.

3912. HECK. Beiträge zur forstlichen Zuwachskunde. [Notes on the study of forest increment.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 44: 290–326. 6 fig. 1922.—The author discusses some of

the results of his 24 years of measurements on permanent sample plots of beech, spruce, ash, and fir. The measurements, taken carefully each year, show the very great annual variations in rates of growth which are obscured in periodic (5-year) measurements. It is also shown that trees with straight, clear stems grow at a more rapid rate than others, a fact of considerable importance in making thinnings. Data are presented showing growth by months during several years. In general, diameters measured in the east-west direction are somewhat greater than in a north-south direction.-W. N. Sparhawk.

3913. HELMS, A. Introducing exotic conifers into New South Wales. Australian Forest. Jour. 5: 27-30, 176-179. 1922.-The climate and forest conditions of the Pacific Northwest (U. S. A.) are discussed with particular reference to Pseudotsuga taxifolia. Its yields in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon are compared with those in Prussia and Denmark. The conclusion is reached that Douglas fir is one of the world's most rapid-growing conifers, producing timber with a wide range of uses. If present experiments result in the successful introduction of this tree into New South Wales it is believed that it will become one of the most important exotics.-C. F. Korstian.

3914. HERRMANN. Bericht über die Waldsamenernte für 1922. [The 1922 forest-seed crop.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 37: 813-816. 1922.-This report discusses the crops of forest tree seeds of the principal species in different parts of Germany.-W.-N. Sparhawk.

3915. HERRMANN. Bericht über die Waldsamenernte für 1922. [Yield of forest seed in 1922.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 37: 655-656. 1922.-The prospects of a seed crop of the most important species in different parts of Germany are discussed.—W. N. Sparhawk.

3916. HOFMANN, J. V. Furred forest planters. Sci. Monthly 16: 280–283. 1923.-The work of rodents is discussed. They may become plentiful enough to prevent seeding, but are usually an important factor in the regeneration of forests.-L. Pace.

3917. HOHENADL, W. Neue Grundlagen der Holzmessung. [New principles of forest mensuration.] Forstwiss. Centralbl. 44: 55-68, 109–117, 150-159, 184-194, 233-240, 388-399. 1922. The author discusses the use of higher mathematics in measuring the growth and volume of trees and stands.-W. N. Sparhawk.

3918. HOLMES, J. S. Forest fires in North Carolina during 1918, 1919 and 1920 and forest protection in North Carolina. North Carolina Geol. and Econ. Surv. Econ. Paper 51. 82 p. 1921. This bulletin contains information concerning the amount and extent of damage caused by forest fires in North Carolina. The need for greater care in handling fire in and near woods is stressed.-C. F. Korstian.

3919. JONES, RICHARD CHAPIN. The administrative report of the Virginia State Forester for the calendar years 1920–1921. Virginia Geol. Comm. Office State Forester Bull. 24. 63 p. 1922.-Recommendations for certain additions to present forestry laws and necessary extensions of the work are included.-C. F. Korstian.

3920. JONES, RICHARD CHAPIN. The forest resources of Virginia. Virginia Geol. Comm. Office State Forester Bull. 19. 11 p. 1919.-The author presents a short account of the character, amount, value, and condition of the forest resources of the state, with a warning that under present destructive practices they are being depleted, and that the industries dependent on them are threatened.-C. F. Korstian.

3921. K., S. Sächsische Wald- und Holzwirtschaft. [Saxon forest regulation.] Deutsch. Forstzeitg. 37: 538-539. 1922.-The annual cut in Saxon state forests has just been reduced from 800,000 to 500,000 cubic m. This was necessary in spite of the pressing demand for wood because the forests were being overcut and the forest capital reduced. The paper mills of Saxony alone require 1,250,000 cubic m. annually.-W. N. Sparhawk.