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but forcibly, that melancholy feature which attends all civil warfare, of national relationships being divided against each other, which Shakespear so impressively depicts in his historical dramas.4

Vitelli still remained in London expecting his Spanish friends: but these, acting with their national characteristic of slow movement, and therefore always too late for every purpose which requires celerity of execution, their delay created doubts of their real intention, and exhausted the pecuniary funds of the revolting chiefs. Apprehension created hesitation, which, as privations unrelieved came on, produced that dispiriting vexation, which is ruinous to every hazardous enterprise. Altho by the middle of December, the admiral was still not efficient to attack; yet the earl Westmoreland began to despond." Desertion and repentance slowly lessened his force,

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the cause, which the rebels make the color of their rebellion, that tho their persons be here with us, their hearts, for the most part, be with the rebels. And, no doubt, they had wholly rebelled, if at the beginning my lord lieutenant had not both wisely and stoutly handled the matter.' Lett. 6 December, p. 54.

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54 Sadler added, This I have found to be most true, and therefore have good cause to doubt, lest, if we should go to the field with this northern force only, they would fight but faintly in the quarrel; for as I wrote to you before, if the father be on the one side, the son is on the other; one brother is with us and the other with the rebels; whereof you may conceive what trust is in them.' ib. 55.

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55 His account on 12th Dec. was, We are come this night to Pomfret, and will go to Wetherby to-morrow. I never saw so weary horses, and rarely so furnished men on them, as are come out of divers countries, and serve under Warwick and me. Except we have one day or two to rest our horses, and put our harness men in order, and fit their armor on them, as great a number of them as is come this night, I fear we shall have a weak service of them.' Sadl. Pap. p. 61.

56 His language from Brandspeth, on 14th December, to a pretended partisan, who, meaning to be a spy, asked for safe conduct. I thank you for your gentle offer, and find my fortune is now to have need of friends. I pray you [to be] such a friend as nature should [induce] you to be. I promise you of my honor to come safe and to go safe. This letter shall be your warrant.' ib. p. 162.

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when his resources could not find wages to supply CHAP. the temptations of pecuniary bounty.57 Awhile the continued belief that other noblemen, part of the advancing army of Elizabeth, would revolt to their side, upheld the confidence of many;58 and they still found such congenial feelings in the northern population, as to preserve the imposing appearance of superior numbers. But the want of money and subsistence, and the absence of an enterprising and determined spirit, adequate to an undertaking which can never have any other alternative than speedy ruin or immediate victory in their leaders, soon afterwards broke up the insurgent force without the need of fighting. By Christmas-day they had fled northward from Durham, and were dispersing and concealing themselves like defeated men, who had forfeited their lives by their mingled crime and folly:00

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57 This spy, as he went, reported to Sadler, I have met his soldiers coming from him by two, four, six, and dozens, complaining for more money; and that they would be hanged at home, ere they returned to serve again without wages.' Constable's letter, ib. 64. This man was one of lord Leicester's servants. ib. 109.

5 This same man's account of their expectations, points to some of the secretly disaffected noblemen to whom our notes have alluded before. They make their full account that my lord president, the earl of Cumberland, earl Rutland, and lord Dacres, with all their forces and Horsay, will, at his shot, turn to take their part.' ib. 64.

5 On 15th Dec. Sadler reported: The rebels understanding that we be on the way towards them, do now gather all the forces they can make, and I learn that all Cleveland, Allertonshire, Richmondshire, and the bishopric, are all wholly gone unto them; such is their affection to the cause of religion, by means whereof they are grown to the force of great numbers, but yet confused, without order, armor, or weapon. p. 67. Sadler thought he was able enough to deal with them, yet because my lord Warwick and the admiral desire to be at this service, we do stay for them. They being 12,000 men.' He adds, I know not how they will be victualled, the people of this country being so hollow hearted, and so unwilling to bring victuals to the camp. ib.

60 Lett. of 24th December. He gives this woful picture of what such conduct usually ends in: The rebel earls and principal confederates lurk and hide themselves in the woods and deserts of Lyddesdale. The

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BOOK leaving the great mass of the people, whom they had excited to treason, in a state of legal guilt and of expected punishment." The earls, and some of the chief gentry, fled into Scotland and found a friendly reception among the border clans. The Scottish regent Murray rode with the cavalry guard to Jedworth, to seize them, and obtained Northumberland after a short struggle.63 Westmoreland experienced a steady protection from the laird of Farnihurst, and the countess of Northumberland from lord Hume.65 She was invited by the English commanders to surrender herself to the queen's mercy. A private solicitation was made to West

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earls have changed their names and apparel, and ride like the outlaws of Lyddesdale.' ib. 71.

61 On 4th January 1570, the bishop of Durham declared to Cecil, The country is in great misery. The sheriff writes, that he cannot do justice by any juries of such as be untouched in this rebellion, until they be either acquitted by law or pardoned by the queen. The number of offenders is so great, that few innocent are left to try the guilty. If the forfeited lands be bestowed on such as be strangers, and will not dwell here, the people will be without heads, the country desert, and no number of freeholders to do justice by juries, nor to serve in the wars.' Laud's MS. in sir Walter Scott's add. to Sadler, p. 95.

62 Sadler's lett. of 9th Jan. p. 100.

63 Ib. and note from the History of James VI. Murray conveyed him to Lochleven Castle. Sadl. Pap. 111.

6 He told Constable' how greatly he was beholden to the laird that friendlily defended him from the regent, all the while he lay in Jedworth; how near he was sought for, and how straitly he escaped. It was strange. The regent assembled 800 horse and foot to search the house of Farnihurst, but these deserted him as he advanced to it.' Sadl. 111. 65 The same night after midnight she rode from Farnihurst to Hume Castle. The laird of Farnihurst rode with her to within half a mile of it.' ib. 111.

66 Lord Hunsden wrote to assure her, she should have all the friendship he could shew her, and willed her not to think that the queen's majesty, who was never cruel to any, would begin to shew her cruelty upon her, being a gentlewoman. Howbeit he would not promise her pardon until he understood the queen's pleasure therein.' Const. lett. 120. This lady went to the continent, and very anxiously labored for her husband's release. In January 1572 we find her negotiating about it from Mechlin, by her letters in Murden, 186, 187; and from one of the

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moreland of the same tendency, which brought out CHAP. his feelings of regret when too late to restore him to what he had fallen from." He owned his folly, and asked for better advice. He was recommended to petition only for his life, and to leave every other benefit to future mercy. He promised to do so," but, changing his mind, escaped with difficulty abroad, and there continued in treasonable dealings, amid suffering and disgrace: " He died at last a

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28th Jan. we find that 10,000 crowns had been obtained; of which 6,000 were from the king of Spain, and 4,000 from the pope, to be conveyed to Scotland and disbursed by lord Hume. She states herself as following only the advice of Sanders, who was gone to Rome, and praises Dr. Allen with the terms, 'the most singular man in my opinion.' Murden, 191.

7 The spy, or agent acting as such, of Leicester, got access to him, and seems to have given him good advice in the interview, which he thus describes: I prayed my lord to consider the miserable state that he had brought himself to, and to seek out the best way how to recover himself again, and not to run wilfully upon his utter destruction, to the overthrow of his house, which had been of honorable and great antiquity, and never spotted till now. He looked at me, and the tears overhaylled his cheeks abundantly. I could not forbear weeping, to see him suddenly fall to repentance. Neither of us could speak to one another of a long time. At last he wiped his cheeks, and prayed me to follow him. He went to his chamber in the tower, and commanded his men forth, and locked the door himself.' p. 120.

68 Thus he began: I must confess I have as lewdly overshot myself as any man could do; nevertheless, I pray you let me have your counsel what way you think were likeliest for me to obtain my pardon and favor from the queen.' ib. 120. 69 Ib. 121.

70 His faithful countess was a very favorable picture of female nature, and of connubial attachment. The earl had given Constable' a little ring from his finger, and prayed him to deliver it to her, for all his care was for her and her children.' p. 121. The agent got access to her: I kissed my lord's ring and gave it to her. She was passing joyful. She told me sir John Constable had been with her from the lord lieutenant, and willed her to write to my lord to make his humble submission to the queen. She did so, and had delivered it to sir John unsealed. She desired me to pray my lord not to be offended with her for so doing. She thought it his best so to do, both to win again the favor of his God, and of his native prince, and all his lands and goods again, which otherways were utterly lost.-She shewed herself to be the faithful servant of God; a dutiful subject to the queen; and an obedient, careful and loving wife to her husband. For ripeness of wit, readiness of memory, and plain and pithy utterance of her words, I have talked with many, but never with her like.' Const. Lett. 12th January, p. 136.

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BOOK miserable exile." The earl of Northumberland was demanded of the Scottish regent at Stirling, who answered, that he must consult the nobility." Four days after this application, as Murray was passing thro the streets of Linlithgow, he was shot from a private house.73 As the papal conspiracy against Elizabeth had roused treason and violence, without remorse of bloodshed, into activity in so many parts of the island, it is reasonable to suspect all assassinations and commotions which had important political results, to be among the ramifications or natural produce of such disorganizing plots. If their authors do not directly plan such atrocities, yet what they avowedly contrive, excites and teaches the spirit both to conceive and perpetrate them. But most acts of villany disappoint their projectors in their issue; and if the present crime had any higher source than the individual who committed it, the result of its successful achievement was no exception to our general experience of the inutility of such iniquity.

71 In 1584. Camden. This lady was sister to the duke of Norfolk. 72 On 20th January 1570, sir Harry Gates reported to earl Sussex, We repaired to the regent. I delivered the queen's letter, and declared her thankful acceptation of his great good will in pursuing her rebels. I also required the earl to be delivered unto me, and the rest of the rebels to the warders of the marches. He said he should send for certain of the nobility, and we should receive answer.' Lett. in Lodge's Ill. v. 2, p. 30.

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73 One Hamilton had stationed himself there with the deliberate purpose of assassinating him. Cecil's letter in Cabala, 160; and his diary in Murd. p. 169; but dating it 22d instead of 23d January. Lydington's letter, of 26th January, to Cecil, on this event, is in Haynes, 578; and the supplication of the earl Lennox and his wife to Elizabeth, stating the murder, and requesting her to take in hand the protection and defence of the young king.' p. 577. On 3d February, Cecil wrote to Norris: It is commonly reported that the Hamiltons were the workers of the murder. The murtherer was a near kinsman of the duke. The spare horses on which he escaped belonged to the abbot of Arbroath, the duke's second son, and he was received into the duke's house.' Cab. 161.

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