line is drawn against the Jews in hotels, resorts, clubs, and private schools, and constantly this line hardens and extends. They cry 'Bigotry,' but bigotry has little or nothing to do with it. What is disliked in the Jews is not their religion but certain ways and manners. Moreover, the Gentile resents being obliged to engage in a humiliating and undignified scramble in order to keep his trade or his clients against the Jewish invader." 1 On the other hand, Professors Park and Miller say: "The question of prejudice and discrimination may be set aside as not serious enough in America to affect the persistence of immigrant groups. The Jews have felt it, but in general the Jew is losing the marks of his identity as fast as possible, and to the degree that he does this the prejudice disappears. "To the degree that racial minorities are not secure in their rights' (as Justice Brandeis puts it), the separateness will continue." 2 Professor Shaler of Harvard says: "The intense and high religious motive of the Jews has given to that wonderful folk, which never attained any considerable station in war, commerce, or the arts, a strange dominance over all Western civilization. It has, moreover, endowed their scattered remnants with a power which abides, after two thousand years of oppression, such as would have utterly crushed a spiritually weaker people." True enough, and it would be cordially appreciated, if with it there did not go certain business principles and methods which are not so acceptable. There is little or no prejudice in America against the Hebrew religion nor in fact against the Jews as Jews, but there is a deep-seated prejudice against the Hebrew grasping spirit and want of business ethics. As Enock, an English writer, says of the former European opinion of Americans generally, “If they earned a name for enterprise it was sometimes coupled with that of sharp practice, and the term 'Yankee goods' was once a term of reproach." 4

Disraeli, the Jew, in a novel in 1844 wrote: "You never observe a great intellectual movement in Europe in which the Jews do not

greatly participate. The first Jesuits were Jews; that mysterious Russian diplomacy which so alarms western Europe is organized and principally carried on by Jews; that mighty revolution which is at this moment preparing in Germany and which will be, in fact, a second and greater Reformation, and of which so little is as yet known in England, is entirely developing under the auspices of the Jew." Disraeli if alive now might not care to refer to Russia and Germany as subject to Jewish influences.

Diplomacy and intrigue characterize the Oriental mind. The Turk, unutterable and insufferable as he is, has held Constantinople and Asia Minor for generations by his genius in imposing on Christian Europe. China and Japan are not backward in the same methods. But the Jew is supreme in this art. His subtlety enables him to accept any position, however autocratic may be those above him or desperate the situation around him. Sombart says, quoting from Jewish writings, "When the fox is in authority bow down before him." "Bend before the wave and it passes over you; oppose it, and it will sweep you away," and then he quotes from the Prayer Book: "May my soul be as the dust to every one" and from Fromer, "The Jewish race, by simulating death from time to time, was able to live on and on." 2 Nor is the Jew a far-sighted statesman or profound or particularly devoted to any one country, but by means of his solid racial support, his wealth, and his aggressive ambition, he spasmodically pushes himself into high positions and then is put down. He is put down because the public do not like his methods or his aims. And this suspicion will last so long as the Jew persists in devoting himself to building up the Jewish power instead of the good of the country. And when he is put down or put out, he conspires, as in Germany and Russia.

Turning to Lecky, his views were as follows: "The enormous power which Jews have obtained in the press and the money markets of Europe is very evident, and great power is never more

resented than when it is in the hands of men who suffer from some social inferiority. Jews, in some countries, are specially prominent in unpopular professions, such as taxgatherers and small money-lenders, agents, manipulators, and organisers of industry. They have little turn for labouring with their hands, but they have a special skill in directing and appropriating the labour of others. They have come to be looked upon as typical capitalists, and therefore excite the hostility both of Socialists, who would make war on all capitalists, and of the very different class which views with jealousy the increasing power of money, as distinguished from land, in the government of the world; while, on the other hand, they have themselves contributed largely to the socialistic and revolutionary elements in Europe. Among their great gifts, they have never, as a race, possessed the charm of manner which softens, conciliates, and attracts, and the disintegration of politics, which is such a marked feature of our time, brings every separate group into a clearer and stronger relief. It is as a distinct and alien element in the national life that they have been especially assailed." 1

The above is not a pleasant picture and there are many brilliant exceptions to these statements; men who have helped to temper American characteristics. If the Jewish element is ever absorbed into the American, it will be a powerful strain of blood - somewhat too commercial, somewhat mystical, but intellectual, practical, and economic and of tremendous vitality and tenacity.

England expelled the Jews in 1290 (some 16,000 were driven out); France in 1395; Spain in 1492 (over 200,000 were expelled); Portugal in 1495, and when Portugal took Brazil from the Dutch, the Jews were expelled from Brazil also. The Spanish Jews were called "Saphardic." These Spanish, Portuguese, and Brazilian exiles went largely to Holland and their descendants are found in America. The German Jews came after the Napoleonic wars and especially in the middle of the century. Of late

years the influx is almost entirely from Russia, Poland, and Austria-Hungary. Professors Park and Miller say, "The Spanish and the Portuguese Jews found it difficult in the first half of the last century to admit wholeheartedly the German Jew to a close kinship with them a difficulty which the German Jews experienced almost half a century later with the Jews hailing from Russia, and the Russian Jews in their turn only a decade later with the Jews coming from Galicia and Rumania.” 1 Kautsky says, "Meanwhile a gap has opened up within Judaism itself; the wealthy and cultured Jews of the West, who have been almost assimilated, are in many cases unpleasantly affected by the new accession of their poor, ignorant 'Yiddish' brothers from the East. They very often regard the latter with feelings that might be designated as an anti-Semitism within Judaism itself.” 2 "Let it be said in this connection," says Otto Kahn, "that German-Americans, whether Gentile or Jew, must not be confounded with Russian Jews naturalized or temporarily resident in America. Many of these, too, have proved themselves desirable and useful elements in our many-rooted population, but a certain proportion, the products of centuries of oppression and persecution and misery, ignorant of liberty and unacquainted with its use, have permitted themselves to be made the victims and deluded followers of Utopian or corrupt extremists, too often of their own faith and race." 3 Stephenson says, "Over 95 per cent of the American Jews have come from Russia, AustriaHungary, and Rumania," and that the 230,000 Jewish population in 1880 were mainly Spanish and German.5 5,000,000 Jews lived or rather existed in the "Russian Pale," created in 1843 out of what once was Poland. They were only about ten per cent of the population, but were not allowed to own or cultivate land, and hence lived in the towns in abject poverty. The Russian Revolution seems to have abolished the "Pale," but has not improved the governmental ideas of the Jews. They naturally developed abnormal qualities not fitted to a republic,

and yet they all want to get to America. Outside the "Pale" are many higher-class Russian Jews who are merchants, professional men, students, skilled artisans, but Francis writes that these do not come to America for fear their children will abandon the Jewish faith.1 Professor Ross, in his "Old World in the New," says there were perhaps 700 Jewish families in the colonies and that now one-fifth of all the Hebrews in the world are in the United States.2 Peters says there were about 3000 Jews in the United States in 1818; 6000 in 1826; 15,000 in 1840; 50,000 in 1848; 150,000 in 1856; 221,000 in 1880; 400,000 in 1888; 937,800 in 1897, and 1,253,000 in 1905.3 Jewish authorities state that now there are 3,320,000 Jews in the United States - if so, quite enough. In 1920 the Hebrew and Yiddish language was the mother tongue of 2,043,613 as compared with 1,664,142 in 1910. Professor Bogardus says: "The Hebrew language is read and written by many Jewish men and some Jewish women, but it is rarely spoken. Yiddish is the vehicle of conversation. It is a dialect which is sixteenth-century German in its elements, with an admixture of the country from which the given group of Jewish people come. Thus, among Russian Jews, Yiddish is perhaps 60 per cent German of the sixteenth-century type and 40 per cent Polish or Russian. It is a dialect with few characteristics of a language." 4 The Jews in America are found chiefly in the great cities; on the farms very little, and not in railroading nor in any form of physical labor. Even the small towns have few of them. In 1924 it was stated that there were 946,139 Jews in New York City (including those, one of whose parents was a Jew) out of the 6,000,000 population of that city. In that city in 1923 for the first time there were more Cohens than Smiths in the New York City Directory. The most noted house on Fifth Avenue, the home of the Astors, is to be torn down, it is reported, to make way for a synagogue of the Jews. It is said there are 1,500,000 Jews in and about New York City. In all Germany there were only 615,000 and in England only 257,000. Burr says: "Almost one