have no power. Under free immigration laws New York might easily become a new Jerusalem. Other blocs break up; the Jewish bloc never. The danger from the Jews, however, has been exaggerated, because they are confined mostly to four cities and their activities are limited by their unpopularity.

The Jews are here and must expect to be judged. Where will they stand as to the Constitution and American institutions? The facts given above show their characteristics. They are not hostile; neither are they attached. They place race above all things but money and will oppose anything that interferes with their march to power. If this is true, it is not encouraging. Bogardus says, "The Jew in America is what 'centuries of persecution and oppression' have made him. Though generally defeated, he keeps on silently and defenselessly. He rarely turns back. Though generally suffering, he keeps on steadfastly. Though vanquished from time to time, he gathers up his scattered forces and pushes on. Though defeated again and again, he has had the unique distinction of seeing his conquerors, proud kingdoms, and mighty empires, crumble into humble dust. He ever rises with 'eternal suffering' and 'untiring patience' to confront his contemporaries with his hitherto insoluble problems." 1

This is a "wailing of infinite pity," but America is not the cause of it and the problem before us is: how to preserve American institutions.

All of the great religions of the world originated in the East. Nearly all deified their founders and overlaid the principles of religion with myths and miracles. Both Alexander the Great and Augustus Cæsar found it necessary or expedient that they be gods to the oriental nations to satisfy the oriental mind. Christianity deified Christ and believed in miracles. The Jew, however, worships but one God - the one God of the Old Testament, and the cry of his Arabian neighbor, the Mohammedan, is "There is but one God and Mahomet is his prophet." Science and scholarship and intelligence are fast eliminating deification,

miracles, and myths. When that is done, the Old and New Testaments will stand forth as the finest and purest religion ever formulated by man. And that religion will be Hebraic in its origin. It will go farther in reconciling Jew and Gentile than all other influences combined. When the Jew drops his idea of The Chosen People and the Messiah and the Promised Land and the myths of the Old Testament and the Talmud, and accepts Christ as a great ethical teacher; when the Jew realizes that though skillful in finance he is inferior in real intellectual pursuits; when Christianity drops its myths and miracles and deification of Christ; when the main principles of Roman Stoicism, not already incorporated in the New Testament, are accepted by the masses, as they already are accepted by the intellectual classes; then this Jewish problem will solve itself by the Jews ceasing to be a separate and disliked race. Education will be the dissolvent.

We may not like the manners; we may not like the methods of these people, but they are here to stay. We can prevent others from coming but cannot drive out those now here and we may rest assured they will not leave voluntarily. Probably our present unconscious policy is the best, namely, to make it so uncomfortable for them that they will amalgamate and cease to be a separate race.

CHAPTER XV

THE NEGRO

THE general rule is that there are but three solutions of two races living with each other: annihilation, emigration, or amalgamation. The first is out of the question in a civilized nation, except by natural dying out, and such is happening with the negro. Emigration is at present impracticable, unless forced, and the need of laborers prevents that. Amalgamation is unalterably opposed by all whites. Munsterberg says: "History has repeatedly shown how impossible it is for a people numbering millions, with limited rights, to dwell in the midst of an entirely free race. Oppression and injustice constantly arise from the limitation of rights, and thence grow retaliation and crime."1 Professor Coolidge of Harvard writes, "In the South, at the present time, the relations between the two races are, to say the least, very unsatisfactory, -worse, perhaps, than they were twenty years ago. Among the negroes, there exists a sullen resentment at the loss of their political rights, as well as the increasing tendency to segregate them in the public conveyances and, in general, to impress upon them unmistakably that they belong to a lower order of mankind. Among the whites, the fear of negro rule has grown into a perfect frenzy of wrath against whatever appears like an assertion on the part of the colored population of political or social equality. Even their education is regarded with a suspicion that reminds one of the days of slavery; and the situation with regard to lynching is terrible.” 2

Professor East of Harvard says that tests of the mentality of American soldiers during the late war showed that 49 per cent of the negroes tested could not make satisfactory common soldiers,

while of the whites only 7 per cent were of that character, and that the Southern negro was about half as intelligent as the Northern negro.1

The presence of the negro in America is one of the most perplexing problems of the Republic. Politically he has a vote; practically none. In fact, the giving of political control to the negro was absurd and calamitous. The South fears what the North may do and so the South votes as a unit in elections, instead of dividing on economic, political, and social issues. Negro crimes are punished by white outrages in the way of lynch law, and this lynch law is not confined to cases of rape either. Centuries do not seem to change the essentially negro characteristics. The situation is a reproach to the nation, a menace to the Republic, an impassable class barrier, an injury to the character of the Southern white himself. The South thinks it cannot part with the negro, because he does the field work, and Northern labor will not work with him. Foreign immigration of white labor to the South is no remedy, because immigration generally is now almost forbidden by act of Congress and, in fact, has never been to the South since the colonial times. In the North by reason of the cold climate the negro does not thrive and he is proportionately small in numbers, but even so, race riots occur when he displaces much white labor. The French West Indies show how quickly the colored race displaces the white race in tropical regions when natural forces are allowed to operate. There is no danger of that in America, but it shows what would take place in the South if the white race became enfeebled or gradually withdrew. Manufacturing in the South is growing rapidly and will change the situation, the negro being a poor factory hand. This may be the opening wedge for a new social and industrial reorganization, eliminating the negro.

The United States Census for 1920 reveals some remarkable facts about the negro. There were then about ten and a half millions of them. During the preceding 10 years the number

of negro children under 5 years actually decreased, both in the South and in the whole country. In the North the births of all negroes were less than the deaths. In 1920 over one-third of the negroes in the whole country were urban. In 1910 the percentage of negroes to whites was 10.7; in 1920 it had declined to 9.9. In the South is found 85 per cent of the negroes as against 89 per cent in 1910, before the demand for unskilled labor in the North, due to the war and restricted immigration, drew the negro to Northern cities. The general increase of the negro from 1910 to 1920 was less than for any other decade since 1800. These figures are reassuring. But there is the mulatto and the mooted point that nature revolts at the mixture of two races of widely different origin and characteristics. Professor Gregory of the University of Glasgow quotes Professor Shaler of Harvard as saying, "It is not only a general belief that hybrids of blacks and whites are less prolific and more liable to diseases than the pure bloods of either stock, but also that they seldom live so long. Statistics lacking on this point, I have questioned a large number of physicians well placed for judgment in this matter. All of them agree that the offspring of a union between pure black and white parents is, on the average, much shorter lived and much less fertile than the race of either parent. In another book Professor Shaler says of the mixture of whites and blacks, "It is, indeed, very undesirable that the two peoples should ever be linked by marriage, for the offsprings of such marriages are almost always weak and short-lived. Whenever they have formed a mixed race, it has proved much less good than either of the parent stocks."2 Le Bon says, "Crossbreeding may be a source of improvement when it occurs between superior and sufficiently allied races, such as the English and the Germans of America, but it always constitutes an element of degeneration when the races, even though superior, are too different."3 Reuter says, "Psychologically the mulatto is an unstable type."4 Professor East says that the real negro