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4219. PATOUILLARD, N. Quelques espèces nouvelles de champignons. [New species of fungi.] Bull. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France 38: 83-87. 1922.-The following species are described as new: Neopeckia Thaxteri, Calonectria Jimenezii, Platyglaea fibrosa, Tremella granuliformis, Heterochaete ochroleuca, Phaeolus iobaphus, Phellinus chaetoloma, Cladoderris imbricata, Rhodophyllus (Entoloma) caeruleatus. A new genus Erispora is described in the Nectriaceae with E. parasitica as the type species.-D. S. Welch.

4220. PLANTEFOL, M. Sexualité expérimentale des Basidiomycetes. [Sex in Basidiomycetes.] Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 3: xxxii-xli. Fig. 1, 2. 1921.-A review is given of the work of Mlle. Bensaude on certain Agaricaceae. A parallelism is shown to exist between the binucleate condition of certain cells here and that known in the Uredinales. It is pointed out that this probably indicates a kind of sexuality.-Paul Weatherwax.

4221. PILLAY, T. PADMANABHA. Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte von Sphaerobolus stellatus Tode. [The development of Sphaerobolus stellatus Tode.] Diss. Jahrb. Phil. Fakultät II Univ. Bern. 3:197-219. Fig. 1-4. 1923.-The reduction division takes place in the basidium and the germ tube from the spore immediately begins to form clamp-connections so that the plant is diploid from the start. There is no primary haploid mycelium since the diploid stage begins with the spore, in which paired nuclei are found. It is not shown how this dikaryon originates but the possibilities are discussed. Information regarding Gastromycetes other than Hypochnus terrestris is meager. The haploid phase is more developed in Cyathus than in Sphaerobolus, which was early placed in the Gastromycetes. According to the present investigations it probably is to be included in the Plectobasidieae as established by Fischer. It is suggested that together with Scleroderma, Leucogaster, and Melanogaster, it might be considered intermediate between the Plectobasidieae and the Hymenobasidieae. -D. S. Welch.

4222. TIEGS, E., Beiträge zur Oekologie der Wasserpilze. [Contributions to the ecology of water moulds.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 496-501. 1919.-Leptomitus is found in water containing large amounts of organic nitrogen. Sphaerotilus natans grows commonly in larger streams containing smaller amounts of organic nitrogen. Both of these forms thrive best in alkaline or neutral waters. In contrast, Penicillium fluitans n. sp. is found in waters containing acid waste from munition factories.-D. S. Welch.

4223. VAN HOOк, J. M. Indiana fungi. VI. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1921: 143–148. 1922.-A list of 34 species with place and date of collection is given. In many cases the descriptions are rewritten or amplified.-F. C. Anderson.

4224. WEESE, J. Beitrag zur Morphologie und Systematik einiger Auriculariineengattungen. [The morphology and systematic relationships of certain genera of the Auriculariales.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 512-519. 1919.-The following genera of the family Phleogenaceae are discussed: Stilbum, Pilacrella, Hoehnelomyces, and Phleogena, with a key for their separation.-D. S. Welch.

4225. WEESE, J. Mykologische und phytopathologische Mittellungen. [Mycological and phytopathological contributions.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 520-527. 1919.-I. Canker of fruit and shade trees. A review is given of the literature with special reference to those pathogens belonging to the genus Nectria. The author previously showed that N. ditissima (Tul.) Fr. ( N. coccinea (Pers.) Fr.) is not the organism causing the common canker of fruit trees, which is caused by N. galligena Bres., a form often incorrectly determined.-II. A disease of orchids. Nectria bulbicola, described by P. Hennings and said by him to cause severe injury to orchids, is found to be N. ochroleuca (Schw.) Berk., a form which is to the tropics what N. cinnabarina is to Central Europe. N. Orchidearum Theissen also falls into this species. To control the disease all affected bulbs and roots should be removed.-D. S. Welch.

4226. WESTON, WILLIAM H., JR. Production and dispersal of conidia in the Philippine Sclerosporas of maize. Jour. Agric. Res. 23: 239-278. Pl. 1-10. 1923.- In their conidial phases Sclerospora philippinensis Weston and S. spontanea Weston are injurious parasites of maize in the Philippine Islands. Production of conidia on infected plants is preceded by the establishing on leaves and sheaths of characteristically discolored areas. Conidiophores develop only from the stomata, at night, and when the surface is covered with dew or other moisture. Several are formed at each stoma during the course of the night. Evidence is presented that the conidia are liberated by active ejection from the sterigmata, rather than by passive disjunction, although the writer considers that further investigation is necessary to establish this point. Nocturnal development of conidiophores in the usual amount of dew follows a relatively regular cycle, which, however, may be altered by rain or by drying winds. Conidia are produced in vast numbers and production may be repeated on successive nights when conditions are favorable over a period covering as much as 75 per cent of the total life of the host plant. Dispersal of conidia takes place necessarily at night and is accomplished chiefly by the wind. Splashing, acting either separately or with the wind, and, to a less degree, such agents as surface water, insects, and moist soil laden with conidia are other factors in dispersal. Dissemination of the 2 downy mildews on maize is accomplished in the Philippine Islands by means of the conidia. With reference to the possible entry into the U. S. A. or other countries, the author points out that mycelium in the case of maize itself plays no part in distribution. However, as mycelium in cuttings of other hosts, such as sugar cane and related grasses, these diseases could be carried long distances. The oospore stage is not found on maize in the Philippines. Whether the oogonial Sclerosporas occurring on sugar cane and 2 wild grasses in the Islands are related to maize is not known. This stage must be responsible for at least some of the local and distant spread of these fungi and may possibly be involved also in the dissemination of the conidial phases on maize.-L. M. Massey.

4227. WESTON, WILLIAM H., JR. The production of conidia at night in species of Sclerospora. [Abstract.] Phytopathology 13: 34. 1923.

4228. WINELAND, GRACE O. The production in culture of the ascigerous stage of Fusarium moniliforme. [Abstract.] Phytopathology 13: 51. 1923.

LICHENS

4229. Bioret, GEORGE. Les Graphidées corticoles. [The bark-inhabiting Graphidaceae. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 4: 1-68. Pl. 1-11. 1922.- An anatomical and biological description is given of the crustaceous, bark-inhabiting lichens of the Graphidaceae. Much variation in the structure of the thallus is shown in different genera and in different species of the same genus. The development of the thallus is much influenced by the nature of the substratum. Many varieties and some species that have been described are shown to be merely variations due to the state of maturity of the thallus or to the nature of the substratum. No new names are proposed.-Paul Weatherwax.

4230. GIARDINI, GIOVANNI I. A preliminary report on the lichens of western Pennsylvania. Bryologist 25: 100-108. 1922.-A list is given of 82 species and varieties of lichens. There is no descriptive matter, but each species listed is accompanied by full notes on locality and habitat, with indication of relative abundance.-E. B. Chamberlain.

4231. LYNGE, BERNT. Index specierum et varietatum lichenum quae collectionibus "Lichenes Exsiccati" distributae sunt. [Index of species and varieties of lichens which have been distributed as "Lichenes Exsiccati."] Nyt Mag. (Appendix) 53-60: (in 2 parts, each with separate paging) Part I. pp. 1-559; Part II. pp. 1-316. 1915-1922.-The 1st part contains complete details as to bibliography and contents of 119 different issues of exsiccati containing lichens. In the 2nd part alphabetical lists are given of every species, variety, and named form in all the issues with citations of serial numbers and issues. Identifications of the different species are not made and synonymies are not given.-K. Münster Ström.

4232. MOREAU, FERNAND. Recherches sur les lichens de la famille Stictacées. [Lichens of the family Stictaceae.] Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 3: 297-376. Pl. 1-4, fig. 1-20. 1921.-The Stictaceae are here treated in the same manner as were the Peltigeraceae in a previous article by the same author in collaboration with Mme. Moreau [see Bot. Absts. 4, Entry 1130]. The problems investigated are: the development of the apothecium, a comparison of the elements of the lichen with corresponding algae and fungi, and the phenomenon of biomorphogenesis. The great uniformity noted in the 11 species studied would justify inclusion in 1 large genus. The algae concerned have the character of Chlorophyceae or of Nostocaceae. The formation of the apothecium and the soredium is described. Fecundation was not observed in any instance. Many apothecia are aborted in primordial stages, this doubtless explaining the sterility of many Stictaceae. A theoretical discussion is given of the relation of the parts of a lichen and the significance of the symbiotic condition.-Paul Weatherwax.

4233. TOBLER, FRIEDERICH. Biologische Flechtenstudien I. [Biological studies of lichens. I.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 37: 364–368. Fig. 1-8. 1919.-The soredia of Cetraria glauca L. "germinate" on twigs of Fagus and Pinus Picea, producing distinct thalli which soon fuse into larger matted thalli with irregular margins.-W. C. Muenscher.

BACTERIA

4234. CHOLODNYJ, N. Ueber Eisenbakterien und ihre Beziehungen zu den Algen. [Iron bacteria and their relation to algae.] Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 40: 326-346. Fig.1-6. 1922.— Algal filaments especially of Conferva, growing in water containing iron often possess tubercles, "Psichohormium-Bildungen." These gelatinous masses are incrusted with iron but do not represent enlargements of cell membranes. The tubercles are caused by Sideromonas Confervarum n. g., n. sp., a short cocco-bacillus, the cells of which tend to form chains. The presence of many of these chains explains the characteristic spongy structure of the tubercles. The tubercles often produce a hypertrophy of the chlorophyll apparatus in the enclosed cells, which have a dark green color and store quantities of reserve food. These "modified cells" apparently represent a resting stage of the alga. The formation of these modified cells suggests a symbiotic relationship between Sideromonas and Conferva, in which the iron bacteria probably obtain oxygen from the assimilating algal cells.-W. C. Muenscher.

4235. KITCHEN, J. A key for the identification of bacteria. Jour. Roy. Microsc. Soc. London 1921: 378-380. 1921.-An index number system is given, suggested as more easily memorized than that used by the Society of American Bacteriologists.-Wm. Randolph Taylor.

4236. LISK, HENRIETTA. Gas production by an aerobic spore bearing bacillus. Jour. Amer. Water Works Assoc. 10: 139–144. 1923.-The writer has found an organism in milk which shows morphological and physiological characteristics corresponding to those described for B. asterosporous. The conclusion is reached that all aerobic, spore bearing, gas producing bacilli so far described are probably this species.-D. S. Welch.

4237. MUTCH, N. The isolation of the single bacterial cell. Jour. Roy. Microsc. Soc. London 1919: 221–224. Fig. a. 1919.-Hanging drops of a suspension of the organisms are examined in a moist slide provided with a ring of filter paper wet with salt solution. These drops are prepared by a series of dilutions. When a drop with but 1 organism has been obtained additional sterile nutrient is added and the slide set aside to allow the organism to increase enough to permit bulk transfers.-Wm. Randolph Taylor.

4238. NORTON, JOHN F., and GORDON E. DAVIS. Bacteriostatic action of dyes on Streptococcus viridans and pneumococci. Jour. Infect. Diseases 32: 220-222. 1923.-No difference was noted between the action of dyes on the Streptococcus viridans and on the pneumococcus groups. The bacteriostatic action was marked only where the dyes contained 3 benzol rings and 2 or more amino groups containing alkyl radicals.-R. L. Starkey.

4239. POTTHOFF, HEINZ. Zur Frage nach dem Vorkommen von Befruchtungsvorgängen bei Bacterien. [On the occurrence of fertilization processes in bacteria.] Naturwissenschaften 10: 441-446. Fig. 1–12. 1922.

4240. Truffaut, GEORGES, et N. BEZSSONOFF. Un nouveau bacille fixateur d'azote. [A new nitrogen-fixing bacterium.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 544-546. 1922.The organism, which is described as Bacillus Truffauti, resembles Bacillus vulgaris in structure. It fixes as much as 7 mgm. of nitrogen per gm. of levulose consumed, and develops rapidly under anaerobic conditions.-C. H. Farr.

4241. WALKER, JOHN E. Variations in Streptococcus hemolyticus on animal passage. Jour. Infect. Diseases 32: 287–296. 1923.-The appearance of colonies and the virulence of the "moist" type of Streptococcus epidemicus altered with age and acquired the characteristics of S. hemolyticus. With animal passage, S. hemolyticus showed the reverse tendencies.-R. L. Starkey.

PALEOBOTANY AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY

EDWARD. W. BERRY, Editor

(See also in this issue Entries 3774, 3779, 3818, 3855)

4242. BERTRAND, PAUL. Sur les flores houillères de la Sarre. [On the coal flora of the Sarre region.] Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 175: 770-773. 1922.-The flora is given of 4 or 5 zones, which are named after the characteristic species, as follows: Zone of Pecopteris lamurensis, zone of Mixoneura ovata, zone of Pecopteridium Defrancei, zone of Neuropteris tenuifolia. The last-named is said to correspond to the zone of Neuropteris tenuifolia and Linopteris sub-Brongiarti of northern France, where the 3rd zone given above is not represented. The 2nd zone corresponds exactly to that of Mixoneura flexuosa of the Gard region. The 1st zone, which constitutes the lower beds of the Ottweiler, represents the series of Rive-de-Gier in the lower series of the Molieres of the Gard region.-C. H. Farr.

4243. BOOTH, A. L. The microstructure of coal from an industrial standpoint. Jour. Roy. Microsc. Soc. London 1922: 151-160. Pl. 6, 7. 1922.

4244. CARPENTIER, A. Revue des travaux de paléontologie végétale publiés dans le cours des années 1910-1919. Premier partie: Paléozoïque. Suite. [Review of the work in plant paleontology published in the course of the years 1910-1919. First part: Paleozoic. Continued.] Rev. Gén. Bot. 35: 42–47, 101–112, 149–160. 1923.

4245. DEPAPE, GEORGES. Recherches sur la flore pliocène de la vallée du Rhône.-Flores de Saint-Marcel (Ardèche) et des environs de Théziers (Gard). [Pliocene flora of the valley of the Rhone.] Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 4: 73-265. Pl. 1-15, Fig. 1-45. 1922.-This is a monographic account of the Pliocene floras from Saint Marcel, Théziers, Bagnols and Eurre in the western valley of the Rhone, of upper Plaisanician age, and of Vacquières of lower Astian age. There is a good bibliography, the Pliocene geology is discussed, and the species are elaborately described and illustrated. The total flora numbers 72 for the most part well known species, only 1, Polygonatum pliocenicum, being described as new. The following genera are represented: Woodwardia, Osmunda, Ginkgo, Torreya, Glyptostrobus, Sequoia, Cupressus, Pinus, Phragmites, Sabal, Smilax, Salix, Populus, Alnus, Carpinus, Fagus, Quercus, Castanea, Juglans, Pterocarya, Carya, Myrica, Ulmus, Zelkova, Buxus, Liriodendron, Laurus, Persea, Oreodaphne, Sassafras, Cinnamomum, Buettneria, Zanthoxylon, Pirus, Robinia, Acer, Sapindus, Celastrus, Ilex, Berchemia, Cornus, Liquidambar, Platanus, Trapa, Diospyros, Viburnum, Notelea, Fraxinus, Phillyrea, Nerium, and Coriaria. The most varied genera are Quercus, Populus, Acer, and Viburnum. Thirty-one are identical with, or close to, still living species, 11 have decided North American affinities, 11 are Oriental, 5 are related to forms still living in

the Canary Islands, 28 are Mediterranean, 4 are Caucasian, and 16 are European cool temperate. The ecological bearing is carefully analyzed and the flora is considered to represent elements of the littoral, stream valleys, hills, and uplands of 1000 m. or more. The precipitation is considered to have been variable for these different zones, though ample. The mean annual temperature is considered to have been about 20°C. The fossils are carefully compared with both recent and fossil floras.-E. W. Berry.

4246. DOUIN, R. Les mousses et les hépatiques fossiles des tufs du Lautaret (Hautes Alpes). [The fossil mosses and liverworts of the tufa of the Lautaret (High-Alps).] Rev. Gén. Bot. 35: 113-126. Pl. 1-2. 1923.-The earlier work on the fossil liverworts and mosses is briefly reviewed. The age and origin of the tufa of Lautaret is discussed and the flora of this region briefly mentioned. The author determined 5 mosses of the family Hypnaceae and 5 liverworts, all, apparently, belonging to the acrogynous Jungermanniaceae. The mosses were Amblystegium riparium Br., Hypnum commutatum Hedw., H. irrigatum Zett., H. falcatum Brid., Eurynchium circinnatum B. E., var., deflexifolium Boulay. The liverworts described are: Lophozia Hornschuchiana Nees, Jamesoniella Carringtoni (Balf.) Schiffner var. alpina R. Douin, Pedinophyllum interruptum (Nees) Schiffner, Plagiochila asplenioides L., and Aplozia riparia (Tayl.) Dum.-J. C. Gilman.

4247. FLORIN, R. Zur Alttertiären Flora der südlichen Manschurei. [The Older Tertiary Flora of Southern Manchuria] Palaeont. Sinica A1: 1-52. Pl. 3. fig. 3. 1922.-The author describes a considerable flora from the coal measures of Fu-Shun in southern Manchuria the age of which is considered upper Eocene or lower Oligocene. The following genera represented by previously described species are discussed: Lygodium, Osmunda, Sequoia, Dryophyllum, Fagus, Zelkova (?), Panox (?), Viburnum, Phyllites, Glyptostrobus, Corylus (?), Carpinus, Alnus, Populus.-E. W. Berry.

4248. KNOWLTON, F. H. Fossil plants from the Tertiary Lake beds of south-central Colorado. U.S. Geol. Surv. Professional Paper 131: 183–197. Pi. 41-44. 1923.-The author describes the fossil plants from lake beds in the volcanic series of south-central Colorado which are considered to be upper Miocene in age. The following species are recorded: Pinus crossii n. sp., P. similis n. sp., P. coloradensis n. sp., P. florissanti Lesq., Abies rigida n. sp., A. longirostris n. sp., Sabina linguafolia (Lesq.) Ckl., Populus lesquereuxi Ckl., Alnus larseni n. sp., Planera myricaefolia (Lesq.) Ckl., Rubus inquirendus n. sp., Ribes protomelaenum Ckl., Vitis florissantella Ckl., Odostemon marginata (Lesq.) Knowlton, O. hakeaefolia (Lesq.) Knowlton, Sterculia aceroides n.sp., Phyllites potentilloides n. sp., and 2 species of Phyllites.—E. W. Berry.

4249. KNOWLTON, F. H. Revision of the flora of the Green River formation with descriptions of new species. U. S. Geol. Surv. Professional Paper 131: 133-182. Pl. 36-40. 1923.This is a revision of this middle Eocene flora. Thirty-six species in the literature are dropped as worthless or from other horizons. Alnites and Alnus become Planera; Ampelopsis becomes Parthenocissus; Ceanothus becomes Zizyphus; Myrica becomes Rhus; and Pecopteris becomes Osmunda. The recognized Green River flora now consists of 81 species and comprises 3 fungi, 5 ferns, 8 equisetums, 9 monocotyledons including 3 palms, and among the dicotyledons the genera Salix, Myrica, Comptonia, Juglans, Quercus, Planera, Ficus, Lomatia, Oreodaphne, Pimelia, Brasenia, Sedum, Ailanthus, Amygdalus, Dalbergia, Leguminosites, Sophora, Mimosites, Sapindus, Rhus, Euonymus, Acer, Ilex, Zizyphus, Cissus, Parthenocissus, Eucalyptus, Aralia, Andromeda, Sambucus, Achaenites, Antholithes, Carpolithus, Carpites, Phyllites, and Nordenskiolda.—The following are described as new: Caenomyces eucalyptae, C. sapindicola, Danaea coloradensis, Pontederites hesperia, Salix linearis, S. longiacuminata, Myrica minuta, M. praedrymeja, Comptonia (?) anomala, Juglans winchesteri, Oreodaphne viridiflumensis, Pimelia spatulata, Sedum hesperium, Dalbergia viridiflumensis, D. retusa, Sophora coloradensis, Mimosites coloradensis, Sapindus winchesteri, Rhus myricoides, Sambucus winchesteri, Achaenites cichoroides, Carpolithus caryophylloides, Carpites newberryana, C. inquirenda, Phyllites winchesteri, C. coloradensis.-E. W. Berry.

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