Lycoris, which were highly praised by Ovid, but are no longer extant.-Vossius de Poet. Lat. GALLY (HENRY) an English divine, was born at Beckenham in Kent, in 1696. He was educated at Cambridge, where he took his degree of MA. in 1721, and the same year was chosen lecturer of St Paul's, Covent Garden, and instituted to the rectory of Warenden in Buckinghamshire. In 1728 he was preferred to a prebend in Gloucester cathedral, and two years after to one in the cathedral of Norwich. In 1732 Dr Gally was presented to the rectory of St Giles-in-the-Fields, and in 1735 was nominated chaplain in ordinary to the king. He died in 1769. He was the author of "Two Sermons on the Misery of Man," 1728; “A Sermon preached before the House of Commons upon the Accession;" a translation of

the privilege of exemption from taxes, 4to. He died in 1644.-ANTHONY GALLAND, an able oriental scholar, was born of humble parentage, at Rollo in Picardy, in 1646. Colbert employed him to travel on the account of government, and his zeal and industry are evinced by several treatises published by him on his return, illustrative of the manners and customs of the Mahometan empire and religion. He was well versed in antiquarian research, and published a learned treatise on medals and coins; but the work by which he is principally known is his curious collection of Arabic Romances, published by him under the title of "The Arabian Nights' Entertainments," a work which has gone through a variety of editions in every language of Europe. His other writings areAn Account of the Death of Sultan Osman, and the Coronation of his Successor;" "A" The Morals of Theophrastus, with Notes, and Treatise on Coffee; and a selection of the most approved Aphorisms and Jeux d'Esprit to be found in the works of Oriental authors. M. Galland was elected professor of Arabic in the university of Paris, and a member of the Academy of Inscriptions. His death took place in 1715, while he was engaged on a translation of the Koran, which he did not live to complete. -Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.

a Critical Essay on Characteristic Writing;" "The Reasonableness of Church and College Fines asserted, &c. ;" "Some Considerations upon Clandestine Marriages;"" A Dissertation against pronouncing the Greek Language according to Accents," &c. &c.-Nichols's Lit. Anec.

GALVANI(LEWIS) an Italian physiologist, celebrated as the discoverer of animal elec. GALLOIS (Jous) a French critic of the tricity or Galvanism. He was born at Boseventeenth century, who acquired great repu-logna iu 1737, and in his youth he was destation as a general scholar, but is chiefly remarkable for having projected, with M. de Sallo, the "Journal des Sçavans," the first number of which appeared in 1665. He was a member of the Academy of Sciences and of the French Academy, librarian to the king, and professor of Greek in the royal college. He died in 1707.-Moreri.

tined for a monastic life, but being persuaded to relinquish his views of the cloister, he adopted the medical profession. Professor Galeazzi, under whom he studied anatomy, gave him his daughter in marriage; and he was created public lecturer in the university of Bologna, and nominated reader in anatomy to the institute in that city. He employed himself GALLOIS (JULIAN JEAN CESAR LE) a re- much in researches concerning comparative cent French physiologist. He was the son of anatomy, and published in the Memoirs of the a farmer, and was educated at Caen, where, at Institute curious observations on the auditory the commencement of the French Revolution, he organs of birds and other subjects. His repudistinguished himself as a federalist, for which tation as an experimental philosopher was alhe was obliged to fly from Normandy. He ready established, when accident led him to subsequently studied in one of the medical the discovery which has perpetuated his name. schools of Paris, and graduated as MD. He His wife labouring under constitutional debidistinguished himself by his physiological re-lity, some frogs had been skinned to compose searches, which he detailed in a publication, a restorative soup for her use; they happened entitled " Experiments on the Principle of to be placed in the laboratory of the professor, Life, particularly on that of the Motion of the Heart, and the Seat of this Principle." Much was expected from his farther research, when he fell a sacrifice to a fever in 1818.-Med. Journal.

GALLUS (CORNELIUS) a Roman poet of the Augustan age. He was born about 69 BC. at Forum Julii, but whether in Gaul or Italy is uncertain, as there were places in both countries anciently thus designated. He was intimate with Virgil, who has inscribed to him his tenth Eclogue. Augustus employed him in his war against Anthony, and rewarded his services with the government of Egypt. This elevation proved unfortunate; for being charged with peculation and conspiracy, his property was confiscated, and he was condemned to exile in consequence of which he put an end to his life in his forty-third year. He wrote four books of Elegies in honour of his mistress,

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on the same table with an electrical machine, when one of the assistants by chance touching with a scalpel the nerves of the leg of a frog lying not far from the conductor, the muscles of the limb were observed to be immediately agitated with strong convulsions. Madame Galvani, who was present, went and informed her husband of this singular phenomenon. He repeated the experiment, and ascertained that the convulsion occurred only when a spark was drawn from the conductor while the scalpel touched the nerve. His subsequent enquiries induced him to ascribe the convulsive motion to the influence of a peculiar fluid or principle, which he supposed to be secreted by the brain, and distributed by the nerves through different parts of the body. To this principle he gave the appellation of animal electricity, and considered it as the cause of muscular motion. His ideas were developed in a publication,

sity of Paris in 1599, and after discharging the duties of his office with great credit, and obtaining the reputation of being one of the ablest divines of his time, he died in 1625. He was the author of "Commentaries on the Summa Theologiæ of Aquinas," in 2 vols. folio, a work much esteemed by catholics.-Bayle. Moreri. Nouv. Dict. Hist.

entitled "Aloysii Galvani de Viribus Electrici- quired much reputation, and is styled by tatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius," 1791, a tasteful writer, "A Dictionary of fine 4to. The singularity of these phenomena ex- Thoughts." He died in 1756.-There was cited the attention of the cultivators of science, also another GAMACHES, PHILIP, a doctor of not only in Italy, but also in England, France, the Sorbonne, who was born in 1658. He was Germany, and other parts of Europe. Subse-appointed professor of theology in the univerquent researches have led to conclusions inconsistent with the hypothesis of Galvani; and animal electricity or Galvanism (as it has been denominated in honour of the discoverer) is now considered as depending on the operation of the same cause which produces other electric phenomena. Galvani continued his enquiries, and made experiments on the electricity of the torpedo, and on the electro-motive effects of the contact of different metals; but he did not materially extend the limits of his original discovery. On the foundation of the Cisalpine republic, he refused to take the civic oath required by the new constitution, in consequence of which he was deprived of his official situation. A decree was afterwards passed for his restoration to the professorial chair; but this testimony to his merit preceded but a short time his decease, which occurred towards the close of the year 1798.-Aikin's G. Biog.

GAMA (VASCO DE) a celebrated navigator and naval commander, was born at Sines, a maritime town in Portugal. He was appointed by king Emanuel to command an expedition intended to follow up the discoveries on the eastern coasts of Africa, and the interjacent seas to the East Indies. He set sail accordingly in July, 1497, and was four months contending with contrary winds before he doubled the Cape of Good Hope. Reaching Melinda, he | obtained a Mahometan pilot, and in May, 1498, arrived at Calicut, and was at first received in a friendly manner by the zamorin or prince, but discovering that a plot was laid for his destruction, he returned to Europe, and entered the port of Lisbon in September, 1499. He was created a count, and made admiral of the Persian, Indian, and Arabian seas; in which capacity he commanded another expedition, consisting of a fleet of twenty ships. He was attacked by an opposing fleet on the part of the zamorin, which was defeated, and two prizes captured of great value. His success led to the extensive settlements of the Portuguese in India, of which Gama, sent out a third time, was made viceroy in 1524. He died at Cochin in 1525. The Lusiad of Camoens, who accompanied Gama, is founded on the adventures of his last voyage.-Moreri. Mol. Univ. Hist.

GAMBARA (LORENZO) an Italian poet of the sixteenth century, was protected by cardinal Alexander Farnese. His writings were much esteemed in his own time, but are now little thought of. He was the author of a Latin Poem on Columbus; a Latin Treatise on Poetry; in which he dissuades Christian poets from using pagan mythology; some eclogues, entitled "Venatoria ;" and other pieces. He died in 1586.-Tiraboschi. Moreri. Saxii. Onomast.

GAMBARA (VERONICA) an Italian poetess, was born in 1485, and was the daughter of count John Francis Gambara. In 1509 she was married to Giberto, lord of Correggio, whom she survived many years, devoting the rest of her life to the education of her children and the cultivation of literature. In 1528 she went to reside with her brother, who was governor of Bologna, where she established a kind of academy, which was frequented by many of the literati of the Roman court. her return to Correggio, she received as her guest the emperor Charles V. She died in 1550. Her works were collected and published by Zambani in 1759, with a life of the authoress. They possess much originality and vivacity, and are far superior to the inundation of sonnets at that time poured forth in Italy.— Tiraboschi. Roscoe's Leo X. Moreri.

On

GAMBOLD (JOHN) an ecclesiastic, born at Haverfordwest in the early part of the last century. In 1734 he took the degree of Master of Arts at Christchurch, Oxford, and was about four years after presented by archbishop Secker to the living of Stanton Harcourt. This piece of preferment he resigned in 1748, from motives of conscience, having become a convert to the opinions of Zinzendorf, an account of whose life and character he afterwards published. In 1754 the Moravian fraternity, of which he was now become a distinguished member, consecrated him one of their bishops; GAMACHES (STEPHEN SIMON) a French in which situation he displayed much activity ecclesiastic, was born at Meulan about 1672. until his death, which took place at his native He was one of the canons of the Holy Cross of town in 1771. He was a man of blameless de la Bretonniere, and was chosen member of morals, deep erudition, and sincere though enthe French Academy of Sciences. His works thusiastic piety, and was much beloved for the are" Physical Astronomy, &c. ;" 2 vols. amiableness of his manners and the inoffensive 4to; "The System of a Christian Philoso- tenor of his life. While at Oxford he pubpher;" ""The System of the Heart," published in 1740 a sacred drama, having for its lished under the assumed name of Clarigny;" subject the martyrdom of St Ignatius, and in Literary and Philosophical Dissertations;" 1742 superintended an edition of the Greek Tes"The Elegancies of Language reduced to their tament through the Clarendon press. At a subPrinciples,” 1757, 12mo. This last has ac- sequent period of his life he assisted in trans!

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lating Crantz's history of Greenland from the Dutch, and was the author of several sermons, especially one on the second Article of the Church of England; and of a volume entitled "Maxims and Theological Ideas."-Nichols's Lit. Anec. GANDON (JAMES) an ingenious English architect, who studied his profession under sir William Chambers. He was the first who, gained the gold medal as an architectural prize from the Royal Academy, and early acquired considerable professional reputation, which was much enhanced by the publication of his "Vitruvius Britannicus," 3 vols. folio. He soon after went to Ireland, where he built the Royal Exchange at Dublin, the portico of the house of Lords, the four courts, and other highly esteemed buidings in that capital. He was a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, as also of the Royal Irish Academy, and died at Canon-brook near Lucan, in 1824, being then in his eighty-fifth year.-Month. Mag.

Truths of the Christian Religion," which was not only severely exposed by the abbé de St Cyran, but provoked a formal censure from the Sorbonne. The jesuits thought fit to yield to the storm, and banished him to one of the houses of their order at Poitiers, where he caught the plague during a charitable attendance on the infected, and died in 1631 at the age of forty-six.-Bayle. Moreri.

GARCÍAS-LASSO or GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA an eminent Spanish poet, was born at Toledo in 1503, being the younger son of a nobleman, who had been employed on some important negociations. He was early distinguished for his wit and fancy, and adopting the poetical principles of his friend Boscan, who rejected the ancient maxims, and substituted others borrowed from Italy, was a principal instrument in rendering them popular. His works, which are contained in a small volume, consist principally of pastorals; in which his chief excellence is a tenderness that is still more beautifully displayed in his sonnets. His classical taste kept him clear from the bombast of his countrymen, but his learning and judg

GANDY (JAMES) an able artist, was born in 1619, and was a pupil of Vandyck. His works possess considerable merit, and some of his portraits are very little inferior to Vandyck, either in dignity, expression, or colour-ment were superior to his genius. Garcilasso ing. He is however almost unknown; being taken to Ireland by the old duke of Ormond, and retained in his service, the then unsettled state of that country prevented his talents from receiving due notice. He died at Exeter in 1689.-Pilkington.

GANGANELLI, (see CLEMENT XIV.) GARAMOND (CLAUDE) an engraver and letter-founder, was born at Paris. He first distinguished himself about 1510, when he founded his printing types clear from all remains of the black letter, which he brought to such perfection as to surpass every thing that had been done in this way before. All parts of Europe were supplied with his types, which were distinguished by his name by way of excellence, particularly his small roman. By command of Francis I, he founded three species of Greek types for the use of Robert Stephens, who printed with them all his beautiful editions, both of the New Testament and several Greek authors. He died in 1561.Moreri.

followed the profession of arms, and attended Charles V in many of his expeditions, in one of which he lost his life in 1536, at the early age of thirty-three. -Another GARCILASSO DE LA VEGA, a native of Peru, composed a Spanish History of Florida and of Peru.-Moreri. Monthly Mag. Oct. 1796.

GARRARD or GERARDS (MARK) a Flemish painter, was born at Bruges in 1561. He came to England soon after 1580, and remained here until his death, which happened in 1635. He painted history, landscape, architecture, and portraits. His works are numerous, but possessing no peculiar mark, are not easily known. His procession of queen Elizabeth to Hunsdon house, has been engraved by Vertue. His execution is neat, but his flesh-colours are thin and light, possessing rather a blueish tinge.-Walpole's Anecdotes.

GARDEN (ALEXANDER) an eminent botanist and zoologist, born in Scotland in 1730, and educated at the university of Edinburgh. He went to America, and settled as a physician GARASSE (FRANCIS) a French jesuit, at Charlestown in South Carolina, in 1752. noted for the violence and scurrility of his con- From his first arrival in the country he entroversial writings, was born at Angoulême in gaged in botanical researches, and becoming the year 1585. He entered the Jesuits' col-dissatisfied with the system of Tournefort, then lege at the age of fifteen, and during his noviciate published a defence of his order, which, without being devoid of wit, was still more distinguished for asperity and buffoonry. He followed this publication up with many more in a similar strain; and on taking orders became a very popular preacher. In 1623 he ventured on the production of a larger work, entitled "The curious Doctrine of Wits, or Pretenders to Wit of this Age, &c. refuted by Father Garasse, of the Order of Jesus," 4to. This production, with a vein of wit, was so defective in respect to accuracy, judgment, and argumentation, as to produce considerable animadversion; nor was he more fortunate in his Theological Summary of the Capital

followed by most naturalists, he opened a correspondence with the celebrated Linnæus in 1755. Soon after he obtained the Philosophia Botanica, the Systema Naturæ, and some other works of the Swedish botanist, which greatly assisted him in his enquiries. His labours were directed to the discovery and verification of new species among the animal and vegetable tribes of North America, in which he was very successful. To his exertions Lin næus was indebted, particularly for a knowledge of the insects and fishes of Carolina; among which is the Siren lacertina, a most curious animal, resembling both a lizard and a fish. After a residence of nearly twenty years in America, Dr Garden returned to England.

in consequence of the political commotions | prefate he proved himself an active agent as which preceded the American war. He was well as an able secretary, and soon ranked elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1773; high in the favour of his master, and consebut was not admitted until ten years after. quently in that of the court. In 1527 his From that period he resided in London, where talents and address pointed him out a proper he died April 15, 1791. Dr Garden pub-person to be entrusted with the negociation lished "An Account of the Gymnotus Elec- then going on at the papal court, respecting tricus, or Electrical Eel," in the Philosophical the king's divorce from Catherine of Arragon; Transactions, and some other detached papers, and although unsuccessful in his mission, his but produced no separate work.-Rees's Cyclop. exertions were not the less appreciated, being GARDEN (FRANCIS) lord Gardenstone, a rewarded with the archdeaconries of Norwich Scottish lawyer of eminence, born in 1721 at and Leicester in succession, and the appointEdinburgh, and educated in the university of ment of secretary of state. His devotion to that capital. Having practised with great re- the king now got the better of his allegiance as putation as an advocate, he was in 1764 ap-churchman to the pope, and he not only did pointed solicitor to the king, and soon after all in his power to facilitate his designs with raised to the dignity of a judge, when he took, respect to the queen, whose divorce he signed, agreeably to the custom of the Scottish bench, but on Henry's abjuring the supremacy of the the title by which he is now most commonly pontiff, and declaring himself head of the known. Å volume of miscellaneous pieces in church, he was warmly supported by Garverse and prose, and two more, entitled "Tra- diner, newly created bishop of Winchester. velling Memoranda," were published by him The first proof of his acquiescence in and apanonymously, and after his death a posthu- probation of this measure, was a treatise writmous volume was added to the latter work. ten by him in its favour, entitled "De verà He died in 1793.—Memoirs prefixed to Posthu- Obedientiâ." The bishop continued to enjoy mous Volume of his Works. the full sunshine of court favour till his capriGARDINER (JAMES) an officer of distincious master, taking a disgust at queen Catheguished merit in the reign of George II. He rine Parr, consulted with him on the easiest was born in 1688 at Carriden, Linlithgowshire, method of getting rid of her, and acquiesced and made the army his profession at the early age in a plan, the leading feature of which was the of fourteen, when he obtained a commission in exhibition of articles against her on a charge the Dutch service. He afterwards commanded of heresy. The design had proceeded so far a company among the English troops at the that officers were already summoned for the battle of Ramillies, and rose to the rank of purpose of arresting her, when the queen, in lieutenant-colonel. On the breaking out of a personal interview with her husband, had the Scottish rebellion of 1745, Gardiner, who address enough to turn the tables on the then commanded a regiment of dragoons, fell bishop, to re-establish herself in the king's at the head of his men, in the action fought at favour, and to plunge him, whom she susPreston Pans, on the 21st of September in pected of being a principal adversary, in a state that year, being cut down by a blow from a of disgrace from which he never emerged Lochaber axe, in sight of his own house. A during the life of Henry. With his immesingular story is told of his sudden conversion diate successor he stood in a light still more from a licentious course of life by the accidental unfavourable; his continued opposition to the perusal of a Calvinistic treatise, entitled "Hea-doctrines of the reformed church, and their esven taken by Storm." He is also said to have re-tablishment as the national religion, bringing ceived a supernatural intimation of his own ap-on him the full weight of the displeasure of proaching death. It is remarkable that three the prevailing party, who succeeded in inof his nearest relations, including his father, ducing the young monarch to commit him to were killed, like himself, in action.-Life by the tower, with a sentence of deprivation from Doddridge. his diocese. On the accession of Mary howGARDINER (STEPHEN) an English pre-ever, his star was again in the ascendant; he late in the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, was not only received into favour and reand queen Mary. He was the natural son of stored to his see, but elevated to the office of Lionel Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, brother chancellor of England and first minister of to the lady Elizabeth Woodville, who, as the state. The persecution he had himself underwidow of sir John Grey, captivated the affec-gone, on account of his religious tenets, had tions of Edward IV, and became his queen. not taught him mercy or tenderness towards Gardiner was born in 1483 at St Edmund's others, and he now distinguished himself as a Bury, Suffolk, and received his education at principal mover in the executions which took Trinity hall, Cambridge, where he distin- place during this reign, acting occasionally guished himself by his progress in the study of with equal caprice and cruelty. In his private the canon and civil law, the classics, and theo-character however he appears to much greater logy. In 1520 he succeeded to the headship advantage, being not only learned himself, but of the society to which he belonged, but soon a great encourager of learning in others; after quitted the university, and attached himself to the Howard family, which he again quitted, a favourable opportunity occurring of ingratiating himself with Wolsey, then fast rising into power. In the service of this

though artful, and skilled in dissimulation, with no slight degree of ambition, and its usual concomitant, pride, he yet possessed one of the most amiable traits in the human dispositiongratitude to perfection. To Wolsey he was

GARNET (HENRY) an English jesuit of great notoriety, was born in Nottinghamshire in 1555, and was educated at Winchester school, He then went to Rome and entered into the Society of Jesus in 1575, and became professor of philosophy and theology in the Italian college at Rome. In 1586 he returned to England as provincial of his order; and although it was then illegal for a catholic priest to remain in the country, he abode there without molestation for many years. In this situation he held a secret correspondence with the king of Spain; and by an answer which he gave to a case of conGARISSOLES (ANTHONY) professor of di- science submitted to him, in regard to the devinity at Montauban, where he was born instruction of heretics, is said to have given an 1587. He also filled the office of moderator impulse to the gunpowder plot, and as an acof the synod held at Charenton, and pub-complice in this conspiracy, he was tried and lished several theological works, the principal executed at the west end of St Paul's, May 3, of which are an "Explanation of the Cate-1606. He acknowledged, previously to his