been formed artificially by fastening the flowers :f the daisy on a branch of crowfoot, or ranunculus. Haller, as well as Gesner, became the dupe of this deception, which was discovered by Sir Joseph Banks. Gesner's principal work is entitled" Tabulæ Phytographicæ, analysis Generum Plantarum exbibantes," of which a new and improved edition appeared at Zurich in 15 fasciculi, 1795-1813. Gesner died in 1790, aged eighty-one.-Rees's Cyclopæd. Nouv. Dict. Hist.

GESNER (JOHN JAMES) brother of the preceding, was professor of Hebrew in the Caroline college at Zurich, and was distinguished as a writer on numismatics. He formed an extensive collection of coins and medals, which he bequeathed to his brother on his death in 1787, at the age of eighty. His works comprise accounts of the medals of the Greeks, Macedonians, Syrians, Egyptians, Sicilians, &c. and of those of the Roman emperors; and contain the result of his own researches, as well as those of the learned medalists who preceded him.-Hirsching's Manual of Eminent persons of the 18th Cent. Biog. Univ.

GESNER (JOHN MATTHIAS) an eminent philological writer, who was a native of Franconia in Germany, and was educated in the gymnasium of Anspach, whence, in 1710, he removed to the university of Jena, and studied theology. In 1715 he was appointed corector of the gymnasium of Weimar, and keeper of the public records. Thence he went to Leipsic to preside over the school of St. Thomas in that city; and on the establishment of the university of Gottingen, he accepted of an invitation to become professor of rhetoric, in 1754. He was also entrusted with the inspection of all the schools in Gottingen, and of the philological seminary there; and was made librarian and president of the German society. On the establishment of the Royal Society of Gottingen in 1751, he was appointed a member; in 1753 he was nominated a counsellor of state, and in 1761 perpetual director. He died August 3, the same year, at the age of seventy. His principal work is Novus Thesaurus Linguæ Latine," 4 vols. folio, besides which he published selections from the classic writers, under the titles of "Chrestomathia Græca ; "CiceroDiana, Pliniana," &c.; editions of the Scriptores Rei Rustica, of Quintilian, of Horace, of Claudian, of the Orphic Fragments; and he was also the author of "Prima liniæ Isagoges in Eruditionem universalem," 2 vols. 8vo, and other learned productions.-Aikin's G. Biog.

GESNER or GESSNER (SOLOMON) a Swiss landscape painter, more distinguished as a writer of pastoral romance. He was born in 1730 at Zurich, where his father was a bookseller. After having finished his education, he was admitted as a partner in the trade, and at the age of twenty two he travelled through Germany on commercial business, and in the course of his tour formed an acquaintance with many of the German lite

Soon after his return home in 1753 ap

peared his first production, a short piece, entitled "Night," in a style of composition between prose and verse; of which the English reader may form an idea from the translation of Gesner's subsequent work, "The Death of Abel," or from Macpherson's Ossian. His next publication was "Daphnis," a pastoral romance in three cantos; and this was followed by his " Idylls," which established his reputation. "The Death of Abel" appeared in 1758, and not only went through numerous editions at home, but was also translated into many foreign languages. Gesner afterwards published some minor pieces, among which was "The First Navigator;" and he attempted, but with no extraordinary success, the pastoral drama. About his thirtieth year he married the daughter of M. Heidegger, a gentlemen of Zurich, who had a collection of paintings by artists of the Flemish school, the inspection of which inspired Gesner with a taste for the art of design. He had learned to draw when young, aud he now began seriously to attempt the imitation of those productions which he so much admired. He at first only designed ornaments for the books which he published; but in 1765 he published twelve etchings of landscapes, from his own designs, and twelve more appeared in 1769. His offices and employment were various, for to his occupations of bookseller, engraver, painter, and author, he added the civic distinction of being a member of the council of Zurich; and in 1768 he was appointed bailiff of Ellibach. He received testimonies of respect and admiration from several parts of Europe, and the empress Catherine of Russia presented him with a gold medal. He died of apoplexy March 2, 1788. All his works are written in prose, but in a style of great purity and elegance, fewer traces of the Swiss dialect appearing in his compositions than in those of any of his countrymen. Popular as his "Death of Abel" has been in England, the translation affords no just ideas of the German original, much of the merit of which depends on taste and delicacy of expression. An edition of his works was published in two vols, 4to, embellished with engravings from his own designs.-Aikin's G. Biog. Nouv. Dict. Hist. Biog. Univ.

GESUALDO (CARLO) prince of Venosa in the Neapolitan territories, flourished about the close of the sixteenth century. He gave his attention to the cultivation of the science of music, which he studied under Pomponio Nenna. In the composition of madrigals he met with great success, and is supposed to have formed his style on the model of those ancient Scottish melodies which had become popular in the preceding century, but which he is said to have much improved upon. Dr. Burney, however, who appears to have examined the whole six books of madrigals, which go under his name, is of a different opinion; but Geminiani, on the other hand, was frequently known to declare that the foundation of all his studies was laid on the works of this author. Two editious of detached parts of his composition were

printed in 1585 and 1593, by Simon Molinaro at Genoa. A complete collection of his works afterwards appeared in 1613. The date of his decease is uncertain.-Biog. Dict. of Mus. Burney's Hist. of Mus.

Wigulai Hunds Metropolis Salisburgensis,
1620; "Delineatio Norico veteris ejusque
Confinium," 1619; and "Commentarius de
Septemviratu Romani Imperii," 1621.—Moreri..

GHENT (HENRY OF) Henricus de GanGETHIN (lady GRACE) an ingenious lady, davo, archdeacon of Tournay, in the thirteenth the daughter of sir George Norton of Abbots- century. He was a German by birth, and leigh in Somersetshire, was born in 1676. appears to have studied at the university of She married sir Richard Gethin in Ireland, Paris, where he took the degree of doctor in but died shortly after in 1677, in her twenty-theology. He is said to have surpassed all his first year. She left behind her some papers contemporaries in knowledge of the scriptures, which were collected and published under the and to have been intimately acquainted with title of "Reliquæ Gethinianæ, or some re- the Aristotelian philosophy. He died in 1293. mains of the most ingenious and excellent lady His works include a treatise entitled "Summa Grace lady Gethin, lately deceased; being a Theologiæ ;" and Commentaries on the Metacollection of choice discourses, pleasant apo-physics and Natural Philosophy of Aristotle. thegms, and witty sentences, written by her for the most part, by way of essay, and at spare hours," 1700. Mr Congreve wrote a copy of verses to her memory; and Dr Birch, in his anniversary sermon on her death, says, that to superior talents and mental endowments, she joined meekness, candour, piety, and integrity. A monument was erected to her memory in Westminster abbey, though she was really buried at Hollingbourne in Kent.Ballard's Memoirs. Noble's Continuation of Granger.

-Trithemius de Script. Eccles.

GHEZZI (JOSEPH) an Italian artist, born in the territory of Ascoli in 1634. He was instructed in painting by his father, SEBASTIAN GHEZZI, who had been a scholar of Guercino. After the death of his father he went to Fermo to study jurisprudence and philosophy; but he likewise continued his attention to the art of painting, in which he became a proficient by the assistance of Lorenzino, an eminent painter of Fermo. Having completed his studies, he went to Rome, where he relinquished his GETHING (RICHARD) a penman, was a legal pursuits, to devote himself to the cultivanative of Herefordshire, but settled in London. tion of the arts. Many of the churches of In 1616 he published a copybook of various Rome were decorated with the works of his hands well executed, which was followed by pencil, executed in conjunction with Baldi, another, entitled " "Chirographia," in which Saiter, Passari, Parodi, and other artists. he aims at the improvement of the Italian hand. 1674 he was appointed secretary of the AcaHe also published Calligraphotechnia," demy of St Luke at Rome, and he was also a which was dedicated to sir Francis Bacon.-member of the academy of Arcadians. He Massey's Origin and Progress of Letters.

"

In

The

was still living in 1718, when Orlandi pubGEVARTIUS (JOHN GASPER) a learned lished an account of him in his Abecedario critic, was born at Antwerp in 1593. He first Pittorico.-GHEZZI (PETER LEO) his son, was studied in the Jesuits' college at Antwerp, born at Rome in 1674. He studied the art of whence he removed to Louvain, and then to painting under his father, whom he assisted in Douay. In 1621 he took the degree of LL.D. ornamenting the Roman churches. He also at the latter place, and afterwards went to made designs for a gallery in the papal palace of Antwerp, where he was made town-clerk. Castel Gandolpho, but the work was never He devoted great part of his time to literary executed. He is chiefly celebrated as a caripursuits, and published "Lectionum Papini-caturist, his productions displaying a striking anarum Libri quinque in Statii Papinii Sylvas," peculiarity of style and composition. and" Electorum Libri tres, in quibus plurima title of one of his works is "Racolta di XXIV. veterum Scriptorum loco obscura et Contro- Caricature designate colla penna del cel. Cav. versa explicantur, illustrantur, et emandantur." P. L. Ghezzi, conservate nel gabinetto di He also distinguished himself by his poetical S. M. il Re di Polonia," 1750, folio. He attempts, particularly by a Latin poem pub- died in 1755.-Abeced. Pitt. Elmes's Dict. of lished at Paris in 1618, on the death of the Fine Arts. Thuanus. He corresponded with most of the learned men of his time, and some of his letters have been printed in the "Sylloge Epistolarum" by Burman. He died in 1666.-Niceron. Saxii Onomast. Moreri.

GEWOLD (CHRISTOPHER) a lawyer and historian of the seventeenth century, was a native of Franconia, but the year of his birth and that of his death are unknown. He was one of the aulic counsellors of Maximilian, first elector of Bavaria, who confided to him the inspection of the archives of the duchy. He published "Genealogia Serenissimorum Bojariæ Ducum," 1605, folio; "Chronicon Monasterii Reicherspergensis," &c.; "Henrici Monachi in Rebdorf Annales," 1618;

GHIBERTI (LORENZO) a Florentine, famous for his skill as a sculptor in metal. He was instructed in the goldsmith's art by his father, BARTOLOCCIO. He soon surpassed his master, and attained such excellence in the engraving, casting, and working of metals, that, among various artists who presented designs for a brazen portal for the church of St John Lateran at Rome, he obtained the preference. He executed this undertaking in 1410, at the expence of 22,000 florins, and in so admirable a manner that Michael Angelo on beholding the workmanship, enthusiastically declared it was worthy to decorate the gate of Paradise. When pope Eugenius IV went to the council of Florence in 1439,

Ghiberti made for him a golden mitre or tiara, | at Florence, Pisa, Rome, &c. He was reckwhich weighed fifteen pounds, the pearls and oned one of the first architects of his age; and precious stones with which it was adorned, being a candidate for the office of architect of weighed five pounds, and the cost of the whole St Peter's, when the rebuilding of that church was 30,000 ducats. He died at the age of sixty- was proposed, he was much mortified at the four, and was interred in the church of St preference being given to Bramante. The Croce, at Florence. He left a work on ancient direction of the undertaking was subsequently paintings, which remained unpublished.- offered him by Pope Leo X, but he then reAbecedar. Pittor.-BONACORSO GHIBERTI, fused to accept it, as he was in the decline of the son of Lorenzo, was of the same occupa- life.-ANTONIO DI SAN GALLO, his brother, tion, and was extremely skilful in making chased figures and ornaments. He died young, leaving a son, VITTORIO, whom he instructed in his art; but he proved worthless and dissolute, and wasted his paternal inheritance. Pope Paul III having sent him to Ascoli to carry on some architectural work, he was killed in the night by his own servant, whom he had attempted to rob.-Ibid.

who was a carver in wood, an architect, and engineer, died in 1534.-Elmes's Abecedario Pittorico.-See SAN GALLO.

GIANNONE (PETER) an esteemed modern historian, was born at Ischitella in Apulia, in 1676. He was brought up to the law, and distinguished himself by writing a "History of Naples," 4 vols. 4to. 1723. Its freedom with respect to the origin of papal power, GHILINI (JEROME) a man of letters, was gave great offence to the court of Rome, born at Monza in the Milanese, in 1789. He which raised a persecution against the author studied in civil and canon law, and settled at that necessitated him to quit his country. He Alessandria, but on becoming a widower he found an asylum in Piedmont with the king of took the ecclesiastical habit. He had an Sardinia, who however deemed it expedient to abbacy in the kingdom of Naples, and was disguise his protection under the appearance made apostolical prothonotary, and was after- of confinement. . He died in 1748. His poswards presented to a theological canonry in thumous works were published in 1768, in a the church of St Ambrose at Milan. He pub-quarto volume, containing, among other mislished "Poems," "Cases of Conscience;" cellaneous matter, his profession of faith; a "Annals of Alessandria and its circumjacent | justification of his history; and a life of him Territory," and "Teatro di Nomini Litterati ;" by Panzini.-Fabroni Vita Italorum. a work which, though little valued for correctness, is often quoted in biography. The year of his death is unknown.-Moreri.

GHIRLANDAJO (DOMENICO) a painter, whose real name was Corradi, was the son of a goldsmith at Florence, and was born in 1449. He painted for the churches and convents in Florence, and was called to Rome by Sixtus IV, to assist in painting his chapel. He was much distinguished and employed, but his greatest glory is his having been the master of Michael Angelo. He died in 1493.-His son, RODOLFO, was also brought up to the art, and was much esteemed by Raphael himself, whose style he imitated. He died in 1560.Moreri. Pilkington. Rees's Cyclopedia.

GIARDINI (FELICE) a Piedmontese musician, originally a chorister at the Duomo in Milan, afterwards a pupil of the celebrated Somis at Turin, through whose instructions he became eventually the first violinist of his day. In 1750 he came to England, where the applause which his performance excited is described to have been only equalled by that bestowed upon Garrick. In 1754 he was placed at the head of the orchestral department at the opera-house, and afterwards joined Mingotti in the management of that theatre; the speculation did not however prove a fortunate one. With the exception of a visit paid to Naples from 1784 to 1789 inclusive, under the patronage of sir W. Hamilton, GIAMBERTI (FRANCESCO) a Florentine Giardini remained in this country till 1793, architect of the fifteenth century. He made when he was induced to visit Russia, and the designs for many buildings at Florence and attempted to get up burlettas of his own comat Rome; but he particularly deserves notice posing, both at St Petersburg and at Moscow. on account of a work which he composed, con- The effects of a dropsy had however now mataining numerous drawings of ancient monu- terially impaired his physical powers, and he ments remaining in the Roman territory and met with little success; but died at the latter in Greece. The designs are drawn on parch-capital in great indigence, about the close of ment; and the work, which has never been the same year.-Bing. Dict. of Music. published, is preserved in the Barberini library GIBBON (EDWARD) an eminent English at Rome.-Elmes's Dict. of the Fine Arts. historian, was born at Putney in 1737. He GIAMBERTI DI ST. GALLO (GIULI was the only surviving child of Edward Gibbon, ANO) an eminent architect, the son of the pre-esq, a gentleman of an ancient Kentish family, ceding, born in 1443, and died in 1517. He and his constitution was so infirm in his inbuilt a cloister for the hermits of St Augustine fancy, that he was reared with great difficulty at Florence, which stood near the gate San After being two years at a private school at Gallo, whence the architect derived the appel- Kingston-upon-Thames, he was sent at the lation by which he is best known. He was age of twelve to Westminster, where his architect, sculptor, and engineer, to the house weakly state of health precluded him from of Medici; and besides a magnificent palace making a regular progress in the classical which be erected for the grand duke Lorenzo, studies of the school. After several changes he built many palaces, churches, and fortresses, of situation, in which he was chiefly the object

of medical care, his constitution suddenly | fabled descent of Æneas, with the Eleusinian acquired firmness; and he entered as a mysteries, entitled "Critical Observations on gentleman commoner at Magdalen college the sixth book of the Æneid." It received Oxford, before he had completed his fifteenth great commendation, particularly from proyear. He remained fourteen months at Oxford, fessor Heyne; and with some unnecessary which he characterises in his memoirs as asperity, of which however Warburton was most unprofitably spent; and his censure of little entitled to complain, proved a conclusive that university is very strong and unequivocal. refutation. In the same year he lost his To a total neglect of religious instruction he father, who left him possessor of an involved attributes his boyish conversion to the Roman estate, which never seems to have been catholic religion, which was produced entirely entirely extricated. In 1774, by the favour by an assiduous perusal of the controversies of his kinsman, Mr, afterwards lord Eliott, he between the catholics and protestants; and obtained a seat in parliament for the borough to use his own expressions, as he entered into of Liskeard, and was a silent supporter of the the field "without armour," he fell before North administration and its American polithe "weapons of authority, which the catho- tics for eight years. In 1776 the first quarto lics know so well how to wield." Following volume of his "Decline and Fall of the his convictions, he solemnly abjured the errors Roman Empire" was given to the public, of heresy at the feet of a catholic priest in which at once rivetted general attention; the London; and then wrote a long letter to his first edition going off in a few days, and a father to justify the step which he had taken. second and a third being scarcely equal to the The consequence of 'this disclosure was his demand. Of all the applause he received, immediate banishment to Lausanne, where he none seemed to flatter him so much as the was placed under the care of M. Pavillard, spontaneous suffrages of Hume and Robertson; a learned calvinistic minister. By the well- but on the other hand his chapters on the directed efforts of his tutor, aided by his own secondary causes of the growth and progress mature reflections, his new faith gradually of Christianity, produced much acrimonious gave way, and he was again restored to pro-attack. Of his numerous assailants, however, testantism. His residence at Lausanne was he answered Mr Davis only; and that because also highly favourable to his progress in know- he attacked "not the faith, but the fidelity ledge, and the formation of regular habits of of the historian." His vindication against study. The belles lettres, and the history of this opponent has been much admired for the the human mind, chiefly occupied his atten- keenness and polish of its retort; and it is tion; and to this fortunate period of retire- generally admitted that he successfully refuted ment and application, he was chiefly indebted the principal charges against his historical for his future reputation as a writer and a accuracy; and as he was evidently an unthinker. In 1758 he returned to England, believer in revelation, he judiciously sought to and immediately began to lay the foundation do no more. The prosecution of his history of a copious library; and soon after composed was for some time delayed, by his complying his "Essai sur l'Etude de la Literature," in with the request of ministers to answer a the French language, which for some years manifesto which the French court had issued had been more familiar to him than his own. against Great Britain, preparatory to war. This work, which was printed in 1761, was a This he very ably executed, in a "Memoir highly respectable juvenile performance, and Justificatif," composed in French, which was obtained considerable praise in the foreign jour- delivered in a state paper to the courts of nals. He some time after accepted a captain's Europe; and for this service he received the commission in the Hants militia, and for some appointment of one of the lords of trade. In time studied military tactics with great assi- | 1781 appeared the second and third volumes duity; but he heartily rejoiced when the of his history; and at a new election he lost peace of 1763 set him free. After passing his seat for Liskeard, but was brought in by some months in the metropolis he visited Paris and Lausanne, at which latter place he employed himself in collecting and preparing materials for a profitable journey to Italy. This took place in 1764; and it was at Rome, as he himself informs us, on the 15th October in that year, as he sat musing among the ruins of the capitol, "while the bare-footed friars were singing vespers in the temple of Jupiter," that his idea of writing the decline and fall of the Roman empire entered his mind. He had previously thought of the history of the republic of Florence; and of that of the Swiss liberty; in the last of which he had made some progress, but he subsequently committed the MS. to the flames. In 1770 he first tried his powers in his native tongue, by a pamphlet in refutation of Warburton's extraordinary hypothesis concerning the connexion of Virgil's

ministerial influence for the borough of Lymington. On the retirement of the North administration, he lost his appointment by the dissolution of the board of trade, and immediately formed the resolution of retiring to his favourite Lausanne, which plan he put into execution in 1783; and becoming joint possessor with his friend Deyverdun of a handsome and finely situated house, he commenced a mode of living happily compounded of the man of letters, and the gentleman of easy fortune. Here in the course of four years he completed the three remaining volumes of his history, which were published together in April 1788. Of a work so well known, it is unnecessary to dilate in a compendium like this dictionary; although liable to some objection on the score of style, and occasionally of sober moral propriety, it has taken a secure

place among the English classies, and forms a distinguished object in the literary history of the eighteenth century. The remainder of Mr Gibbon's life was that of a private gentleman. The storms of the French Revolution, which he regarded from the first with extreme fear and aversion, gradually lessened his attachment to Lausanne; but his return to England, which took place in 1793, was hastened by his solicitude to sympathise with his friend lord Sheffield, under a heavy domestic calamity. He spent some months with that nobleman; when his attention was calleu to the progress of a disorder which he had endured in silence for three-and-twenty years. This was a rupture, that finally produced a hydrocele, which after two palliative operations terminated in a mortification, that carried him off on the 16th January, 1794, in the sixty-seventh year of his age. Mr Gibbon was fond of society; and possessed in an eminent degree the manners and sentiments of a gentleman. As a politician or public man, he appears to less advantage, as he wore the yoke of ministerial servitude, on the merest notions of interest and emolument; and never seems to have ascended to the dignity of a principle in reference to any portion of his parliamentary career. It is however as the student and historian that he principally claims attention; and in these capacities the universal acknowledgment of the world has allowed him the highest rank. In 1796 his friend, lord Sheffeld, published two quarto volumes of his miscellaneous works, of which the most valuable part is the memoirs of his life and writings, which are written with much apparent frankness. Many of his private letters are subjoined, which are lively and entertaining. The second volume contains a journal of his studies, with remarks upon books, besides his smaller publications already mentioned. Gibbon's Mem. with lord Sheffield's Additions.

of his chisel are yet to be seen in the choirs of St Paul's and Windsor; the font in St James's church, Wesminster; the archbishop's throne in Canterbury cathedral; the decorations of Petworth house; and Lord Campden's monument at Exton. The base of the fine equestrian statue of Charles I at Charing-cross, and that of James II at the back of Whitehall chapel, are also specimens of his ability as a statuary. His death took place in 1721.Walpole's Anecdotes.

GIBBONS Mus. Doc. (ORLANDO,) an excellent musician and composer, born in 1583 at Cambridge. In 1604 he was appointed organist to the chapel royal St James's, and graduated as MD. at Oxford in 1622. In his capacity of composer to the king, he was appointed to write the music to be introduced in solemnizing the nuptials between Charles I and Henrietta Maria, on which occasion he went to Canterbury in 1625, and presided at the organ during the ceremony; but unfortunately catching the small-pox, he died in that city, and lies buried in the cathedral. Besides his church music, the characteristics of which are fine harmony, simplicity, and extraordinary grandeur, he published in 1612 a collection of madrigals of five parts; the melodies to Withers' translation of " Hymns and Songs of the Church;" and several pieces for the organ and the virginals. His was a musical family;-EDWARD, his elder brother, having taken his degree as Mus. Bac. at Oxford, became organist to the cathedral at Bristol, and was the preceptor of Matthew Lock. He was possessed of considerable landed property, the whole of which was sequestered by the parliament, on account of his having advanced 1000l. for the king's service during the civil war.-ELLIS, the younger brother, published in 1501 a collection of madrigals.-CHRISTOPHER GIBBONS, the son of Orlando, was educated under his uncle Ellis; and in 166-1 was admitted to the degree of doctor in music by the university of Oxford, on the personal recommendation of the king, with whom he was a great favourite. Several anthems of his are extant; and he is said to have assisted in the "Cantica Sacra," published in 1674. His death took place in 1676.Biog. Dict. of Music.

GIBBON (Jon) an ancestor of the preceding, was born in London in 1629. After serving as a soldier in the Netherlands and America, he returned home; and by the patronage of Sir William Dugdale procured the employment of blue mantle in the herald's college. At his death he was the oldest officer at arms; but his visionary and eccentric conduct prevented his farther promotion. He GIBBONS (THOMAS) a dissenting clergydied about 1700. He wrote "Introductio man of the sect called independents, born in ad Latinam Blazoniam, an Essay towards a 1720 at Swaffham, Norfolk. In 1742 he more correct blazon in Latin," 8vo. and came to London, and entered upon his minisvarious tracts, exhibitive of much super-terial functions in Silver-street, Haberdashers' stition and credulity in regard to astrology, hall, &c. and ultimately occupied a situation omens, &c. &c. He also collected a particular as one of the masters of the Mile-end academy. account of the services of heralds, from various authors, which he published under the title of "Heraldo Memoriali."-Noble's Hist. of College at Arms.

He was the author of a great variety of sermons, several of which were collected and published, after his decease, in three volumes. His other works are a "Life of Dr I. Watts;" GIBBONS (GRINLING) an eminent sculp-" Female Worthies;" "Juvenilia," a coltor, born in London, of Dutch parents, about lection of miscellaneous poems; and a "Systhe middle of the seventeenth century. He was a member of the board of works under Charles II and James 11. He excelled particularly in carving flowers, both in wood and stone; and many fine productions

tem of Rhetoric." He obtained the degree of DD. from the University of Aberdeen in 1764, and died in 1785.—Äikin's G. Biog.

GIBBS (JAMES) a Scotch architect, born, according to some, in 1674, though others