9. AL WATHEK. AN. HEл. 227–232. A.D. 841-847. 10. AL MOTAWAKKEL. AN. HEJ. 232-247. A.D. 847-861. A persecutor of the Jews and Christians, whom he compels to wear broad belts of leather to distinguish them from Mussulmans. Motawakkel was a tyrant, and trusted to his Turkish guard, who subsequently murdered him, and placed his son on the throne. this act of treason they disposed of the throne at their pleasure.

Afte.

11. AL MOSTANSER. AN. HEJ. 247, 248. a.d. 861, 862. 12. AL MOSTAIN. AN. HEJ. 248–252. a.d. 862-866. 13. AL MOTAZ. AN. HEJ. 252-255. A.d. 866-869. 14. AL MOHTADI. AN. HEJ. 255–256. A.d. 869-870. 15. AL MOTAMED. AN. HEJ. 256-279. A.d. 870-892.

Re-establishes the capital at Bagdad, and reduces the strength and power of the Turkish guards.

Taherites overthrown, and Saffarian dynasty founded, by Yakub Ebn Seis, in Persia, A.D. 872.

Carmathians, or Karamites, in Eastern Arabia, A.D. 890-951. A set of fanatics who declare eternal war against the pomp of the court of Bagdad.

16. AL MOTADHED. AN. HEJ. 279-289. A.D. 892-902. Turkistan independent under Ismail Samani, A.D. 892. He conquers Persia.

17. AL MOKTAFI. AN. HEJ. 289–295. A.D. 902-908. The caravan to Mecca plundered by the Karamites, and 20,000 pilgrims slain.

Ismael Samani conquers Persia.

18. AL MOKTADER. AN. HEJ. 295-320. A.D. 908-932. A dissolute prince, who leaves the government to his ministers. The Karamites, under Taher, storm and plunder Mecca.

Fatimites in Egypt, A.D. 908. Mohammed Al Mahdi, descended from Hosein, the son of Ali and Fatima, whence the race is called Fatimite, claims the caliphate in Western Africa, and subverts the Aglabite and Edrisite dynasties.

19. AL KAHER. AN. HEJ. 320-322. A.D. 932-934. Blinded and deposed.

Insurrections in Persia end in the elevation of Imad Al Daulah, who founds the BUYIDE, or DEYLIMITE DYNASTY, A.D. 983-1056. Under their sway the language and genius of Persia revive.

20. AL RADHI.

AN. HEJ. 322-329. A.D. 934-940.

An annual tribute of 50,000 dinars paid to the Karamites. Radhi was the last caliph who was invested with any considerable spiritual or temporal power; "the last," says Abulfeda, "who harangued the people from the pulpit, who passed the cheerful hours of leisure with men c learning and taste; whose expenses, resources, and treasures, whose table or magnificence, had any resemblance to those of the ancient caliphs

21. AL MOTAKI. AN. HEJ. 329-333. A.D. 940-944. 22. AL MOSTAKFI. AN. HEJ. 333, 334. A.D. 944, 945.

Ahmed, the Buyide, establishes himself vizier of the caliph at Bagdad, and he and his descendants, under the title of Emir Al Omra, engross all political power.

23. AL MOTI. AN. HEJ. 334–363. A.D. 945-974.

Maiz Ad Din, fourth Fatimite caliph, subdues all Africa and Egypt, and builds Cairo, A.D. 958-972.

Principality of Ghizni established, A.D. 961.

24. AL TAI. AN. HEJ. 363-381. a.d. 974-991. Deposed. 25. AL KADER. AN. HEJ. 381-422. A.D. 991-1031.

A just and pious prince. MAHMUD, sultan of Ghizni, A.D. 997-1028, makes twelve expeditions into Hindustan, and enriches Ghizni with the spoil. Patronizes literature. Ferdusi, the Persian Homer, about a.d. 1020-Shahnameh of 60,000 distiches. Ghizni declines after A.D. 1032, and is confined to India; falls, 1183.

Rise of the Seljukian Turks.

26. AL KAIM. AN. HEJ. 422-467. A.D. 1031-1075.

Toghrel Beg, grandson of Seljuk, subdues and conquers Persia; takes Bagdad, marries the daughter of Al Kaim, and becomes Emir Al Omrah.

27. AL MOKTADI. AN. HEJ. 467-487. A.D. 1075-1094.

Rise of Hassan Jubah, of Nishapur (old man of the mountain): his followers, called ASSASSINS, numerous in Persia and Syria.

Seljuks in Syria, under Shah, capture Jerusalem; insult, rob, and oppress the Christian pilgrims-a cause of the Crusades. Melek dies, A.D. 1092; his kingdom is divided, and the Seljukian power declines. 28. AL MORTADER. AN. HEJ. 487-512. A.D. 1094-1118.

EGYPT. Mustali, the eighth Fatimite caliph, takes Jerusalem, A.D. 1096. Loses it to the Crusaders, A.D. 1099. Godfrey of Bouillon elected king of Jerusalem, Bohemond, prince of Antioch, Joscelyn, prince of Edessa. Acre taken, A.D. 1104. Tripolis taken, A.D. 1109. Berytus and Sidon, A.D. 1111.

29. AL MOSTARSHED. AN. HEJ. 512-529. A.D. 1118-1135, Murdered by the Assassins.

30. AL RASHID. AN. HEJ. 529-530. A.D. 1135-1136. Defends Bagdad against the Turks, but is murdered by the Assas

sins.

31. AL MOKTAFI. AN. HEJ. 530-555. A.D. 1136-1160. Defeated and taken by the Ghuz, a rebellious tribe of Turks in Balkh. He is carried about in an iron cage. Escapes and dies at Mene, A.D. 1157.

THE SECOND CRUSADE, A.D. 1146.

32. AL MOSTANJED. AN. HEJ. 555-566. A.D. 1160-1170. Great disorders in Persia; the governors of provinces assume independence, and contend with each other for supremacy.

33. AL MOSTADHI. AN. HEJ. 566-575. A.D. 1170-1180. Proclaimed caliph in Egypt by Saladin.

SALADIN, Sultan of Egypt, conquers Syria, Assyria, Mesopotamia, and Arabia.

34. AL NASER. AN. HEJ. 575–622. A.D. 1180-1225.

The Assassins murder many eminent men, both Mohammedans and Christians.

SALADIN directs his attention against the Crusaders. Gains the victory of Tiberias, A.D. 1187. Captures Jerusalem, which leads to the THIRD CRUSADE, in which Richard Cœur de Lion, Philip Augustus, and Frederic Barbarossa engage. Richard defeats Saladin at Azotus, storms Jaffa, and concludes an honourable peace. Saladin dies, A.D. 1193; his dominions divided.

Conquests of Jengiz Khan, A.D. 1206-1227, Khan of the Mongols. 35. AL ZAHER. AN. HEJ. 622, 623. A.D. 1225, 1226. Reigns a few months.

36. AL MOSTANSER. AN. HEJ. 623-640. A.D. 1226-1240. Persia subject to the Mongols, but the native princes suffered to rule as feudatories.

37. AL MOSTASEM. AN. HEJ. 640-656. a.d. 1240—1258.

Houlakou, grandson of Jengiz Khan, enters Persia, and becomes sultan, A.D. 1256–1265. Destroys the last of the Assassins. Takes Bagdad (1,600,000 killed at its capture), and puts the caliph, Mostasem, to death, A.D. 1258. End of the Caliphate of Bagdad.

The uncle of the last caliph went to Egypt, A.D. .261, where the caliphate continued as a spiritual power till A.D. 1577.

INDEX.

Alexandria besieged by the Saracens 259; |
taken, 261; library of, 263; burned by
order of Omar, 264; various opinions
upon, ib; retaken by the Greeks, 274;
taken again by the Saracens, 27.
Algazali, his interpretation of the Moham-
medan faith, 72,

Albadir, its surrender, 218.

Ali Akbar, Hosein's eldest son, defends his
father, 404; lays down his life for him,
407, note.

Ai, Hosein's youngest son, answers Yezid
from the Koran, 413.

Ali, son of Abu Taleb, becomes vizier to
Mohammed, 15; marries Fatima, 19;
overcomes Amrou, the son of Abdud, 41;
candidate for caliphate, 82; is displeased
at his disappointment, 83; prays at Mo-
hammed's tomb for Abdallah's good jour-
ney, 197; persuades Omar to go to the
siege of Jerusalem, 207; assists Othman
in his troubles, 285; proclaimed caliph,
289; removes the governors, and lieuten-
ants appointed by Othman, 291; pursues |
Ayesha, Telha, and Zobeir, 306; routs
them, 309; discovers a well by the spirit of
prophecy, 311; engages Moawiyah's forces
at Seffein, 312; challenges Moawiyah
to single combat, 313, and note; he
leaves his cause to arbitration, 319; de-
feats the Karegites, 322; deserted by his
brother Okail, 326; killed by an assassin,
329; his family, 330; anecdotes of, 331;
anecdotes from "Oriental Table-talk,"
336, note; sentences of, 337.

Al Mogeirah, the son of Saïd, 291; brings
Ziyad into Moawiyah's interest, 359; his
death, 366.

Al Mohalleb, Musab's lieutenant over Per-
sia, 461; bantered by the Separatists,
473; his death and character, 486.
Al Moktar makes his appearance at Cufah,
pretending to revenge the death of Ho-
sein, 446; imprisoned by Obeidollah,
443; is saluted caliph by a party, 454;
destroys Hosein's enemies, particularly
Shamer, Amer, Caulah (or Haulah), and
Adi, ib.; endeavours to circumvent Ab-
dallah, the son of Zobeir, 455; causes a
throne to be carried into the battle, 459,
460, and note; defeated and killed by Mu-
sab, 462, and note.

Al Mothanna joined with Abu Obeidah
Ebn Masud, and sent to Irak, 142, and

note.

Amer, Ebn Refaa, turns Christian, 235.
Amer, the son of Said, marches against
Hosein, 400; engages him, 406; tramples
him into the ground, 410; killed by Al
Moktar, 454.

Ammar Ebn Yafer, 280; one of the mur-
derers of Othman, 285.

Amrou Ebn Al Aas, sent to assassinate Abu
Sofian, 40; sent into Palestine, 96; story
of, 207, note; sent to Egypt, 217; his
conference with Constantine, 246; takes
Cæsarea, 253; invades Egypt, 255; takes
Misrah (Cairo), 259; taken prisoner with
his slave Werdan, 259; escapes, 260;
Alexandria taken, 261; story of, ib.; his
letter to the caliph, 262, note; Alexan-
drian Library, 263; takes Tripolis in Bar-
bary, 265; is deprived of his commission
by Othman, 273; restored to it, 274; re-
takes Alexandria, 275; assists Moawiyah,
311; his humorous dialogue with Moa-
wiyah, 315, note; is made one of the ar-
bitrators between Ali and Moawiyah,
318; conspiracy against, 327; cajoles Abu
Musa, 319; insulted by Arwah, the daugh
ter of Hareth, 363; his death and cha-
racter, 356, 357, and note.

Amrou, the son of Beker, undertakes to as-
sassinate Amrou Ebn Al Aas, 326; kills
Karijah instead, 327.

Amrou Ben Jarmuz, provoked by Ali, kille
himself in a passion, 309.

Amrou, the son of Saïd, rebels against Ab
dalmelik, 463; killed, 465; his wife's an-

swer to Abdalmelik, 466.

Antioch, the seat of the Grecian emperor,
104; taken, 239.

Arabians, ancient, their religion, 3.
Arrestan taken, 191.
Arzemidocht, queen of the Persians, 144;
deposed by her subjects, 145.
Ayesha marries Mohammed, 19; accused of
adultery, 44 and note; her enmity to
Othman, 282; goes in person against Ali,
296; defeated, 308; escorted by a retinue
of women, 310, note; reproves Moa-
wiyah for putting Hejer to death, 365;
her death, 376; murdered by Moawiyah,
ib. note; called prophetess and mother of
the faithful, ib..

Azarakites, see Separatists.
Baalbec, formerly Heliopolis, is summoned
to surrender by the Saracens, 179; ca-
Bahira, a monk of Bostra, foretells Moham-
pitulates, 185.
Barak, the son of Abdallah, conspires against
med's greatness, 9.
Moawiyah, 326; stabs him, 327.
Basil, his account of Mohammed, 251; he
Beder, battle of, 33; miracles there, 34;
betrays Tyre, 252.
elegy on, 35.

Ben Arthah, one of Moawiyah's generals,

325; his barbarous cruelty, and the
vengeance that followed it, 326.

Bostra, a city of Syria Damascena, attacked
by Serjabil, 97; betrayed to the Saracena,
102.

Ammar Ben Jasar, his death, 314, and Cadesia, battle of, 147, note.
nohe.

Cairo taken, 259.