p. 28, n. 1: Americans and The Britons by Frederick C. De Sumichrast (1914), pp. 350, 356.

p. 28, n. 2: The Price of Freedom (1924): Address on The Limitations of the Law by Calvin Coolidge, p. 201.

p. 30, n. 1: The Study of American History by Viscount James Bryce (1922), p. 58.

p. 32, n. 1:

The United States by Carl Becker (1920), p. 99.

p. 32, n. 2: Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911), Vol. 8, p. 984. p. 32, n. 3: Massachusetts statute of 1647 quoted in The Evolution of the Massachusetts Public School System by George H. Martin (1894), pp.

12, 13.

p. 32, n. 4: Nationalism and Education since 1789 by Edward H. Reisner (1923), pp. 546, 547.

p. 32, n. 5: Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911), Vol. 8, p. 985. p. 32, n. 6: Statistical Abstract of the U. S., U. S. Department of Commerce (for 1924: published 1925), No. 82 on p. 85; No. 83, p. 86; No. 86, p. 90.

p. 33, n. 1: The Evolution of the Massachusetts Public School System by George H. Martin (1894), p. 37.

p. 33, n. 2: Id., p. 21.

p. 33, n. 3: Americans and The Britons by Frederick C. De Sumichrast (1914), p. 352.

p. 34, n. 1: Notes, p. 330 in Concord Edition of Emerson's Works, Vol. VI, on Conduct of Life.

p. 34, n. 2: History of the English Colonies in America by Henry Cabot Lodge (1881), pp. 414, 415.

Professor Thames Ross Williams in his book on Problems in American Democracy (1922) gives the modifications of the town meeting outside of New England. He describes "The two-sub-types. In the fusion of the town and county types of government the county system tended to predominate over the town or township form of government when settlers from the South were in the majority. In the northern section of the country, on the other hand, the compromise form tended to include a majority of the features of the town type. The result was the formulation of two sub-types. "The first of these may be called the Pennsylvania sub-type, so named because it originated in Pennsylvania, and then spread, with modifications, to Ohio, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, and other states. In these states the town or township authority is subordinated to the county government. There is no town meeting.

"The New York sub-type exists in typical form in New York, but is also

found in New Jersey, Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, the Dakotas, and other states. The town meeting is found in these states, and in five of them the townships are represented on the county board.

"The New York sub-type. In states possessing the New York sub-type of rural local government, the town meeting is still important. This meeting is similar to the New England town meeting, though it exercises less authority. All the legal voters of the township are qualified to take part in this meeting, which is held annually and on special occasions. At this meeting are chosen township officers for the following year. The most important of these are the supervisor, clerk, treasurer, assessor, and a varying number of constables and justices of the peace. In addition to electing these and other officers, the town meeting enacts legislation with regard to such local matters as bridges, roads, and schools.

"In some of the Central states general executive authority over township affairs is vested in a township board, while in other states administrative authority is divided between a township board of from three to eleven members, and a supervisor or trustee. Besides these officials, there are a number of minor officers, including a clerk, a treasurer, an assessor, overseers of the poor, constables, and justices of the peace.

"The county board continues to exist under the New York plan, but it is far less important than under the Pennsylvania sub-type. The functions of the county board are similar in these two sub-types."

p. 34, n. 3: History of the United States by Richard Hildreth (1848–1852), Vol. 1, p. 323.

p. 35, n. 1: Genesis of the Constitution of the United States of America by Breckinridge Long (1926), p. 24.

p. 35, n. 2: History of the United States by George Bancroft, 25th ed. (1834-1862), Vol. 1, p. 255. Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed. (1911), Vol. 17, p. 831.

p. 35, n. 3: The Growth of the United States by Ralph Volney Harlow (1925), p. 52.

p. 35, n. 4: History of the United States by Richard Hildreth (18481852), Vol. 3, p. 382, and Vol. 2, p. 217.

p. 35, n. 5: The American Revolution as a Social Movement by J. Franklin Jameson (1926), p. 133.

p. 36, n. 1: Constitutional Law by Thomas M. Cooley (1880), p. 224. p. 36, n. 2: The Foundations of the Modern Commonwealth by Arthur N. Holcombe (1923), p. 109.

p. 37, n. 1: Earth-Hunger and Other Essays (1913): Essay on Separation of State and Church by William Graham Sumner, p. 310.

p. 38, n. 1: Essay on The Young American by Ralph Waldo Emerson. p. 41, n. 1: Quoted in Studies in History (1884): Essay on Colonialism in the United States by Henry Cabot Lodge, p. 365. See also American Social History as Recorded by British Travellers, edited by Allan Nevins (1923): Essay on Estimate of American Tendencies (1882) by Herbert Spencer, p. 496.

p. 41, n. 2: Essay on Civilization by Ralph Waldo Emerson.

p. 42, n. 1: Speeches and Addresses (1884-1909): Speech on The Restriction of Immigration by Henry Cabot Lodge, pp. 262, 263.

p. 42, n. 2: Essay on Power by Ralph Waldo Emerson, p. 53.

p. 43, n. 1: American Political Ideas by John Fiske (1880).

p. 43, n. 2: American Contributions to Civilization by Charles Wm. Eliot (1907), p. 34.

p. 44, n. 1: Hamlet, Act V, sc. 2, by William Shakespeare.

p. 44, n. 2: From Faust by Goethe, as translated in Carlyle's Sartor Resartus (first published in 1833), Book 1, Ch. VIII, p. 48, People's Edition. p. 46, n. 1: New Eras: Essay on Chartism by Thomas Carlyle, Vol. 4, p. 93. In contrast with this quotation from Carlyle, J. T. Adams in his book, "The Founding of New England" (p. 97), refers to the-Mayflower as “heavily laden with passengers, a vast amount of ghostly furniture and the first consignment of the New England conscience." The simple answer to this is that a sneer is not history and history is not a sneer.

p. 47, n. 1: History of the United States by George Bancroft, 25th ed. (1834-1862), Vol. 1, Ch. 8, p. 310.

p. 47, n. 2: A Political and Social History of the United States by Homer C. Hockett (1925), pp. 27, 28.

p. 48, n. 1 American Ideals by Clayton Sedgwick Cooper (1915), p. 108 (Vol. 8 of "The American Books"). Ralph Waldo Emerson in his English Traits (Wealth) says as to England: "There is no country in which so absolute a homage is paid to Wealth.”

p. 48, n. 2: See Beginnings of New England by John Fiske (1901), pp. 170, 171.

p. 49, n. 1: History of the English Colonies in America by Henry Cabot Lodge (1881), p. 473.

p. 49, n. 2: Beginnings of New England by John Fiske (1901), pp. 173, 174.

p. 49, n. 3: Id, p. 174.

p. 50, n. 1: Our Foreigners by Samuel P. Orth (1920), p. 215. (Vol. 35 of Chronicles of America Series.)

p. 51, n. 1: Our Republic by S. E. Forman (1922), p. 21.

p. 51, n. 2: History of the United States by Richard Hildreth (18481852), Vol. 2, p. 250.

p. 51, n. 3: The Price of Freedom (1924): Address on The Pilgrims by Calvin Coolidge, pp. 13, 14.

p. 51, n. 4: The Price of Freedom (1924): Address on Massachusetts and the Nation, by Calvin Coolidge, p. 251.

p. 51, n. 5: History of the United States by George Bancroft, 25th ed. (1834-1862), Vol. 1, p. 322.

p. 52, n. 1: The America of Today, edited by Gaillard Lapsley (1919): Lecture on English Influence on Ideals by H. D. Hazeltine, p. 18.

p. 52, n. 2: A Political and Social History of the United States by Homer C. Hockett (1925), p. 23.

p. 52, n. 3: The Early American Spirit and the Genesis of It by Richard S. Storrs (1878), p. 24.

p. 54, n. 1: Old Virginia and Her Neighbors by John Fiske (1901), Vol. 2, p. 394.

p. 54, n. 2: See Speeches and Addresses, 1884-1909: Speech on The Restriction of Immigration by Henry Cabot Lodge, pp. 263, 264.

p. 54, n. 3: History of the United States by Richard Hildreth (1848-1852), Vol. I, ch. 9, p. 267.

p. 55, n. 1: History of the United States by George Bancroft, 25th ed. (1834-1862), Vol. 1, ch. 9, pp. 367, 368.

p. 55, n. 2: Speeches and Addresses, 1884-1909: Address on The Puritans by Henry Cabot Lodge, p. 34.

p. 57, n. 1: Old Virginia and Her Neighbors by John Fiske (1901), Vol. 2, p. 29.

p. 57, n. 2: The Old World in the New by Edward A. Ross (1914), p. 7. p. 58, n. 1: The following is a summary from Allan Nevins on "The American States During and After the Revolution" (1924): Entail was abolished in Virginia in 1776 and primogeniture in 1785. Georgia abolished both entail and primogeniture in 1777. North Carolina abolished entail in 1784 and at the same time changed the law as to distribution of the property of intestates. In South Carolina entail was abolished just before the Revolution but primogeniture remained until 1791. In Maryland primogeniture was abolished in 1786. New York abolished entail in 1786 and divided real estate owned by an intestate among the children, and a year later the same division was made as to personal property. In New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and the four New England states the eldest son took a double share of the land. This was gradually changed. (pp. 441443).

p. 59, n. 1: History of the United States by Richard Hildreth (18481852), Vol. 2, p. 241.

p. 59, n. 2: History of the United States by Henry Adams (1889-1917), Vol. 1, p. 137.

p. 60, n. 1: History of the United States by George Bancroft, 25th ed. (1834-1862), Vol. 8, ch. 64, p. 373.

p. 60, n. 2: History of the United States by Henry Adams (1889-1917), Vol. 1, p. 153.

p. 64, n. 1: See Beginnings of New England by John Fiske (1901), p. 151. p. 64, n. 2: A Political and Social History of the United States by Arthur M. Schlesinger (1925), p. 176.

p. 67, n. 1: The United States as a Neighbour from a Canadian Point of View by Sir Robert Falconer (1925), pp. 16, 17, 18.

p. 68, n. 1: New England in the Republic by James Truslow Adams (1926), p. 8.

p. 68, n. 2: The United States and Canada by George M. Wrong (1921), p. 56.

p. 68, n. 3: The United States as a Neighbour from a Canadian Point of View by Sir Robert Falconer (1925), p. 20.

p. 68, n. 4: Id., p. 7.

p. 70, n. 1: As long ago as 1837 in a book written by Francis J. Grund (The Americans in their Moral, Social and Political Relations) the following appears, Vol. II, pp. 41-43: “In the settlements of new districts it is seldom that Europeans are found to be actively engaged. This honour belongs almost exclusively to emigrants from New England, who may most emphatically be called the pioneers of the United States, and to whose enterprising spirit and recklessness of danger may be inscribed most of the valuable improvements of the country. They are, however, satisfied with tracing the road which the others are to follow, and occupying the most important stations: the intervals are afterwards filled up with settlers from other states and from Europe. The character of the New England emigrants has been too well described by Washington Irving for me to attempt to add to it more than is necessary to understand a certain political type, which may be observed in all states to which they have emigrated in large numbers. The talent of a New Englander is universal. He is a good farmer, an excellent schoolmaster, a very respectable preacher, a capital lawyer, a sagacious physician, an able editor, a thriving merchant, a shrewd pedlar, and a most industrious tradesman. Being thus able to fill all the important posts of society, only a few emigrants from New England are required to imprint a lasting character on a new state, even if their number should be much inferior