NOTES

PAGE 1, NOTE 1: Development of European Polity by Henry Sidgwick

(1903), p. 319.

p. 2, n. 1: Modern Democracies by Viscount James Bryce (1921), Vol. I, pp. 12, 27. See also Vol. II, pp. 599, 600.

p. 3, n. 1: American Citizenship by David J. Brewer (1914), p. 15, quoting from Webster's Bunker Hill Oration, 1825.

p. 3, n. 2: See The Essential American Tradition, Compiled by Jesse Lee Bennett (1925): Centennial Oration on Washington by Daniel Webster, p.

301.

p. 3, n. 3: Popular Government by Sir Henry Maine (1885), pp. 20, 87 and his Preface p. x.

p. 3, n. 4: Essay on "Politics" by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

p. 3, n. 5: The United States and Canada by George M. Wrong (1921), p. 58.

p. 4, n. 1: Democracy and Liberty by William E. H. Lecky, Zaehnsdorf edition (1878), p. 212.

p. 5, n. 1: Conditions of National Success by Hugh Taylor (1924), pp. 138, 139; 207, 208.

p. 5, n. 2: The Passing of Politics by William Kay Wallace (1924), p. 18. Another English writer, F. S. Oliver, in a biography of Alexander Hamilton (1906), speaks of the American Constitution as follows (p. 445): “The Constitution has now been on trial for upwards of a century, and it can hardly be imagined that any reflective citizen of the United States would seriously propose it as a model for another nation which found itself confronted by a similar emergency. Its weaknesses in certain directions have been constantly made clear, while in others its very strength seems to be a danger no less formidable. Its powers for resistance to all reforms, sane or insane, is a lesson even more of what should be avoided than of what should be copied." Mr. Oliver evidently thinks he knows all about how Americans look upon their own Constitution. The ignorance of this class of writers is equaled only by their impudence.

p. 5, n. 3: The Underlying Principles of Modern Legislation by W. Jethro Brown (1920), pp. 314, 319.

p. 6, n. 1: American Social History as recorded by British Travellers, Compiled and edited by Allan Nevins (1923): American Civilization in 1883-84 by Matthew Arnold, p. 517.

p. 6, n. 2: The Study of American History by Viscount James Bryce (1922), p. 76.

p. 7, n. 1: Problems of Modern Democracy (1907): Essay on Aristocratic Opinions of Democracy by Edwin Lawrence Godkin, pp. 7, 8.

p. 7, n. 2: Quoted in Essay on "Power" by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

p. 7, n. 3: Problems of Modern Democracy (1907): Essay on Aristocratic Opinions of Democracy by Edwin Lawrence Godkin, p. 63.

p. 7, n. 4: Essay on "Politics" by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

p. 8, n. 1: The American Commonwealth by Viscount James Bryce (1909), pp. 563-580. Bryce in his "American Commonwealth" reviews "the supposed faults of democracy." Those faults and a summary of his ideas in regard thereto are as follows:

(1) "Weakness in emergencies, incapacity to act with promptitude and decision." Bryce's comment is that America is long-suffering and slow in rousing itself; often perplexed by problems and gropes blindly for a solution. In 1812 and 1861 the nation showed its vigor and power and courage, how

ever.

(2) "Fickleness and instability, frequent changes of opinion, consequent changes in the conduct of affairs and in executive officials." Bryce's comment is that it is true some states have tried innovations and wild experiments, but "taking the nation as a whole, its character is marked by tenacity of beliefs and adherence to leaders once chosen." For illustration: the farmer has to pay high prices for clothes and implements, but still believes in a protective tariff. Congressmen and officials are frequently changed, but because the "interests of a class are involved, not from any fickleness in the people."

(3) "Insubordination, internal dissensions, disregard of authority, with a frequent resort to violence, bringing on an anarchy which ends in military tyranny." Bryce's comment is "On this head the evidence is more conflicting." Bryce discusses homicide; lynching; strike riots; laws systematically evaded, etc. Then he says: "Caesarism is the last danger likely to menace America. In no nation is civil order more stable."

(4) "A desire to level down, and an intolerance of greatness." Bryce's comment is "There was probably good ground for it sixty years ago. Intellectual eminence excites no jealousy. The men who make great fortunes . . . are not regarded with suspicion or envy, but rather with admiration."

(5) "Tyranny of the majority over the minority." Bryce's comment is "So far as compulsive legislation goes, it has never been, and is now less than ever, a serious or widespread evil.” The press is free; religions are untouched by law; class hatreds are absent.

(6) "A love of novelty: a passion for changing customs and destroying the old institutions." Bryce's comment is that Americans "love novelty in the sphere of amusement, literature, and social life; but in serious matters, such as the fundamental institutions of government and in religious belief, no progressive and civilized people is more conservative."

(7) "Ignorance and folly, producing a liability to be deceived and misled; consequent growth of demagogues playing on the passions and selfishness of the masses." Bryce's comment is "Demagogism is no more abundant in America than in England, France or Italy."

Bryce comes to the conclusion that of the above "supposed faults" only one is "fairly chargeable" to the United States, namely, "the disposition to be lax in enforcing laws disliked by any large part of the population, to tolerate breaches of public order, and to be too indulgent to offenders generally. The Americans themselves admit this to be one of their weak points."

Then Bryce in a separate chapter, pp. 581-593, sets forth what he considers "The True Faults of American Democracy":

"First, a certain commonness of mind and tone, a want of dignity and elevation in and about the conduct of public affairs, an insensibility to the nobler aspects and finer responsibilities of national life.

"Secondly, a certain apathy among the luxurious classes and fastidious minds, who find themselves of no more account than the ordinary voter, and are disgusted by the superficial vulgarities of public life.

"Thirdly, a want of knowledge, tact, and judgment in the details of legislation, as well as in administration, with an inadequate recognition of the difficulty of these kinds of work, and of the worth of special experience and skill in dealing with them.

"Fourthly, laxity in the management of public business."

William Kay Wallace, a recent English writer in his "The Passing of Politics" p. 191, note 1 (1924), summarizes Bryce's views as stated by Bryce in his "Modern Democracies" as follows: "He enumerates the services democracy in his opinion has, or has not, rendered, as follows:

"I. It has maintained public order while securing the liberty of the individual citizen.

"II. It has given a civil administration as efficient as other forms of government have provided.

"III. Its legislature has been more generally directed to the welfare of the poorer classes than has been that of other governments.

"IV. It has not been inconstant or ungrateful.

"V. It has not weakened patriotism or courage.

"VI. It has been often wasteful and usually extravagant.

"VII. It has not produced general contentment in each nation.

"VIII. It has done little to improve international relations and ensure peace; has not diminished class selfishness (witness Australia and New Zealand); has not fostered a cosmopolitan humanitarianism nor mitigated the dislike of men of different colour. "IX. It has not extinguished corruption and the malign influences wealth can exert upon government.

"X. It has not removed the fear of revolutions.

"XI. It has not enlisted in the service of the State a sufficient number of the most honest and capable citizens.

"XII. Nevertheless it has, taken all in all, given better practical results than either the Rule of One Man or the Rule of a Class, for it has at least extinguished many of the evils by which they were defaced."

p. 8, n. 2: Ethical Democracy

Essays in Social Dynamics - Edited

by Stanton Coit (1900): Essay on The Dynamics of Democracy by Stanton Coit, p. 338.

p. 8, n. 3: Essay on "Success" by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

p. 9, n. 1: See The United States by Carl Becker (1920), p. 205.

p. 9, n. 2: Earth-Hunger and Other Essays (1913): Essay on Some Points in the New Social Creed by William Graham Sumner, pp. 208, 209.

p. 10, n. 1: American Citizenship by David J. Brewer (1914), p. 84. p. 10, n. 2: History of the United States by Henry Adams (1889-1917), Vol. 9, pp. 220, 221.

p. 10, n. 3: The Power of Ideals in American History by Ephraim D. Adams (1913), p. 6.

p. 13, n. 1: The Forgotten Man and Other Essays (1918): Essay on The Forgotten Man by William Graham Sumner, p. 472.

p. 13, n. 2: The Future of Trades-Unionism and Capitalism in a Democracy by Charles W. Eliot (1910), p. 114.

p. 15, n. 1: Constitutional Law by Thomas M. Cooley (1880), pp. 22, 23.

p. 15, n. 2: Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911), Vol. 17, p. 858. p. 15, n. 3: Genesis of the Constitution of the United States of America by Breckinridge Long (1926), p. 4.

p. 16, n. 1: The Study of American History by Viscount James Bryce

(1922), pp. 52, 53.

p. 16, n. 2: Constitutional Law by Thomas M. Cooley (1880), p. 23.

p. 17, n. 2:

p. 17, n. 3:

Id., p. 41.

See The Senate of the United States and Other Essays by Henry Cabot Lodge (1921), p. 16.

p. 18, n. 1: Constitutional Law by Thomas M. Cooley (1880), p. 160. p. 18, n. 2: Development of European Polity by Henry Sidgwick (1903), p. 114.

p. 18, n. 3: Id., p. 115.

p. 19, n. 1: The Foundations of the Modern Commonwealth by Arthur N. Holcombe (1923), p. 1.

p. 19, n. 2: Revolutionary New England by James Truslow Adams (1926) — Introductory, p. 7.

p. 19, n. 3: A statement of the property qualifications of voters in the different colonies at the time of the Revolution and also the qualifications in subsequently admitted states is found in Minor v. Happersett, 21 Wall 162 (1874). Complete data on this subject will be found in Porter on Suffrage in the United States (1918). See also With the Fathers by John B. McMaster (1896), p. 72, and The Acquisition of Political, Social and Industrial Rights of Man in America by John B. McMaster (1903), pp. 17-21. p. 21, n. 1: Causes of the War of Independence by Claude H. Van Tyne (1922), Vol. I, p. 222.

p. 22, n. 1: Constitutional Law by Thomas M. Cooley (1880), p. 21. p. 22, n. 2: History of the Constitution of the United States by George Bancroft (1885), Vol. 2, p. 346.

p. 23, n. 1: History of Greece by George Grote (1876), Part II, ch. II, pp. 343, 348.

p. 24, n. 1: Conditions of National Success by Hugh Taylor (1924), p. 209.

p. 25, n. 1: Development of European Polity by Henry Sidgwick (1903), p. 430.

p. 26, n. 1: Id., p. 439.

p. 26, n. 2: Quoted in Carson's History of the Supreme Court (1892), P. 15.

p. 27, n. 1: Introduction to Constitutional History as Seen in American Law by Judge Henry Wade Rogers, p. 10.

p. 27, n. 2: Quoted in Carson's History of the Supreme Court (1892), pp. 14, 15.